Abstract: A fiber-optic sensor can have a Michelson sensor portion and a Mach-Zehnder sensor portion. A first splitter-coupler can be configured to split incoming light between a first fiber portion and a second fiber portion. A first polarization-phase conjugation device can be configured to conjugate a polarization phase of incident light corresponding to the first fiber portion, and a second polarization-phase conjugation device can be configured to conjugate a polarization phase of incident light corresponding to the second fiber portion. Each of the first and second polarization-phase conjugation devices can be configured to reflect light toward a detector and through the respective first and second fiber portions. A coupler can be configured to join light in the first fiber portion with light in the second fiber portion, and a third fiber portion can be configured to receive light from the coupler and to illuminate a second detector.

Abstract: A device for interferential distance measurement that includes a measurement reflector having a surface and a light source emitting a beam parallel to the surface. The device includes a splitter element including a splitter grating that is disposed perpendicular to the surface, wherein the splitter grating receives the beam and splits the beam into a measurement beam and a reference beam, wherein the measurement beam acts at least twice upon the measurement reflector along a path of the measurement beam. The device including a combining element, at which the measurement beam and the reference beam enter into interferential superposition to form interfering measurement and reference beams. The device further includes a detector arrangement, by way of which a scanning signal pertaining to a distance between the measurement reflector and a component of said device in a measuring direction can be generated from the interfering measurement and reference beams.

Abstract: A space-division multiplexing optical coherence tomography apparatus and system is provided. In one embodiment, the system includes a light source, a reference arm, and a sample arm. The sample arm splits the sampling light into a plurality of sampling beams which may be scanned simultaneously onto a surface of a sample. An optical delay may be introduced into the sampling beams before scanning. A plurality of reflected light signals returned from the sample is collected. In one arrangement, the signals may be combined to produce a single reflected light signal. The reflected light signal(s) and a reference signal are combined to produce an interference signal comprising data representative of digitized images captured of the actual object. In one embodiment, a single sample arm may be used for scanning and collecting image data. A related method is also provided.

Abstract: An automatic method for measuring three-dimensional coordinates by a laser tracker includes determining whether a retroreflector is accessible within an acceptance region of an inspection location and, if not, taking corrective action.

Abstract: A gas turbine includes first and second parts having outer surfaces located adjacent to each other to create an interface where wear occurs. A wear probe is provided for monitoring wear of the outer surface of the first part, and includes an optical guide having first and second ends, wherein the first end is configured to be located flush with the outer surface of the first part. A fiber bundle includes first and second ends, the first end being located proximate to the second end of the optical guide. The fiber bundle includes a transmit fiber bundle comprising a first plurality of optical fibers coupled to a light source, and a receive fiber bundle coupled to a light detector and configured to detect reflected light. A processor is configured to determine a length of the optical guide based on the detected reflected light.

Abstract: A measurement target including a semiconductor substrate, and a first epitaxial layer and a second epitaxial layer stacked in this order on the semiconductor substrate and having no difference in refractive index of a real part from the semiconductor substrate is subjected to reflection interference analysis using a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The thickness of the first epitaxial layer is used as a fitting parameter so as to prevent shift between an interference waveform of a resultant reflection interference pattern containing distortion appearing in a wave number range near an abnormal dispersion range of a refractive index caused by phonon absorption and an interference waveform of a numerically calculated reflection interference pattern in the same wave number range. The thickness of the first epitaxial layer determined during the fitting of the numerically calculated reflection interference pattern is defined as a measured value of the thickness of the first epitaxial layer.

Abstract: A translatable media height sensor assembly for measuring a media stack in an imaging forming device. The assembly includes a support and drive and insertion assemblies mounted thereon. Insertion assembly includes a translatable plunger having mounted thereon a sensor and a translatable probe. At a home position, the sensor is actuated by a flag on the support placing sensor output in a first state. During measurement, drive assembly translates insertion assembly toward a media stack and the sensor output changes to a second state and a counter is started. The probe initially encounters the media stack and stops while plunger continues to translate. As the plunger reaches the media stack, the probe engages the sensor causing the sensor output to again change state and stops the counter. The insertion assembly retracts back to the home position where the flag actuates the sensor causing the sensor output to change state.

Abstract: Approaches for determining the delivery success of a particle, such as a drug particle, are disclosed. A system for monitoring delivery of particles to biological tissue includes a volume, an optical component, a detector, and an analyzer. The volume comprises a space through which a particle can pass in a desired direction. The optical component is configured to provide a measurement light. The detector is positioned to detect light emanating from the particle in response to the measurement light. The detected light is modulated as the particle moves along a detection axis. The detector is configured to generate a time-varying signal in response to the detected light. The analyzer is configured to receive the time-varying signal and determine a delivery success of the particle into a biological tissue based upon characteristics of the time-varying signal.

