Abstract: A method of producing a reactive powder includes providing a bulk structure of reactive material comprising a first reactant and a second reactant, the bulk structure having a preselected average spacing between the first and the second reactants; and mechanically processing the bulk structure of reactive material to produce a plurality of particles from the bulk structure such that each of the plurality of particles comprises the first and second reactants having an average spacing that is substantially equal to the preselected average spacing of the bulk structure of reactive material. The first and second materials of the plurality of particles react with each other in an exothermic reaction upon being exposed to a threshold energy to initiate the exothermic reaction and remain substantially stable without reacting with each other prior to being exposed to the threshold energy.

Abstract: The invention uses supercritical fluid technology for removing the binder in the powder injection moulding (PIM) parts. The invention comprises of the feedstock formulation and its supercritical debinding process. In the debinding system, pressure and heat are applied to the carbon dioxide (CO2) to a certain level, in such a way to transform the CO2 to supercritical state. The supercritical CO2 is used as a solvent to remove the binder in the PIM parts.

Abstract: A cooling structure of a pressing mold comprises an outlet and an inlet, which are formed in a radial direction of the pressing mold. Furthermore, a cooling passage is integrally formed inside the pressing mold in a hidden manner, and two ends of the cooling passage are connected to the inlet and the outlet, respectively. Also, the cooling passage, being a continuous structure, further has the position and curvature changing in correspondence with the circumferential direction and the axial height of the pressing mold. Furthermore, the cooling passage may be additionally formed inside a cooling ring to be combined with an outer mold body to form the pressing mold. Thus, the cooling passage is well closed, and the position changes of the cooling passage comprise the axial and circumferential directions of the mold or cooling ring, so that the larger cooling area and the good cooling effect are provided.

Abstract: A process for manufacturing a part includes forming a shell by an additive manufacturing process, the shell having an interior surface that defines a cavity therein, filling the cavity with a liquid material, applying a heat transfer fluid to the shell during the filling the cavity with the liquid material, and solidifying the liquid material to form a solid core within the shell.

Abstract: The procedure for the mechanical alloying of metals comprises grinding at least a metal inside a grinding mill together with at least a control agent to obtain a powdered ground product, wherein: —the metal is selected from the list comprising: titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten; and—the control agent is selected from the list comprising: magnesium, calcium and rare earths.

Abstract: The present invention provides compositions and methods of making bimetallic metal alloys of composition for example, Rh/Pd; Rh/Pt; Rh/Ag; Rh/Au; Rh/Ru; Rh/Co; Rh/Ir; Rh/Ni; Ir/Pd; Ir/Pt; Ir/Ag; Ir/Au; Pd/Ni; Pd/Pt; Pd/Ag; Pd/Au; Pt/Ni; Pt/Ag; Pt/Au; Ni/Ag; Ni/Au; or Ag/Au prepared using microwave irradiation.

Abstract: A polygon machining method whereby first polygon machining is carried out on a workpiece held by a main axis, by using a polygon cutter attached to a tool main axis, then machining using a tool other than the polygon cutter is carried out, and second polygon machining after said machining is carried out, using the polygon cutter.

Abstract: In a surface-coated boron nitride sintered body tool, at least a cutting edge portion contains a cubic boron nitride sintered body and a coating layer formed on a surface of the cubic boron nitride sintered body. A layer B of the coating layer is formed by alternately laminating one or more layers of each of two or more compound layers having different compositions. Each of the compound layers has a thickness not less than 0.5 nm and less than 30 nm.

Abstract: A hydraulic fluid actuated lathe tool mounting expander assembly incorporating a block having a base, an inner end, an outer end, a compression end, and a compression face; a first cylindrical void extending into the block, the first cylindrical void having a floor and opening at the block's compression face; a second cylindrical void extending into the block, the second cylindrical void having a floor and opening at the block's outer end; first and second pistons respectively slidably mounted within the first and second cylindrical voids; a conduit extending between the first and second cylindrical voids, the conduit being adapted for conveying the hydraulic fluid from the second cylindrical void to the first cylindrical void; and a jack screw actuator connected operatively to the block for driving the second piston against the hydraulic fluid for upwardly driving the first piston.

Abstract: A magnetic coupling spindle for automatic screwdrivers. The magnetic coupling spindle comprises: an axle shaft, configured with a bearing on its middle section; an axle cap, sleeved on one end of the axle shaft and covering the bearing; a sliding sleeve, sleeved on the end of the axle shaft far away from the axle cap. The sliding sleeve can slide along the axial direction and on the end toward the direction of the axle cap, a magnet is configured. The part of the periphery of the axle shaft sleeved by the sliding sleeve is formed with a slightly raised stage section extending from the toe, so that the sliding sleeve will not fall apart due to the sliding.

