Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a chemotherapy using a PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitor that produces an excellent antitumor effect on a cancer patient. The present invention provides a method for predicting the therapeutic efficacy of the chemotherapy using the antitumor agent comprising a PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitor on a cancer patient on the basis of the expression level of PHLDA1 and/or PIK3C2B in a biological sample containing tumor cells isolated from the cancer patient.

Abstract: Whole exome sequencing of 12 tumor-normal DNA pairs, RNAseq analysis and targeted deep sequencing identified new genetic alterations in PTCL transformation. These analyses identified highly recurrent epigenetic factor mutations in TET2, DN-MT3A and IDH2 as well as a new highly prevalent RHOA p.Gly17Val (NM_001664) mutation present in 22/35 (67%) of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphomas (AITL) and in 8/44 (18%) not otherwise specified PTCL (PTCL NOS) samples. Mechanistically, the RHOA Gly17Val protein interferes with RHOA signaling in biochemical and cellular assays, an effect potentially mediated by the sequestration of activated Guanine Exchange Factor (GEF) proteins. In addition, new and recurrent, genetic defects are described including mutations in FYN, ATM, B2M and CD58 implicating SRC signaling, impaired DNA damage response and escape from immune surveillance mechanisms in the pathogenesis of PTCL.

Abstract: This invention relates to test kits and methods for their use in determining the expression levels of genetic markers. Additionally, this invention relates to kits and uses thereof for the determination of ratios of genetic markers. Ratios of genetic markers can be used to assist in analysis of bladder cancer from samples of urine.

Abstract: Probes and primers are disclosed for detecting a C. glabrata resistant to an echinocandin in a sample. Method are also disclosed that utilize these probes and primers, wherein the methods can be used to detect a C. glabrata resistant to an echinocandin in a sample.

Abstract: This invention relates to methods for identifying maize plants that having increased green snap tolerance. The methods use molecular markers to identify and to select plants with increased green snap tolerance. Maize plants generated by the methods of the invention are also a feature of the invention.

Abstract: The present disclosure concerns methods for identifying genetic material in recombinant potato plants, including in food products made from such plants. The disclosure relates to the materials, including nucleotide primers and probes, utilized in the methods set forth herein. Furthermore, the disclosure provides for non-naturally occurring nucleotide junction sequences per se that result from genetic recombination events and methods of detecting said junction sequences.

Abstract: The present invention provides processes for deconstructing biomass using a solvent produced in a bioreforming reaction.

Abstract: A pelt board (11) is disclosed for stretching and drying of tubular pelts (5), the pelt board (11) having a tip end (4) from which the pelt is drawn onto the pelt board (11) and a foot end (2), wherein the pelt board (11) has a lower part (8) nearest the foot end (2) where the outer cross-sectional circumference of the pelt board (11) is substantially constant and an upper part (9) between the lower part (8) and the tip end (4), where the outer cross-sectional circumference of the upper part (9) gradually decreases towards the tip end (4), wherein the longitudinal extent (L1) of the lower part (8) is in the range of 36 to 50 cm, more preferably in the range of 40 to 45 cm. Furthermore is disclosed an extension piece for connecting with a standard pelt board and fat-absorbing inner bags (13, 19) for use with the pelt board (11).

Abstract: This invention relates to a method and apparatus for gasifying or liquifying coal. In particular, the method comprises reacting a coal with a molten aluminum or aluminum alloy bath. The apparatus includes a reaction vessel for carrying out the reaction, as well as other equipment necessary for capturing and removing the reaction products. Further, the process can be used to cogenerate electricity using the excess heat generated by the process.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a recovery system for obtaining/recovering metallic iron and/or iron compounds, in particular iron chloride, from ores and/or ore tailings, especially from pyrite tailings, preferably from roasted pyrites produced during sulphuric acid manufacture.

Abstract: A method of forming a golf club head assembly includes aligning a faceplate with a recess of a club head; welding the faceplate to the club head; then, after welding the faceplate, heating the club head and the faceplate to at least a solvus temperature of the faceplate for a predetermined amount of time; and then, after heating the club head and the faceplate, allowing the club head and the faceplate to air cool.

