Abstract: In a method for determining time windows in a scan sequence, in which values of setting parameters of a scan can be changed during a current scan without adversely affecting the scan data obtained with the scan, comprising the following a scan sequence is loaded into a control computer, that then determines the time windows in the scan sequence in which values of setting parameters can be changed during a current scan, on the basis of an analysis of useful coherences in the scan sequence. The determined time windows are stored or processed so as to be available to operate an imaging apparatus to execute the scan sequence.

Abstract: In a method for operating a medical imaging apparatus having subsystems, a control protocol assigned to a scan sequence to be performed is provided to a control computer that determines sequence control data for the control protocol, which define different functional subsequences of the scan sequence. Different effective volumes are assigned to each functional subsequence, and current ambient conditions of the apparatus are determined for the sequence control data and associated effective volumes, for a series of states of physiological processes that occur during the scan sequence. Control signals for the scan sequence are determined from the sequence control data, the effective volumes and the current ambient conditions per observed state, that optimize the functional subsequences of the scan sequence locally.

Abstract: In a method for operating a medical imaging examination apparatus having multiple subsystems, current ambient conditions in a scan volume of the apparatus are determined and stored in a global ambient condition parameter set. A control computer starts a scan sequence according to a selected scan protocol, and sequence control data that define different functional sub-sequences for the respective subsystems are provided to the control computer. Different effective volumes are assigned to each functional sub-sequence, and respective current sub-regions in the effective volume associated with the respective sub-sequence are determined, in which a volume optimization is to take place. Control signals for the scan sequence are calculated using the sequence control data, the global ambient condition parameter set, and the determined current sub-regions of the affected volumes, in order to optimize the functional sub-sequences at least with regard to the current sub-region of the assigned effective volume.

Abstract: In a method for operating a medical imaging apparatus having subsystems, a control protocol assigned to a scan sequence to be performed is provided to a control computer that determines sequence control data for the control protocol, which define different functional subsequences of the scan sequence. Different effective volumes are assigned to each functional subsequence, and current ambient conditions of the apparatus are determined for the sequence control data and associated effective volumes, for a series of states of physiological processes that occur during the scan sequence. Control signals for the scan sequence are determined from the sequence control data, the effective volumes and the current ambient conditions per observed state, that optimize the functional subsequences of the scan sequence locally.

Abstract: In a method for operating a medical imaging apparatus having multiple subsystems, a control protocol assigned to a scan sequence to be performed is provided to a control computer that determines sequence control data for the control protocol, which define different functional subsequences of the scan sequence. Different effective volumes are assigned to each functional subsequence, and current ambient conditions of the apparatus are determined for the sequence control data and associated effective volumes. Control signals for the scan sequence are determined from the sequence control data, the effective volumes and the current ambient conditions that optimize the functional subsequences of the scan sequence locally, at least with regard to a sub-region of the respective effective volumes.

Abstract: In a method for operating a medical imaging examination apparatus having multiple subsystems controlled by a control computer in a scan sequence, a control protocol for the scan is provided to the control computer, which determines sequence control data for the control protocol that define different functional subsequences of the scan, with different effective volumes assigned to each functional subsequence. Current ambient conditions of the apparatus are determined that are decisive for the determined relevant sequence control data and associated effective volumes. Control signals for the scan are determined from the sequence control data, the effective volumes and the current ambient conditions determined that optimize the functional subsequences of the scan.

Abstract: In a method and apparatus for movement correction for a magnetic resonance fingerprinting examination on an object under examination, a magnetic resonance signal shape of a region of the object is acquired using the magnetic resonance fingerprinting method, movement data for at least one sub-region of the region are detected movement information is generated from the acquired movement data, the acquired magnetic resonance signal shape is corrected with reference to the generated movement information, a signal comparison of the corrected magnetic resonance signal shape is made with multiple database signal shapes stored in a database, with a database value of at least one tissue parameter being assigned to each of the database signal shapes. A value of the at least one tissue parameter is assigned to the corrected signal shape as a result of the signal comparison.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for obtaining a motion-compensated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) image of a region of interest. An active marker, responsive to a preparation pulse, is placed within the region of interest. The preparation pulse is directed to the region of interest, and then a plurality of projection gradient pulses are provided to the region of interest. Respective signals produced in response to the plurality of projection gradient pulses are recorded, and a location of the active marker is determined from the recorded signals.