Abstract: A laser tracker for continuous tracking of a reflecting target and for determining the distance to the target is provided. The laser tracker may include a base defining a standing axis, a beam steering unit for emission of a measuring radiation and for receiving at least a part of the measuring radiation reflected by the target. The beam steering unit is motorized to be pivotable relative to the base around the standing axis and a tilt axis extending substantially orthogonal to the standing axis. Furthermore, the tracker has a distance measuring unit configured as an interferometer for determining a change in distance to the target by means of interferometry, an interferometer laser beam source for generating the measuring radiation for the interferometer and an angle measurement functionality for determining an alignment of the beam steering unit relative to the base. The interferometer laser beam source may be configured as a laser diode.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to dynamic focus adjustment for an image system. With the assistance of a height detection sub-system, present invention provides an apparatus and methods for micro adjusting an image focusing according the specimen surface height variation by altering the field strength of an electrostatic lens between objective lens and sample stage/or a bias voltage applied to the sample surface. Merely by way of example, the invention has been applied to a scanning electron inspection system. But it would be recognized that the invention could apply to other system using charged particle beam as observation tool with a height detection apparatus.

Abstract: A pattern projector, comprising a light source, configured to emit a beam of light. A transparent substrate, which has a pair of mutually-opposed planar surfaces is configured to receive and propagate the beam within the substrate by total internal reflection between the planar surfaces. The transparent substrate comprises a diffractive structure that is formed on one of the planar surfaces and is configured to direct at least a part of the beam to propagate out of the substrate in a direction that is angled away from the surface and to create a pattern comprising multiple interleaved light and dark areas.

Abstract: A method is described for calculating an optimum stand-off distance for surface position measurements to be acquired by a coordinate positioning apparatus including a measurement probe. The coordinate positioning apparatus may include a machine tool and the measurement probe may include a touch trigger probe having a deflectable stylus. The method includes the step of calculating an optimum stand-off distance using at least one measured acceleration characteristic of the coordinate positioning apparatus. In this manner, measurement cycle times may be optimised.

Abstract: A position sensing system including a waveguide, a magnet movable relative to the waveguide, and a compensator configured to compensate for a change in propagation velocity of the waveguide in determining a position of the magnet relative to the waveguide. The compensator coupled to the waveguide and configured to receive a pulse, an end of line pulse corresponding to the pulse transmitted through the waveguide, and a reflected pulse corresponding to a reflection of the pulse at a point in the waveguide. The compensator configured to determine the point based at least in part on the pulse, the end of line pulse, and/or the reflected pulse.

Abstract: A detection element has: first and second fixed parts; first and second vertical beams each connected at first and second ends to the first and second fixed parts, respectively; a horizontal beam connected at first and second ends to centers of the first and second vertical beams, respectively; and four arms each connected at a first end to the horizontal beam and having a weight formed on a second end. The first vertical beam has a first slit formed nearer the first fixed part with respect to its center, a second slit formed nearer the second fixed part with respect to its center, and a coupling portion between these slits. The second vertical beam has a third slit formed nearer the first fixed part with respect to its center, a fourth slit formed nearer the second fixed part with respect to its center, and a coupling portion between these slits.

Abstract: A method of determining landmarks includes receiving, at a computing system, a plurality of potential landmark measurements and corresponding signal measurements. The method further includes determining, at the computing system, a plurality of landmark candidates from the plurality of potential landmark candidates and corresponding signal measurements. The method further includes determining a normalized signal distance between a first signal measurement corresponding to a first landmark candidate of the plurality of landmark candidates and a second signal measurement corresponding to a second landmark candidate of the plurality of landmark candidates. The method further includes determining, at the computing system, that the first landmark corresponds to the second landmark based on the normalized signal distance.

Abstract: The accuracy of a reverse geocode for a GPS fix in a mobile phone navigation device is improved significantly by considering together the user's last known location on an original route, the elapsed time between the last known location on the original route and the latest GPS fix, and the likelihood that the user could have traveled from the last known location on the original route to one of numerous candidate locations (generated from the reverse geocode) in the elapsed time. The navigation server relies only on a GPS fix, timestamps, and a back-end routing database to provide improved or superior accuracy of reverse geocoding a GPS fix (selection of a point on a road) when a relevant user has deviated from the intended route. The reverse geocoding allows for accurate and functional re-routing capabilities.

Abstract: An autonomous vehicle may access portions of a map to maneuver a roadway. The map may be split into one or more levels that represent different regions in space. For example, an overpass may be represented by one level while the road below the overpass may be on a separate level. A vehicle traveling on a particular level may use map data that is associated with that level. Furthermore, if the vehicle travels through a warp zone, it may transition from the current level to a destination level and thus begin to use map data associated with the destination level.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for conditioning and displaying timetable information in a transport network that has a plurality of stops for scheduled means of transport. The approach of a portable appliance to a stop is sensed on the basis of position-dependent data from the portable appliance. At least one future departure time of a scheduled means of transport at the stop is ascertained. The departure time is output on the portable appliance.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to predict a destination easily, and a destination display method for displaying a predicted destination. The destination prediction apparatus of the present invention includes: a behavior history acquiring unit that acquires, the behavior history; a visit history acquiring unit that acquires the visit history; a similar behavior date-and-time extractor that performs a similarity determination between a behavior within a predetermined period prior to a present date and time and a behavior in another period with reference to the behavior history and that extracts a date and time of the behavior in another period determined to be similar as a similar behavior date and time from the behavior history; and a destination candidate extractor that extracts, as a destination candidate, a location visited within a predetermined period before or after the similar behavior date and time from the visit history.