Abstract: A portable power drill (11) is disclosed having a chuck or drill collar (14) at one end and a substantially cylindrical (or frusto-conical) twist throttle handle (25, 125, 225) at the other end. Rotation of the handle in the direction of forward rotation of the chuck decreases the drill speed and, conversely, rotation of the handle in the direction of reverse rotation of the chuck increases the drill speed. Consequently, in the event of an auger locked in the chuck becoming jammed, the reaction forces experienced by the drill unit rotate the drill unit in a direction such that throttle decreases the drill speed. In addition, the drill unit is provided with forward (44) and reverse gears (45) and a forward/reverse selection mechanism (48, 50, 51) which is actuated by a forward force, or a withdrawing force respectively being applied to the drill unit via an operator who holds the handles (20, 25) of the drill unit.

Abstract: A machine tool includes a linear movement axis for moving a main spindle, at least two linear movement axes for moving a table, and a rotation table including at least one rotation axis, the rotation table being placed on the table. A numerical controller performs machining by executing a machining program for tool center point control where the tool orientation is fixed to a certain axis or a certain surface, and by changing the tool orientation by controlling each axis of the machine tool based on set tool use range and tool orientation change waveform pattern.

Abstract: A cutting insert, used for a milling cutter, which includes two polygonal main surfaces that are opposite each other and a plurality of side faces and whose main surfaces are rake faces, whose side faces are flank faces, and whose ridge lines at positions where the main surfaces and the side faces cross each other are used as cutting edges include two major side surfaces that are opposite each other and a plurality of minor side surfaces that are formed continuously with the major side surfaces. A mounting hole is provided at the two major side surfaces in a direction in which the mounting hole extends therethrough, and areas of the two major side surfaces are greater than those of the main surfaces. The major side surfaces and the minor side surfaces are provided with flutes along entire regions of the cutting edges.

Abstract: A rotary cutting tool includes a cutter body and a coolant cap removably secured to the cutter body. The coolant cap includes an outer surface, an inner surface and a generally cylindrical outer surface extending between the outer surface and the inner surface. The cylindrical outer surface has a second cylindrical outer surface portion with external threads formed thereon such that the coolant cap is capable of being threaded onto the cutter body.

Abstract: A hand tool with a mechanical linear drive mechanism coupled to a linear activated working implement. The drive mechanism includes a geared planetary roller screw that includes a torque tube connected to a roller screw's nut body. The planetary roller screw includes a fixed outer race, a rotating set of grooved rollers axially aligned inside the outer race, a cylindrical nut body located inside the set of grooved roller, a plurality of inner rollers axially aligned and inside the nut body, a threaded shaft axially aligned and inside the inner rollers, and a torque tube axially aligned inside the inner rollers. The torque tube is connected at one end to a gear box which is coupled to an electric motor. When the electric motor is activated, the torque tube is rotated which causes a threaded shaft in the tool to move axially. A working implement is coupled to the distal end of the threaded shaft.

Abstract: A cutter for cutting a formed gutter discharged from a seamless gutter machine. The cutter may be positioned to cut a back wall of a formed gutter below a front upper edge of a front wall of the gutter. In turn, a gutter may be mounted to a building (e.g., a fascia board thereof) to achieve additional lift, thereby providing increased pitch over a given length of gutter while maintaining overlap between a gutter apron and a back upper edge of the back wall of the formed gutter.

Abstract: A power tool includes a housing, a motor positioned within the housing, a drive mechanism coupled to the motor and positioned within the housing, and a shear head rotatably mounted to the housing and coupled to the drive mechanism. The power tool also includes a manually-operable actuator supported by the housing. The actuator is movable between a first position, in which the shear head is held stationary relative to the housing, and a second position, in which the shear head is rotatable relative to the housing.

Abstract: A device for ventilating a burning building, comprising a chassis; and a cutting assembly, mounted on the chassis. The cutting assembly is adapted to cut a ventilation hole in a roof or wall member of a building either autonomously or under remote control by an operator to allow smoke and/or hot gases to escape from the roof space.