Abstract: Device for individual quenching of gears, pinions, bearing rings and other similar components of technical devices, operating in a vacuum furnace installation, whereby the quenching chamber of the installation is fitted with tightly-sealed doors for workpiece loading and unloading. The following elements are fitted inside the quenching chamber: removable table on which an individual workpiece is placed, along with a surrounding set of removable nozzles; the inlet of the quenching chamber features an attached tank supplying the cooling medium to the nozzles—preferably air or nitrogen, or argon or helium, or hydrogen or carbon dioxide, or mixtures thereof—while the outlet of the quenching chamber is connected to the inlet of a tank receiving expanded cooling medium from the chamber; moreover, there is a compressor connected in between the two tanks, ensuring closed-loop flow of the cooling medium.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a grain oriented electrical steel sheet includes subjecting a slab to rolling to a final sheet thickness; subjecting the sheet to subsequent decarburization; applying an annealing separator composed mainly of MgO to a surface of the sheet before subjecting the sheet to final annealing; subjecting the sheet to subsequent tension coating; and subjecting, after the final annealing or the tension coating, the sheet to magnetic domain refining treatment by electron beam irradiation, wherein a degree of vacuum during the electron beam irradiation is 0.1 to 5 Pa, and a tension to be exerted on the steel sheet during flattening annealing is 5 to 15 MPa.

Abstract: There is provided a method for manufacturing a high-strength galvannealed steel sheet having excellent coating adhesiveness and corrosion resistance whose base material is a high-strength steel sheet containing Si and Mn. The method includes performing an oxidation treatment on a steel sheet including Si and Mn in a first zone having an atmosphere of an oxygen concentration, thereafter performing an oxidation treatment in a second zone having an atmosphere of an oxygen concentration, thereafter performing reduction annealing and galvanizing, and further performing an alloying treatment by heating the galvanized steel sheet.

Abstract: A heat-treated steel material includes: a chemical composition expressed by, in mass %: C: 0.16% to 0.38%; Mn: 0.6% to 1.5%; Cr: 0.4% to 2.0%; Ti: 0.01% to 0.10%; B: 0.001% to 0.010%; Si: 0.20% or less; P: 0.05% or less; S: 0.05% or less; N: 0.01% or less; Ni: 0% to 2.0%; Cu: 0% to 1.0%; Mo: 0% to 1.0%; V: 0% to 1.0%; Al: 0% to 1.0%; Nb: 0% to 1.0%; REM: 0% to 0.1%; and the balance: Fe and impurities; and a structure expressed by: retained austenite: 1.5 volume % or less; and the balance: martensite.

Abstract: Provided is a method for producing plated steel sheet by means of an annealing device which includes at least one section and in which the at least one section is filled with a gas constituting a non-reducing atmosphere or a weakly reducing atmosphere to substantially improve the quality of plating onto hot-dipped steel sheet, including the plating properties, alloying properties, anti-pickup properties, plating adhesion properties, anti-flaking properties, anti-cratering properties and anti-ash properties, by using prior-art annealing equipment and heat-treatment cycle without any additional oxidation-reduction heat treatment process or large quantities of high-cost alloying elements.

Abstract: A method for preparing Electric Arc Furnace dust (EAFD) for metal recovery, comprising: a) mixing the EAFD comprising zinc oxide or lead oxide, or a mixture of both, with a liquid and a binder to produce an EAFD mixture; b) producing a shaped EAFD pellet; and c) drying the shaped EAFD pellet is disclosed. A method for recovering zinc from Electric Arc Furnace dust (EAFD), comprising: a) heating the EAFD comprising at least one metal comprising zinc in an inert gas atmosphere at a temperature ranging from 700° C. to 1100° C.; and b) evaporating the at least one metal comprising zinc from the EAFD and collecting the at least one metal is also disclosed. A method for recovering an impurity from Electric Arc Furnace dust (EAFD), comprising: a) heating the EAFD comprising an impurity in an inert gas atmosphere at a temperature ranging from 700° C. to 1100° C.; and b) evaporating the impurity from the EAFD and collecting the impurity is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method of recovering metal values from metal-bearing materials such as slags and drosses includes the steps of pulverizing the material to particles less than about 100 ?m; leaching the pulverized material with a solution of ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, and potassium chloride; sequentially recovering at least two metals from the leachate by the addition of zinc using a sequential cementation process; and recovering zinc from the solution by electrowinning.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of recovering acid and a platinum group metal from a leaching solution of a spent catalyst, more particularly, to a method of recovering acid and a platinum group metal from a leaching solution of a spent catalyst, the method including: filtering a leaching solution of a spent catalyst, providing the filtered leaching solution into a concentration chamber, and heating the filtered leaching solution to recover acid included in the leaching solution; providing a concentrated solution of the leaching solution into a substitution chamber after recovering the acid, and adding a metal for a substitution reaction; and cleaning a solid, which is separated by solid-liquid separation after the substitution reaction, with acid and recovering the platinum group metal.