Abstract: Methods, program products, and systems for building a location fingerprint database for a transit system are described. The transit system can be a subway system including underground train stations and routes where location determination using GPS signals is difficult or impossible. A sampling device can measure signals, e.g., radio frequency (RF) signals detected at the stations or on the routes. A location server can construct a location fingerprint for each of the stations and the routes. Each location fingerprint can represent expected signal measurements by a user device if the user device is located at the respective station or route. The location server can provide the location fingerprint to a user device for the user device to determine a location of the user device within the station or on the route.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses a method for positioning an object in a positioning device and the positioning device thereof. The method comprises: transmitting a beam according to a preset mode; receiving a feedback signal sent from an object, wherein the feedback signal is a signal sent by an electronic tag on the object after receiving the beam, and the feedback signal correlates to an intensity of the beam when the electronic tag receives the beam; and determining a position of the object relative to the positioning device according to the feedback signal. Accordingly, the problem of cumbersome operation and poor reliability of manually recording storing locations of objects on a logbook by a user can be solved, and the effect of improving the convenience for positioning object can be achieved.

Abstract: A radar system includes a radar antenna and a controller. The antenna includes a reference element, an alpha element spaced apart from the reference element by one half-wavelength of the reflected signal, and a beta element spaced apart from the reference element by an even number of half-wavelengths of the reflected signal. The controller is configured to determine an alpha phase difference between detected signals from the reference element and the alpha element, determine a beta phase difference between detected signals from the reference element and the beta element, and determine a first virtual phase difference that corresponds to the reflected signal expected to be detected by a first virtual element located halfway between the reference element and the beta element. The first virtual phase difference is based on the beta phase difference divided by two.

Abstract: Power control for a radar system issues power draw commands to each array in the radar system. Each power draw command controls direct current (DC) power draw by the respective radar array on a dwell-by-dwell basis, based on total energy resources (including stored energy) available to the respective array at the start of a dwell period, a power spend rate expected for the respective array during the dwell period, and a rate of “waste” power set to be dispersed to reduce excess power at the respective array during the dwell period. In determining power draw for an array, the power control takes into account a predetermined number of future dwell periods and any transmit and/or receive tasks scheduled for such periods. If necessary to maintain less than a predetermined ripple on total DC power drawn from a source of the DC power by the radar system, the power control adjusts a duration of empty dwell periods within the dwell schedule for one or more of the arrays.

Abstract: A radar apparatus of the present invention includes: an antenna member including first-type and second-type horns different in distance from base portions to apertures of the horns; a feed unit including a plurality of waveguides each having one end connected to the respective base portions of the first-type horns and second-type horns; a radio frequency circuit; an information-processing circuit; and a signal line. In addition, the waveguides connected to the respective base portions of the first-type horns are open on different receiving ends on the radio frequency circuit at the other end of each waveguide, whereas the waveguides connected to the respective base portions of the second-type horns are open on transmitting ends on the radio frequency circuit at the other end of each waveguide. Yet additionally, at least part of the feed unit is positioned more forward than the base portions of the second-type horns. Consequently, it is possible to downsize the radar apparatus.

Abstract: A sparse multichannel array includes a plurality of array elements, a receiver behind each array element, and a Doppler filter bank behind each receiver, whereby within each Doppler bin is placed spatial nulls at selected angles of undesired interference. The invention enables Doppler processing to be performed on sparse arrays, such as nested or coprime arrays, used in nonlinear adaptive beamforming to mitigate the impact of unintentional interference and hostile jamming on the received signal.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for detection of blocking of a frequency-modulated continuous-wave, FMCW, radar device. A first signal being a first transmission signal including an object detection signal is transmitted. A second signal being a frequency offset signal relative the first signal is transmitted. A reception signal including at least a received version of the second signal is received. Blocking of the FMCW radar device is determined by identifying a blocking pattern in the received version of the second reception signal.

Abstract: Provided is a measuring method for measuring laser scanning velocity for a laser beam machining apparatus. The laser beam machining apparatus includes a mirror, and is configured to process a work by irradiating laser. The laser is irradiated by operating the mirror. The measuring method includes measuring processing sound of the work by the laser using the laser beam machining apparatus. Further, the measuring method includes calculating scanning velocity of the laser by analyzing a frequency of the measured processing sound using the laser beam machining apparatus.