Abstract: An apparatus for cutting a tubular part includes a carrying body configured to receive an end of the tubular part. In addition, the apparatus includes a cutting assembly disposed in the carrying body. The cutting assembly includes a continuous ring configured to be rotated relative to the carrying body. Further, the apparatus includes a first cutting element pivotally attached to the continuation ring. The first cutting element includes a cutting edge configured to engage and cut the tubular part. Still further, the apparatus includes a first actuator coupled to the first cutting element and configured to pivot the first cutting element between a retracted position and a cutting position. The apparatus also includes at least one sensor configured to measure a position of the first cutting element and a force applied to the first cutting element.

Abstract: A system for positioning the cutting edge of a band saw blade at a desired vertical height with respect to a log. The system includes a frame bed for retaining a log in a fixed position. A powered horizontal trolley moves the band saw along a generally horizontal path to cut a board from a log and a powered vertical trolley moves the cutting edge of the saw blade vertically. A sensing arm pivotally on the vertical trolley has a distal end that rides along the log during the cutting process. The system senses the position of the sensing arm as it rises to control the position of the vertical trolley. An adjustment system allows the user to set the depth of cut of the cutting edge of the saw blade.

Abstract: A bevel gear manufacturing face cutter head (2) for face hobbing and face milling wherein the face cutter head includes a positive blade seating and stick-type rectangular or square cross-section cutting blades (6) are clamped tight to the positive seating surfaces (14, 18). The cutting blades are adjustable radially by axial movement by a non-self-locking system.

Abstract: Provided are a nut processing cutting tool configured to form an internal thread at the inner peripheral surface of a nut of a sliding screw device with high accuracy, high strength, and low cost, and a nut processing method therefor. A nut processing cutting tool (1) includes a cylindrical cutter (4) and a recessed groove (3) formed in a helical pattern at the outer peripheral surface (2) of the cutter (4). The recessed groove (3) forms, by cutting, a ridge portion (13) of an internal thread (11) corresponding to the shape of the recessed groove (3) at the inner peripheral surface of a nut (10). Thus, the internal thread (11) can be formed at the inner peripheral surface of the nut (10) of the sliding screw device (100) with high accuracy, high strength, and low cost.

Abstract: A wire electric discharge machine, configured to determine whether or not electrical discharge machining of a workpiece can be performed, includes a determination unit for determining that wire electrical discharge machining of the workpiece can be performed when a wire electrode is moved toward the workpiece and a contact detection unit detects contact, and for determining that the wire electrical discharge machining of the workpiece cannot be performed when a breaking detection unit detects the breaking of the wire electrode before the contact detection unit detects the contact.

Abstract: An electrode for electrical discharge machining which makes it possible to form slits of a honeycomb structure forming die so that a slit width on a front surface side is smaller than a slit width on a back hole side is provided. The electrode for electrical discharge machining includes: plural plate-shaped discharge portions with a thickness that is gradually increased toward tips thereof; and a plate-shaped support portion to which end portions of the plural discharge portions on a side opposite to the tips are connected, wherein a difference between a thickness of the tip; and a thickness of the end portion on the side opposite to the tip ranges from ?m to 500 ?m in the discharge portion.

Abstract: An electrode wire and a process of making a wire EDM machine tool electrode for use in an electric discharge machining apparatus includes a metallic core and a piezoelectric responsive coating disposed on the core.

Abstract: An electrical discharge machining apparatus includes: a surface plate that a workpiece is placed on; a machining tank that surrounds the surface plate, retains a machining liquid, and has at least a part that serves as a substantially box-shaped vertically moveable ascent/descent machining tank, the ascent/descent machining tank having an outlet in an ascent/descent inner wall of the ascent/descent machining tank, the outlet allowing the machining liquid to overflow to the ascent/descent machining tank; an ascent/descent device that raises and lowers the ascent/descent machining tank; a sub-tank that receives the machining liquid that leaks out from the machining tank; a slit that is provided in an end wall of the sub-tank for allowing a connection member to pass through, the connection member connecting the ascent/descent machining tank and the ascent/descent device; and a seal that is arranged in a gap between the ascent/descent machining tank and an inner wall of the sub-tank and prevents the machining liq

Abstract: Electric discharge machining is halted during machining program operation, and a position of the machining halt point is stored. A wire electrode is retreated from the machining halt point to an arbitrary position in which a short-circuit with a workpiece is removed (retreat position), by interrupt operation in which axis movement is performed manually. Then, a return is made from the retreat position to the machining halt point while electric discharge machining is performed, machining program operation is started from the machining halt point, and electric discharge machining is restarted.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a plow blade edge device for mounting to a moldboard of a plow comprising at least one adapter blade including a bottom edge having selectively carbide insert(s) along at least a portion of the bottom edge. The disclosure further provides for a method of brazing the carbide insert(s) in a cavity along at least a portion of the bottom edge. The device further includes at least one wear block selectively reversible to present the adapter blade at a first angle or a second angle. The at least one wear block can include a bottom edge having a carbide insert along at least a portion of the bottom edge.