Abstract: A composition for a low lead ingot comprising primarily copper and including tin, zinc, sulfur, phosphorus, nickel. The composition may contain carbon. The low lead ingot, when solidified, includes sulfur or sulfur containing compounds such as sulfides distributed through the ingot. The presence and a substantially uniform distribution of these sulfur compounds imparts improved machinability and better mechanical properties.

Abstract: The invention relates to a copper alloy such as, for example, CuNi6Sn5Fe2P0.15, which has hard particles such as, for example, Fe3P or Fe2P and optionally solid lubricants such as, for example, hexagonal boron nitrides or graphite. The invention further relates to the use of said copper alloy for a bearing and to a bearing having said copper alloy. The invention further relates to a method for producing a bearing having a copper alloy, wherein a metal powder is produced, for example, by means of melt atomization, hard particles and optional solid lubricants are optionally added to said powder, and the powder is sintered onto a substrate. Finally, the invention relates to an alternative method for producing a bearing, wherein the copper alloy is applied to a substrate by means of casting or plating or wherein the bearing is made completely of the copper alloy.

Abstract: According the present invention, an alloy powder for overlay welding that prevents generation of gas defects in a weld overlay alloy in order to improve the toughness and wear resistance of the weld overlay alloy is provided. The alloy powder is an alloy powder for overlay welding on a steel surface containing nitrogen, which is characterized in that it contains 30% to 45% by mass of Mo, 10% to 30% by mass of Ni, 0.2% to 0.6% by mass of C, and 0.30% to 2.0% by mass of Al, with the balance made up of incidental impurities and Co.

Abstract: Aluminium-silicon powder mixtures comprising a hypereutectic Al—Si powder, a near eutectic Al—Si powder, and a third powder which is aluminium or a hypoeutectic aluminium alloy containing alloying constituents other than silicon and less than 9 wt % silicon, with a sintering aid comprising a fourth, zinc-containing powder, are pressed and sintered to provide powder metallurgy products suitable for automotive component use in particular. The third powder in the composition permits such Al-Si powder mixtures to be compressed to a density approaching that obtained by use of an annealed powder mixture, but without the annealing step.

Abstract: One aspect of the present invention relates to compositions of a pelletized form which are well suited for use as inoculants in the manufacture or casting of molten metals. A further aspect of the invention relates to a method of making such pelletized compositions from waste materials which bear silicon carbide or both silicon carbide and silicon.

Abstract: Millions of tons of steel are manufactured each year around the world. Typically gas filled void spaces within a steel matrix are not a desirable attribute in any application. With an increasing need to monitor and address carbon dioxide emissions it is desirable to utilize this by-product of current industrial processes and the internal structure of steel provides a unique place to keep carbon dioxide. With the addition of carbon dioxide into the steel matrix during or before casting the final product will have altered strength characteristics, however it will also add the advantage of certain benefits such as increased strength to weight ratio for the over all steel component. Variation in gas volume and distribution will allow for a variety of new products.

Abstract: Described herein is a feedstock comprising BMG. The feedstock has a surface with an average roughness of at least 200 microns. Also described herein is a feedstock comprising BMG. The feedstock, when supported on a support during a melting process of the feedstock, has a contact area between the feedstock and the support up to 50% of a total area of the support. These feedstocks can be made by molding ingots of BMG into a mole with surface patterns, enclosing one or more cores into a sheath with a roughened surface, chemical etching, laser ablating, machining, grinding, sandblasting, or shot peening. The feedstocks can be used as starting materials in an injection molding process.