Abstract: An improved two-way tagging tracking and locating system uses time of arrival (TOA), Doppler, and angle of arrival (AOA) in conjunction with remote tags and a locator. The locator's antenna is tethered to a central point, and moved in a constrained motion so that it describes a roughly circular horizontal path. The locator transmits and receives sets of complex radio sequences to/from the tag(s) so that the tag(s) emit signals which are phase, chip, and symbol coherent with the received locator signals. This enables the locator to determine the distances and Doppler shifts between itself and the tag(s) at various positions in its path such that, by post correlation processing of complex captured signal sequences, aims a virtual phased array antenna at the tag(s), resulting in enhanced distance and direction measurements. The angular position of the orbiting locator's antenna may be measured using an electronic compass packaged with the antenna.

Abstract: A monitoring apparatus includes an image-forming optical system aimed forward, an image sensor, an antenna, a first circuit board, a waveguide, an upper case, an information-processing circuit, a second circuit board, a connector, and a power-supply circuit. The connector is disposed at a rear side relative to the image-forming optical system. The power-supply circuit includes at least one capacitor, and a capacitor that is positioned at a highest location out of all of the at least one capacitor is disposed at a rear side relative to the image-forming optical system, which prevents the capacitor from obstructing the visual field of the image-forming optical system. Thus, the image-forming optical system is able to be located close to the power-supply circuit because the monitoring apparatus is very small in height.

Abstract: A radar device which receives reflected waves from objects, and derives still targets, includes: a determining unit that determines whether any other still target exists at a position in the vicinity of a reference target which is a still target existing at a position closest to a position of a vehicle in a longitudinal direction; and a setting unit that makes it easy to determine the reference target as a roadblock, in a case where the number of other still targets existing at positions in the vicinity of the reference target is equal to or less than a predetermined value.

Abstract: An apparatus, a system and a method for space status detection based on acoustic signal are provided. The detecting apparatus includes an audio transmitting device, an audio receiving device, a signal processing device and a decision device. The audio transmitting device transmits an acoustic signal into a space. The audio receiving device receives a varied acoustic signal as a sensing signal. The signal processing device is coupled to the audio receiving device to receive the sensing signal and generates a characteristic parameter of a space status according to the sensing signal. The decision device is coupled to the signal processing device to receive the characteristic parameter and detects a change of the space status according to the characteristic parameter.

Abstract: Systems and methods of pulse-echo imaging using stabilized symmetric pulses are described. The systems and methods are based on the development of a class of symmetric, i.e., two sided, functions that can be designed and utilized as stabilized pulses. Stabilized pulses are pulses having stable inverse filters, and have previously only been established for asymmetric functions. The systems and methods described herein can be used for super-resolution pulse-echo imaging, for example super-resolution ultrasound imaging.

Abstract: Studies have shown that using smartphones while walking increases the probability of pedestrians colliding with obstacles. Techniques are presented for providing real-time warnings to distracted users of smartphones. The techniques are implemented by an application which makes use of sensors commonly found in most smartphone. By estimating distances to nearby objects using acoustic signals, a generalized solution is achieved without requiring any prior knowledge of the user's environment. The process can be enhanced by using images acquired from the phone's rear camera.

Abstract: An apparatus including a near infrared (NIR) light emitting diode (LED) having a predominant axis of NIR light transmission from the LED and a lens that disperses NIR light received from the LED with respect to first and second planes, the lens having an air to lens light entry boundary where light from the LED enters a surface of the lens and a lens to air boundary where light exits the lens in each of the first and second planes, the intersection forming by the second plane with the light entry surface is a line that is concave on each side of the predominant axis and where a radius of the light entry boundary of the line successively increase over each span of a predetermined number of degrees progressing outwards along the line from the predominant axis.

Abstract: Technology for determining a geographical location of a ground receiver is disclosed. A plurality of radio frequency (RF) signals from a plurality of RF signal carriers may be received at the ground receiver. The plurality of RF signal carriers may include satellites operated by a foreign entity or non-global positioning system (non-GPS) satellites. The ground receiver may measure a Doppler shift associated with each of the plurality of RF signals. The geographical location of the ground receiver may be determined in X, Y and Z coordinates based in part on the Doppler shift associated with each of the plurality of RF signals.