Abstract: The ceramic-metal bonding structure in accordance with the present invention includes: a ceramic member of an oxide ceramic; a metallic member which is mainly made of Fe and contains Ni and includes an end; an adhesive layer formed on the ceramic member; and a brazing material. The brazing material bonds the adhesive layer and the end of the metallic member. The adhesive layer contains an active metal capable of reacting with the oxide ceramic and has a thickness of equal to or less than 1.5 ?m. An intermetallic compound of the active metal and the Ni exists inside the brazing material so as to be between the adhesive layer and the end of the metallic member.

Abstract: A method of applying solder includes providing a first roller and a second roller, where at least one of the first and second rollers has an outer surface comprising a solder wicking material. A metallic article is provided, the metallic article having a first side and a second side, and having an opening extending from the first side to the second side. The metallic article is dipped in solder, where the dipping forms an initial coating of solder on the metallic article. After the dipping, the metallic article is fed between the first and second rollers. The wicking material removes solder from the metallic article, such that a solder thickness of the initial coating on the metallic article is reduced after exiting the first and second rollers.

Abstract: A welding system includes an engine-driven welder generator that produces welding power. A welding torch receives the welding power and applies it to a stick electrode to initiate and maintain a welding arc. A parameter of the welding power, such as voltage, is monitored, such as to determine whether spikes occur during a short time after arc initiation. Based upon the monitored parameter, the engine speed is controlled. The engine speed may be increased or maintained at an elevated level if the monitored parameter indicates that particular types of electrode are being used, such as XX10 or cellulose electrodes.

Abstract: An embodiment of a system includes a marking tool configured to apply one or more markers on a first surface of a workpiece for a live welding session. The one or more markers have known geometric properties that may facilitate determination of the first surface and a weld joint. An embodiment of a method includes applying a first set of one or more markers to a first surface of a workpiece, detecting the applied first set of one or more markers with a camera, and determining, via processing circuitry coupled to the camera, at least one of the first surface of the workpiece and a weld joint based at least in part on the detected first set of one or more markers.

Abstract: A method and apparatus of communicating control signals to a welding power source from a remote location includes a welding system operated by control signals transmitted by a wireless remote control that can be remotely located from the welding power source. A plurality of welding parameters in the welding system are set and adjusted in response to wireless command signals transmitted to a receiver that is connected to the welding power source via a connection port and is further connected to a controller in the welding power source. In this regard, an operator is able to quickly and efficiently control a welding system from a remote location, with no more cables than are necessary to perform the intended task.

Abstract: A diffuser insert is provided for use with a welding diffuser and contact tip assembly comprising a diffuser with an interior chamber configured to receive a wire conduit that supplies electrode wire and a shielding gas used during a welding operation and a contact tip coupled to the diffuser and configured to receive electrode wire. The diffuser insert comprises a diffuser insert body configured to be disposed within the interior chamber of the diffuser, and further comprises an insert bore extending therethrough configured to receive electrode wire. An outer periphery of the diffuser insert has at least one surface feature configured to manipulate a flow of said shielding gas from within said interior chamber of the diffuser and out of exit passages to thereby direct said flow of shielding gas about a molten welding puddle formed during a welding operation.

Abstract: A diffuser insert is provided for use with a welding diffuser and contact tip assembly comprising a diffuser with an interior chamber configured to receive a wire conduit that supplies electrode wire and a shielding gas used during a welding operation and a contact tip coupled to the diffuser and configured to receive electrode wire. The diffuser insert comprises a diffuser insert body configured to be disposed within the interior chamber of the diffuser, and further comprises an insert bore extending therethrough configured to receive electrode wire. An outer periphery of the diffuser insert has at least one surface feature configured to manipulate a flow of said shielding gas from within said interior chamber of the diffuser and out of exit passages to thereby direct said flow of shielding gas about a molten welding puddle formed during a welding operation.