Abstract: A ternary alloy wherein copper, manganese, and a ternary element are melted together and cast into an article and the article is subjected to an age-hardening treatment. A process for producing an age-hardened copper-manganese-nickel alloy, the process including melting a composition comprising copper, manganese and nickel; pouring the molten composition comprising copper, manganese, and nickel to form a casting with a composition comprising copper, manganese, and nickel, and aging the casting so produced. An article containing copper, manganese, and a ternary element, in a cast form and the cast form has subsequently undergone age-hardening treatment. A ternary alloy comprising copper, manganese, and a ternary element melted together and solidified into a casting, wherein the microstructure of the casting produced shows substantially low microporosity attributable to dendritic solidification.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus for the continuous hot-dip coating of metal strip, preferably steel strip, comprising a melting bath vessel, a snout, which opens in the melting bath vessel, for introducing a metal strip, which is heated in a continuous furnace, into the melting bath in protective gas, and a deflecting roller, which is arranged in the melting bath vessel, for deflecting the metal strip, which is entering the melting bath, in a direction pointing out of the melting bath, wherein that end of the snout which is dipped into the melting bath has at least one runoff chamber which is bounded inward by an overflow wall, downward by a floor and outward by the wall of the snout, wherein the overflow edge of the overflow wall lies at least in sections below the melting bath surface, and wherein a suction line with a pump is connected to the runoff chamber, characterized in that the runoff chamber is provided with at least one through opening through which liquid molten metal can flow out of the mel

Abstract: A method for preparing a grounding substrate for a semiconductor device, the method including: 1) polishing the surface of a matrix of a grounding substrate to remove a carbon layer therefrom, and washing the surface of the matrix with anhydrous ethanol; 2) providing a cold spray system including a spraying device, a spray chamber, and a special fixture disposed in the spray chamber; and disposing the matrix on the special fixture; 3) using the cold spray system to spray a compressed gas carrying aluminum powder on the surface of the matrix at the supersonic speed to form an aluminum coating, thus obtaining the grounding substrate; 4) disposing the grounding substrate in a heat treatment furnace, raising the temperature therein to between 100 and 500° C., and maintaining the temperature for between 1 and 5 hrs; and 5) wet polishing the grounding substrate.

Abstract: A method for improving corrosion resistance and fatigue performance of a metallic surface of an article comprises nitrocarburizing the metallic surface to provide a nitrocarburized surface; forming an oxide layer on the nitrocarburized surface; and treating the oxide layer with a mechanical process.

Abstract: A physical vapor deposition (PVD) apparatus for forming a phase-changeable layer includes a process chamber including a loading chamber configured to load a substrate, and a depositing chamber configured to deposit ion particles of a phase-changeable material onto the substrate; a target member on an upper portion of the depositing chamber and configured to provide the ion particles of the phase-changeable material which react with process gases in a plasma state; a plasma generator configured to generate a process gas plasma from the process gases; a chuck on a lower portion of the depositing chamber and holding the substrate, the chuck including a heater configured to heat the substrate, and at least one electrode configured to guide the ion particles of the phase-changeable material to the substrate; and a supplementary heater in the process chamber and configured to transfer radiant heat around the substrate.

Abstract: A processing apparatus may include a down-facing substrate processing chamber fixed at acute angle to horizontal. A chuck plate on a platform may pivot from an open position wherein the platform is at an acute angle to the processing chamber, to a parallel position wherein the platform is parallel to the processing chamber. The chuck plate may then be moved linearly into sealing engagement with the processing chamber. A chuck holder may be provided on the platform to hold the chuck in place.

Abstract: A heated filter assembly for heating gas supplied to a substrate processing system includes a housing defining a cavity, an inner surface and an outer surface. A filter element is arranged inside the cavity of the housing with an outer surface thereof in a spaced relationship relative to the inner surface of the housing. A heat transfer element is arranged inside of the filter element and includes an outer surface and an inner cavity. A plurality of projections is arranged on the outer surface of the heat transfer element in direct physical contact with an inner surface of the filter element. A plurality of portions is arranged on the outer surface of the heat transfer element, is spaced from the inner surface of the filter element and is located between the plurality of projections.