Abstract: Knowledge of the vehicle's lane position is required for several location-based services such as advanced driver assistance systems, driverless cars, and predicting driver's intent, among many other emerging applications. We present LaneQuest: a system and method that leverages the ubiquitous and low-energy inertial sensors available in commodity smart-phones to provide an accurate estimate of the vehicle's current lane. LaneQuest leverages the phone sensors about the surrounding environment to detect the vehicle's lane. For example, a vehicle making a right turn most probably will be in the right-most lane, a vehicle passing by a pothole will be in a specific lane and the vehicle angular velocity when driving through a curve reflects its lane. The ambiguous location, sensors noise, and fuzzy lane anchors; LaneQuest employs a novel probabilistic lane estimation algorithm.

Abstract: A global positioning system (GPS) is disclosed for tracking prey wounded with an arrow during bowhunting excursions. The taught invention includes, in some embodiments, a cylindrical transmitter, power supply, and/or pressure sensor disposed in or to an arrow. Some embodiments recite a detachable GPS tracking system. Others recite an integrated system comprising the GPS tracking system, arrow and broadhead.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a device for verifying the integrity of position vector information obtained by at least two satellite geolocation devices, each of the geolocation devices being able to receive a plurality of wireless signals from a plurality of separate satellites, and to use the received wireless signals to compute a position vector of said geolocation device, including position coordinates computed in a predetermined spatial reference at a given moment in time, each of the geolocation devices being independent of the other geolocation devices, the satellites used being able to be different from one geolocation device to the next.

Abstract: A method for displaying positions of vehicles, may include receiving, by a control unit, position information of a first vehicle via a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiving unit; when the position information of the first vehicle is normally received, judging whether there is a second vehicle in a reference distance from the first vehicle via the V2X module; when there is a second vehicle in the reference distance from the first vehicle, collecting vehicle information relating to the second vehicle via the V2X module; and displaying the positions of the first vehicle and the second vehicle to an output unit based on the position information of the first vehicle and the vehicle information relating the second vehicle.

Abstract: A semiconductor radiation detector includes a solid-state X-ray photon detector having a radiation entry side and a back side, and an electron detector adjacent to the radiation entry side of the X-ray photon detector.

Abstract: A radioactive waste screening system comprising at least one subsystem, at least one computer assembly operatively associated with and configured to receive measurement data from the at least one subsystem, and control logic in communication with the at least one computer assembly. The at least one subsystem is selected from the group consisting of a packaged waste screening subsystem, a volume waste screening subsystem, a subsurface waste characterization subsystem, and a surface waste characterization subsystem. The control logic is configured to verify the operability of the at least one subsystem, to control the at least one subsystem, and to assess the radioactivity of at least one material at least partially based on the measurement data received by the at least one computer assembly. A method of assessing a potentially radioactive material, and a method of determining the radioactivity of a material are also described.

Abstract: A moisture protection structure (10) used to protect a device (15) against moisture penetration. The device (15) has a first area (A1) at a first side (S1) for emitting or receiving radiation (RE;RR). The device (15) has a second side (S2) opposite to the first side (S1) attached to a supporting means (20). A lateral side (LS) of the device (15) is defined between a first perimeter delimiting the first area (A1) on the first side (S1) and a second perimeter delimiting a second area (A2) on the second side (S2). The moisture protection structure (10) includes at least one moisture-resistant layer (25) deposited on the first area (A1) and the lateral side (LS) of the device (15) and a moisture-resistant cover (30) arranged to cover the at least one moisture-resistant layer (25) at the first side (S1). The moisture-resistant cover (30) and the at least one moisture-resistant layer (25) are transparent for the emitting or receiving radiation (RE;RR).

Abstract: According to the embodiment, a radiation detector includes an array substrate including a photoelectric conversion element, a scintillator layer formed on the photoelectric conversion element and converting radiation to fluorescence, and a moisture-proof layer including a surface-smoothing layer which is a continuous film formed to cover the scintillator layer and including at least an organic resin material as a main component and a moisture-proof layer which is a continuous film formed on a surface of the smoothed layer by direct film formation and consisting from inorganic material.

Abstract: A photon detection apparatus that includes a photon detector configured to detect single photons. The apparatus includes: a time-to-voltage converter circuit generating a signal proportional to the time interval the photon detector exceeds a reference threshold. Thus, it is the length of time the photon detector exceeds the threshold rather than integrated signal from the photon detector that indicates whether a photon is detected. A second threshold test then discriminates detection events based on the output signal from the time-to-voltage converter.