Abstract: A welding head for welding the extremities of two sections of rail and comprises two half-heads (10) aligned and sliding with regard to one another in a longitudinal direction. Each half-head comprises grip mechanism (12, 13) for grasping a respective section of rail and two electrodes (16) suitable for contact with respective sections of rail in order to carry out a flash butt weld. The head also comprises traction actuator mechanisms (20) which extend in a longitudinal direction and are connected to the two half-heads (10) to shift the two half-headsin a longitudinal direction one towards the other, the traction actuator mechanism (20) having a stroke suitable for allowing, during a cycle of welding two sections of rail, simultaneous regulation of rail tensions.

Abstract: An electrical resistance spot welding tip for joining a plurality of aluminum alloy workpieces includes a cylindrical body extending along a central axis defined through the body between a first end and an opposing second end of the cylindrical body. A spherically domed central region is formed at the first end of the cylindrical body. The spherically domed central region has an outer boundary defining a diameter of the spherically domed central region. An annular outer ring is positioned coaxially about the spherically domed central region. The annular outer ring has an end surface defined in a plane perpendicular to the central axis. A distance between a point on the spherically domed central region defined at the central axis and the end surface of the annular outer ring is dependent on a thickness of each of the plurality of aluminum alloy workpieces.

Abstract: A method of fusing an edge member to a peripheral portion of the metallic component is disclosed. The method initiates with providing an edge forming apparatus, which includes a manipulator, a heating unit, and at least one set of rollers. The manipulator is capable of receiving the edge member and the metallic component. Thereafter, edge member and the metallic component are positioned on the manipulator. After positioning, the heating unit heats a first portion of the edge member and a first section of the peripheral portion. Thereafter, the manipulator is manipulated to facilitate an engagement between the first portion and the first section, by passing the first portion and the first section through the set of rollers. Afterwards, the first portion of the edge member is fused with the first section of the peripheral portion of the metallic component.

Abstract: A cartridge assembly for a tool includes a cartridge body or casing that contains a conductor. A conductor is connected to a pulse generator or source of stored charge that is discharged to vaporize the conductor and create an electro-hydraulic or electro-magnetic shockwave that is used to impact or pulse weld two parts together.

Abstract: Methods of rotary friction welding a (e.g., concentrically) threaded connector to a subsea-type riser or flowline pipe segment and/or of rotary friction welding cladded pipe segments. Subsea-type riser or flowline pipe segment with a (e.g., concentrically) threaded connector fused to the pipe segment at an autogeneous friction welded seam, and/or subsea-type riser or flowline cladded pipe segments fused together at a friction welded seam.

Abstract: A method providing a first tubular workpiece having a first weld surface at an end thereof, and a second tubular workpiece having a second weld surface at an end thereof; aligning the workpieces on a common axis with the weld surfaces facing each other, rotating one workpiece about the axis relative to the other workpiece, and engaging the first and second weld surfaces such that the rotation raises the temperature at the weld surfaces to create a weld interface; and ceasing the rotation and allowing the weld interface to cool to weld the workpieces together at the interface. The first weld surface is an apex region of an annular projection at the end of the first workpiece, on a longitudinal section through the aligned workpieces the annular projection having a profile in which radially inner and outer side surfaces of the annular projection taper towards the apex region.

Abstract: It comprises a first step of preparing an object; a second step of forming a modified region in a first member along a line by irradiating the first member with laser light while using a front face of the object as a laser light entrance surface; a third step of forming a processing scar in a bonding layer along the line by irradiating the bonding layer with laser light while using the front face as a laser light entrance surface; and a fourth step, after the first to third steps, of forming a modified region in a second member along the line by irradiating the second member with laser light while using a rear face of the object as a laser light entrance surface; the fourth step uses the processing scar as a reference for alignment of a laser light irradiation position with respect to the second member.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, and system are provided to monitor and characterize the dynamics of a phase change region (PCR) created during laser welding, specifically keyhole welding, and other material modification processes, using low-coherence interferometry. By directing a measurement beam to multiple locations within and overlapping with the PCR, the system, apparatus, and method are used to determine, in real time, spatial and temporal characteristics of the weld such as keyhole depth, length, width, shape and whether the keyhole is unstable, closes or collapses. This information is important in determining the quality and material properties of a completed finished weld. It can also be used with feedback to modify the material modification process in real time.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for joining workpieces by a processing beam, wherein a first workpiece and a second workpiece are interconnected at a joint by means of the processing beam under heating and wherein thermal images are being captured by means of a thermal imaging camera; each of the thermal images comprises a first thermal imaging section, which characterizes the temperature distribution of the first workpiece, and a second thermal imaging section, which characterizes the temperature distribution of the second workpiece.