Abstract: Atomic layer deposition apparatus for depositing a film in a continuous fashion. The apparatus includes a process tunnel, extending in a transport direction and bounded by at least a first and a second wall. The walls are mutually parallel and allow a flat substrate to be accommodated there between. The apparatus further includes a transport system for moving a train of substrates or a continuous substrate in tape form, through the tunnel. At least the first wall of the process tunnel is provided with a plurality of gas injection channels that, viewed in the transport direction, are connected successively to a first precursor gas source, a purge gas source, a second precursor gas source and a purge gas source respectively, so as to create a tunnel segment that—in use—comprises successive zones containing a first precursor gas, a purge gas, a second precursor gas and a purge gas, respectively.

Abstract: Apparatus and systems may operate to provide a first reactant as a gas that flows under reduced atmospheric pressure to interact with a surface, such as a tool body surface, the interaction confined to a passage within the tool body, wherein the passage includes the surface and extends without interruption from an entrance end of the passage to an exit end of the passage. Additional activity may include providing a second reactant as a gas under the reduced atmospheric pressure, subsequent to the first reactant, to interact with the surface of the tool body; and repeated provision of the first and second reactants until a selected coating thickness on the surface is formed. Additional apparatus, systems, and methods are disclosed.

Abstract: A vapor phase growth apparatus includes a reaction chamber, a shower plate provided at an upper part of the reaction chamber and having a first gas ejection hole and a second gas ejection hole formed in a surface thereof close to the reaction chamber, a first gas supply path connected to the first gas ejection hole and supplying a first process gas including a group III element to the reaction chamber, a second gas supply path connected to the second gas ejection hole and supplying a second process gas including a group V element to the reaction chamber, a first connection path connecting the first gas supply path and the second gas supply path, and a first control unit controlling the passage and stop of gas through the first connection path.

Abstract: Production of bulk quantities of graphene for commercial ventures has proven difficult due to scalability issues in certain instances. Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of graphene can address at least some of these issues. Methods for production of graphene by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition can include: providing a metal substrate and a carbonaceous electrode, at least a portion of the metal substrate being located proximate to the carbonaceous electrode with a gap defined therebetween; applying a potential between the metal substrate and the carbonaceous electrode; exciting a plasma-forming gas in the gap between the metal substrate and the carbonaceous electrode in the presence of the applied potential, thereby forming a plasma; ablating a reactive carbon species from the carbonaceous electrode in the presence of the plasma; and growing graphene on the metal substrate from the reactive carbon species.

Abstract: The plastisol coated plating tools are used to secure polymer containing substrates in electroless plating baths during electroless plating of the polymers. To prevent metallization of the plastisol coated plating tools during electroless metallization, compositions of sulfur compounds are applied to the plastisol. After metallization the plastisol coated plating tools may be re-used without the need to strip the unwanted metal from the tools.

Abstract: Copolymers of diglycidyl ether terminated polysiloxane compounds and non-aromatic polyamines are used in the preparation of dielectric materials for electroless metal plating. The copolymers may be used in the manufacture of printed circuit boards such as in cleaning and conditioning through-holes prior to electroless metallization.

Abstract: The subject matter of the present invention is a multi-step method for the anti-corrosive coating of metal components, in which a reaction rinse is used after a conversion treatment but before electrodeposition is carried out on the component. The conversion treatment includes first the deposition of a thin inorganic layer containing the elements Zr and/or Ti. The metal component is then treated with a reaction rinse containing a surface-active substance and is subsequently subjected to electrodeposition.

Abstract: A method of coating the surface of a metal substrate includes a) applying a first composition on the surface of a metal substrate, the first composition being a solution comprising a liquid medium including sol-gel precursors of alcoxysilane type or of metallo-organic type; b) subjecting the first composition to first heat treatment to form an anchor layer on the metal substrate in which the sol-gel precursors are bonded to the metal substrate, a first temperature being imposed during the first heat treatment that is sufficient to eliminate all or part of the liquid medium and to encourage the bonding of the sol-gel precursors to the metal substrate; and c) applying a second composition on the anchor layer. The second composition includes coating compounds to obtain a coating on the anchor layer by forming bonds between the sol-gel precursors and the coating compounds.

Abstract: In some examples, an article may include a substrate and a coating on the substrate. The substrate may include a superalloy, a ceramic, or a ceramic matrix composite. The coating may include a layer comprising a matrix material and a plurality of nanoparticles. The matrix material may include at least one of silica, zirconia, alumina, titania, or chromia, and the plurality of nanoparticles may include nanoparticles including at least one of yttria, zirconia, alumina, or chromia. In some examples, an average diameter of the nanoparticles is less than about 400 nm.