Abstract: The present invention provides a gamma-neutron detector based on mixtures of thermal neutron absorbers that produce heavy-particle emission following thermal capture. In one configuration, B-10 based detector is used in a parallel electrode plate geometry that integrates neutron moderating sheets, such as polyethylene, on the back of the electrode plates to thermalize the neutrons and then detect them with high efficiency. The moderator can also be replaced with plastic scintillator sheets viewed with a large area photomultiplier tube to detect gamma-rays as well. The detector can be used in several scanning configurations including portal, drive-through, drive-by, handheld and backpack, etc.

Abstract: A device having: a scintillator material, an optically transparent element containing a glass or polymer and gadolinium oxide, and one or more photomultiplier tubes adjacent to the scintillator material. The optically transparent element is surrounded by the scintillator material.

Abstract: A device and method for improved geodetic and seismic measurements are disclosed. The device comprises a triaxial accelerometer assembly, mounted to a reference structure, having full scale ranges greater than +/?1 G on three orthogonal axes and a mechanism for rotating the triaxial accelerometer assembly on the reference structure. The triaxial acceleration assembly is calibrated with an internal alignment matrix such that measurements of Earth's gravity vector are rotationally invariant with respect to the direction of Earth's 1 G static gravity vector irrespective of the orientation of the triaxial assembly on the reference structure. In-situ calibrations are performed by rotating the axes of the triaxial acceleration assembly in the direction of Earth's static gravity vector. Drift of the triaxial accelerometer assembly is compensated for by measuring changes in the values of the invariant static gravity vector for each axis and correcting for the drift with new calibration coefficients.

Abstract: A method of estimating a velocity of a geological layer includes a. providing a first, initial model including an interval velocity associated with a subsurface location and an uncertainty associated with the interval velocity; b. providing data including an actual or approximated root-mean-square (RMS) velocity associated with a subsurface location and an uncertainty associated with the RMS velocity; and c. estimating a second model including an interval velocity associated with a subsurface location and an uncertainty associated with the interval velocity, based on the interval velocity and the uncertainty of the first model, and the RMS velocity and the uncertainty of the data.

Abstract: At least some of the disclosed systems and methods employ one or more seismic receivers that gather seismic data from a plurality of positions in a borehole that penetrates a formation. Further, at least some of the disclosed systems and methods employ a memory to store the gathered seismic data. Further, at least some of the disclosed systems and methods employ logic that inverts the seismic data for simultaneous determination of asymmetric axis velocity (V0) and Thomsen parameters, epsilon (?) and delta (?), in a tilted transversely isotropic (TTI) model.

Abstract: This disclosure provides a method and a device for estimating a quality factor based on zero offset VSP (Vertical Seismic Profiling) data, wherein the method includes the following steps: determining a transmission coefficient between two adjacent VSP channels based on an interval velocity of a seismic wave in the zero offset VSP data; and determining the transmission coefficient as an indeterminate coefficient in an objective function of an index method, and estimating the quality factor according to the objective function of the index method.

Abstract: A method for increasing similarity between a first seismic dataset and a second seismic dataset from at least one seismic survey of a subsurface. The first and second seismic datasets are migrated to a dip angle image domain. The migrated first and second seismic datasets are used in the dip angle image domain to calculate a set of decimating weights to be applied to the first seismic dataset and the second seismic dataset to maximize a similarity between the first seismic dataset and the second seismic dataset. The decimated weights are applied to the first and second seismic datasets, and an image of the subsurface is generated using the first seismic dataset and the second seismic dataset following application of the decimated weights.

Abstract: A technique facilitates seismic exploration by identifying time differences between clocks employed during the seismic exploration. According to an embodiment, a seismic signal is output from a source and has an incident wave and a reflected wave. The seismic signal is received by at least one receiver which outputs data to a control system. The control system is employed to compare a symmetry of the propagation of the incident wave and the reflected wave. The symmetry data is then used to determine a temporal change of the time base of the at least one receiver.

Abstract: A technique generates seismic data that may be analyzed. A combination sensor is operated and deployed in a borehole to obtain orientation data, such as data related to the local magnetic field and a log of the magnetic field direction in the borehole. Following the combination sensor, at least one multi-component seismic source is deployed downhole into the borehole. The at least one multi-component seismic source comprises sensors, such as an inclinometer and a magnetometer. Data from the combination sensor and from the at least one multi-component seismic source is processed to determine an absolute orientation of the at least one multi-component seismic source.