Abstract: An uncoiling and blanking method includes uncoiling a coiled strip, straightening, cutting off the leading end, moving into a looper, moving out of the looper, then cleaning the surface of the coiled strip, and flattening; conveying the coiled strip on a pinch roller to perform laser cutting and blanking, wherein dual static laser cutting heads are used for cutting the coiled strip during the laser cutting, and the cut-away waste materials fall down from the cutting region and are conveyed to the outside; and after the completion of cutting, finally cutting off the obtained sheets from each other, receiving them by a receiving device and conveying same on a conveying belt to a picking up and stacking region to stack the sheets.

Abstract: A workpiece cutting apparatus includes a cutting table with a workpiece receiving surface, at least two longitudinally-extending rails extending longitudinally on opposed sides of the cutting table and substantially parallel to one another, a bridge with an elongated cutting assembly support and engagement arms at opposed ends thereof, and at least two driving assemblies. Each one of the engagement arms includes a bridge engagement member engageable with a corresponding one of the at least two longitudinally-extending rails, from below. Each one of the driving assemblies operatively connects each one of the engagement arms to the corresponding one of the at least two longitudinally-extending rails. The at least two driving assemblies are actuable to translate the engagement arms along the at least two longitudinally-extending rails. A method of cutting a workpiece using the workpiece cutting apparatus and a method for assembling a workpiece cutting apparatus are also provided.

Abstract: A metal plate loading/unloading and cutting method and system comprises: a block cart and a sheet cart both of which are arranged on a guide rail; a cutting operation unit arranged at one side of the guide rail and comprising a first and a second fast moving table arranged in parallel and a laser cutting head, the two fast moving tables being arranged perpendicular to the guide rail and each provided with a cutting station and a waiting station, the laser cutting head moving over the two cutting stations along its guide rail, and the waiting stations corresponding to the side of the guide rail of the block cart and the sheet cart; a carrying and stacking robot arranged between the cutting operation unit and the guide rail of the block cart and the sheet cart, a robot external shaft being parallel to the cart guide rail and extending over the two fast moving table waiting stations of the cutting operation unit; and a waste material conveying device arranged below the two cutting stations of the cutting operati

Abstract: A longitudinal metal plate loading/unloading and cutting method and a system thereof involve two longitudinally moving loading/unloading and cutting operation lines arranged in parallel, each of the operation lines comprising a block loading station, a cutting station, a sheet unloading station, and a carrying and stacking robot arranged between the two operation lines, which are arranged in succession, wherein the two operation lines have block loading directions opposite to each other; the block loading station and the sheet unloading station are respectively provided with a block cart and a sheet cart and guide rails; the cutting station is provided with at least two laser cutting heads and a moving quick table; the moving quick tables move longitudinally and allow feeding and discharging in two directions, and are each provided with two waiting stations and a cutting station; the external shaft of the carrying and stacking robot extends over the block loading station of the respective operation line and a

Abstract: Provided is a welding method and electrodes (wires) with aluminum as a primary deoxidizer and a basic flux system for joining a workpieces with weld metal of comparable strengths and enhanced toughness. For instance, provided is a welding wire, comprising an aluminum content configured to act as a primary deoxidizer, and an overall composition configured to produce a weld deposit comprising a basic slag over a weld bead, wherein the aluminum content is configured to kill the oxygen in the weld pool, and wherein the oxygen comprises oxygen provided by a shielding gas or produced by heating of welding filler materials. Further provided is a welding method comprising arc welding a workpiece using an electrode having aluminum as a primary deoxidizer under a gas shield to produce a bead of weld deposit and a basic slag over the weld bead.

Abstract: Solder material used in soldering of an Au electrode including Ni plating containing P includes Ag satisfying 0.3?[Ag]?4.0, Bi satisfying 0?[Bi]?1.0, and Cu satisfying 0<[Cu]?1.2, where contents (mass %) of Ag, Bi, Cu and In in the solder material are denoted by [Ag], [Bi], [Cu], and [In], respectively. The solder material includes In in a range of 6.0?[In]?6.8 when [Cu] falls within a range of 0<[Cu]<0.5, In in a range of 5.2+(6?(1.55×[Cu]+4.428))?[In]?6.8 when [Cu] falls within a range of 0.5?[Cu]?1.0, In in a range of 5.2?[In]?6.8 when [Cu] falls within a range of 1.0<[Cu]?1.2. A balance includes only not less than 87 mass % of Sn.