Abstract: The present invention provides a metal stripping additive, composition containing the same, and method for stripping metal by using the composition. The metal stripping additive comprises a phosphate, a carbonate, and a component selected from at least one of citric acid or a derivative thereof, oxalate or a derivative thereof, malate or a derivative thereof. The metal stripping additive is used with nitric acid as the metal stripping composition of the present invention. The present method has advantages of being capable of stripping various metals, low corrosion, low toxicity, and being applicable under ambient temperature.

Abstract: There is provided the use of cellulose nanocrystals as a corrosion inhibitor for inhibiting corrosion of a metal object made of steel. The use includes using acid to impart ester groups onto the cellulose nanocrystals. The use includes dispersing an effective corrosion inhibiting amount of the cellulose nanocrystals having the ester groups within a composition comprising a carrier essentially consisting of water. The cellulose nanocrystals are provided in an amount equal to or greater than 0.1% by weight of the carrier and equal to or less than 3.0% by weight of the carrier. The use includes applying an effective corrosion inhibiting amount of the composition to the metal object such that the composition is adapted to inhibit corrosion of the metal object by 8% or more.

Abstract: An electrochemical system is described having an end plate, a stack cover plate adjacent to the end plate and at least one metallic electrical conductor. The stack cover plate has an electrically conductive contacting plate adjacent to the end plate and an electrically conductive separator plate half facing away from the end plate. The contacting plate and the separator plate half are connected to each other electrically and media-tight. The metallic electrical conductor extends to an outside of the electrochemical system. The metallic electrical conductor and the contacting plate are in one piece or the metallic electrical conductor contacts the contacting plate directly. The contacting plate and the separator plate half are bonded to each other.

Abstract: Between an anode and a cathode, a salt melt containing a metal ion is separated from the anode by a gap across which an electric arc can be formed. The metal ion is deposited on the anode and subsequently removed.

Abstract: There is provided a method for producing a plated article, comprising immersing a substrate made of a conductive metal in a plating solution and forming a plating layer on the substrate by electroplating, wherein the plating solution is a solution containing 0.01 to 1 mol/L of Ni ions with pH of 6 or more; and a porous Ni plating layer is formed by performing the electroplating at a cathode current density of 10 A/dm2 or more. This method allows for easily producing a plated article wherein a uniform porous Ni plating layer is formed on the surface of a substrate.

Abstract: Tin or tin alloy plating liquid with a sufficient plated deposit can be formed in the opening without causing burns on the plated film surface or abnormal deposits, and which has a good via filling effect. When a specific ?, ?-unsaturated carbonyl compound is added into the tin or tin alloy plating liquid, the plating liquid with good via filling performance can be obtained, and the deposit which is substantially free of voids and burns or abnormal deposits on the deposit surface are reduced.

Abstract: A Ni-plated steel sheet according to the present invention includes a steel sheet, a first Ni-plated layer which is formed at least on a one-sided surface of the steel sheet and contains Ni, and a second Ni-plated layer which is formed on the first Ni-plated layer and contains Ni. An average central-line roughness Ra at an interface between the first Ni-plated layer and the second Ni-plated layer is less than 0.1 ?m, an average central-line roughness Ra of a surface of the second Ni-plated layer is 0.1 ?m to 100 ?m, and a coating amount of Ni in the entirety of the first Ni-plated layer and the second Ni-plated layer is 20 mg/m2 to 2500 mg/m2 per one-sided surface in terms of metal Ni.

Abstract: Provided are robust paint coating systems on metal-coated plastic substrates and processes for forming such material systems as decorative components. An organometallic adhesion promoter is applied to a metal-coated plastic substrate. The metal coating comprises chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni) or combinations thereof. The organometallic adhesion promoter comprises (i) a transition metal selected from the group consisting of: zirconium (Zr), titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr), and combinations thereof, (ii) a first ligand complexed to the transition metal comprising an organofunctional group, and (iii) a second ligand complexed to the transition metal having a hydrolysable functional group. Then, one or more organic paint precursor materials are applied thereon.