Abstract: Apparatus and techniques are described, such as for obtaining information indicative of a formation resistivity, such as using information from a galvanic measurement apparatus. A resistive parameter related to a geologic formation is estimated through use of a model. An electrical excitation is coupled from a well tool in a borehole to the geologic formation. Induced voltages resulting from the excitation are received using monitor electrodes selected according to the specified excitation mode, including receiving magnitude and phase information corresponding to the induced voltages. The resistive parameter of the model is then determined using the magnitude and phase information of the received voltages, and using magnitude and phase information about the excitation.

Abstract: A bottom hole assembly used for a field operation is disclosed herein. The bottom hole assembly can include at least one directional antenna disposed on an outer surface of a first tubing pipe of a tubing string, where the at least one directional antenna receives a first electric current from at least one power source, where the first electric current generates a first magnetic field that radiates from the at least one directional antenna into a formation. The bottom hole assembly can also include at least one receiver disposed on a second tubing pipe of the tubing string, where the at least one receiver receives the first magnetic field returning from the formation.

Abstract: A metal detector of the disclosure includes a detection head, a supporting rod, and a headset. The supporting rod is connected with the detection head. A first control printed circuit board (PCB) is located inside the supporting rod, and is electrically connected to the detection head. The headset includes a second control PCB connected to the first control PCB by wireless communication, and a display electrically connected to the second control PCB. When an operator wears the headset, a visual direction of the operator keeps within a display range of the display. The detection head detects a metal signal, the first control PCB transmits the metal signal to the second control PCB by wireless communication. The second control PCB transforms the metal signal into a video signal transmitted to the display to display for the operator.

Abstract: There is provided an optical film including a (meth)acrylic resin having a cyclic structure in its main chain as a main component, a compound represented by Formula (1) below, and a rubber elastic body: where each of R1 to R8 independently represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, X represents a divalent alicyclic group having 4 to 20 carbon atoms, and the alicyclic group represented by X may have at least one substituent selected from a halogen atom, an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms and an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 15 carbon atoms.

Abstract: There is provided a lens including: a first lens light shielding part formed on a circumference of a lens effective part; a second lens light shielding part formed on a circumference of the first lens light shielding part; first connecting parts connecting the first lens light shielding part and the second lens light shielding part to each other and having a thickness less than that of the lens light shielding part; and second connecting parts connecting the first lens light shielding part and the second lens light shielding part to each other and having a thickness greater than those of the first connecting parts.

Abstract: To provide an antireflection film that is, in the case where a super high definition display element is used, capable of suppressing reflection on the surface of the display device, and capable of suppressing whitening, while preventing the image quality of the super high definition display element from being impaired. An antireflection film containing a transparent substrate, having thereon a high refractive index layer and a low refractive index layer, in which the antireflection film has a diffusion light reflectance (RSCE) measured under the following condition of 0.12% or less and is for a display element having a total light reflectance (RSCI) of 4.

Abstract: An optical member includes a transparent substrate and an anti-reflection film. The anti-reflection film includes a refractive index gradient structure layer and an interference layer. A refractive index of the transparent substrate is different from a refractive index of the refractive index gradient structure layer on a side closest to the transparent substrate. A refractive index of the interference layer changes in the thickness direction, and has values which are discrete from both refractive indexes of the refractive index gradient structure layer and the transparent substrate at a boundary between the interference layer and the refractive index gradient structure layer and at a boundary between the interference layer and the transparent substrate, and a value thereof on a side close to the refractive index gradient structure layer is different from a value thereof on a side close to the transparent substrate.

Abstract: A substrate is provided with an abrasion resistance antireflection coating. The coated substrate includes a multilayer antireflection coating on at least one side. The coating has layers with different refractive indices, wherein higher refractive index layers alternate with lower refractive index layers. The layers having a lower refractive index are formed of silicon oxide with a proportion of aluminum, with a ratio of the amounts of aluminum to silicon is greater than 0.05, preferably greater than 0.08, but with the amount of silicon predominant relative to the amount of aluminum. The layers having a higher refractive index include a silicide, an oxide, or a nitride.