Abstract: Situational traveler experiences are collected over time from a number of diverse travelers. The situational traveler experiences are associated with one or more locations traversed by the number of diverse travelers using previous travel route recommendations. Contextual categories of the situational traveler experiences are identified. Historical analytics are performed on the collected situational traveler experiences within the contextual categories of the situational traveler experiences. A historically-contextual travel route suggestion, derived from the historical analytics performed on the collected situational traveler experiences within the contextual categories of the situational traveler experiences, is provided as part of a new travel route recommendation requested by a new traveler.

Abstract: An autonomous driving vehicle, an autonomous driving management apparatus, and a method of controlling the same. The autonomous driving vehicle includes: a wireless communication unit configured to receive position information about the vehicle; a storage unit configured to store an electronic map; an input unit configured to receive a destination; a driving unit configured to adjust a travelling speed and a travelling direction; and a controller configured to search for a path from a point corresponding to the position information to a point corresponding to the destination in the electronic map, and control the vehicle to travel the approved section through the driving unit when receiving an approval of an occupation right for one or more sections included in the path through the wireless communication unit.

Abstract: A vehicle multimedia system simplifies a user's interaction with the system. A user may access a specific media unit by actuating a switch corresponding to a media unit. A preference unit detects the user's selection of the media unit and selects an end item based on a programmed criterion. The preference unit may automatically activate the end item. The preference unit may be overridden by the user when a switch corresponding to the selected media unit is actuated multiple times. The preference unit may also manage data lists and data packets that store the information used for the criterion comparison.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for generating an electronic map display. In one implementation, a method is provided for determining a route distance based on information for a route, comparing the route distance with a distance threshold, generating a list of points of interest (POIs) when the route distance is less than the distance threshold, the list of POIs identifying POIs that are located along the route, grouping the POIs into one or more buckets based on location, calculating POI densities of the buckets based on the POIs included in each corresponding bucket, ranking the buckets based on the POI densities, providing POI information associated with the POIs included in the ranked buckets, wherein the POI information is provided based on the ranking of the buckets, and generating an electronic map display with the POI information.

Abstract: In embodiments of the present invention improved capabilities are described for identifying a first location, at time one, of a plurality of automobiles using cell phone tower triangulation to locate a cell phone within each of the plurality of automobiles, identifying a second location, at time two, for each of the plurality of automobiles using cell phone tower triangulation to locate the cell phone within each of the plurality of automobiles, calculating a vehicle speed for each of the plurality of automobiles using the first and second locations already identified, and creating a traffic condition measure for a route in proximity to the first and second locations. The computer program product may repeat this process in real-time to calculate a real-time traffic condition measure that may be a traffic density measure the computer program product may use to predict a travel time.

Abstract: A method for transmitting, storing and managing data by compressing data packets to be transmitted and received over an advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) network with low-capacity memory and low-transfer rate. A number of transmission packets may be reduced using at least one of a bitmap interval algorithm that assigns a bitmap value to each interval, thereby reducing a number of request packets, a repeated-bitmap interval algorithm that represents sequential data values as bitmap values by toggling a bit value between 0 and 1 in each data value when a change occurs in the sequential data values, and a run-length encoding algorithm that compresses data by encoding run length of sequential identical data.

Abstract: The disclosed inventions include an apparatus and method for providing a universal Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) system. Such system may be configured to work in a plurality of modes including a walk-by, drive-by and fixed network mode without hardware modifications. The apparatus tracks warranty data and provides for secure remote software configuration updates.

Abstract: An antenna is adapted for receiving via a CDMA/1×RTT digital wireless cellular radio communications network incoming data from a client remote control station, and for transmitting via a wireless cellular communications network outgoing data to the client remote control station. A cellular modem is connected to the antenna for establishing a wireless telephony data connection, and a processor is connected to the modem for receiving and processing incoming data, and for processing and communicating outgoing data to the modem for transmission via the antenna and the wireless cellular communications network to the client remote control station. A communication interface, such as a WiFi hotspot, is connected to the processor and connectable to the meter for communicating incoming data from the processor to the meter, and for communicating the outgoing data from the meter to the processor. A power supply is connected for supplying power to the processor and the modem.

Abstract: Rotation of a magnetized rotor is detected in a highly accurate manner without depending on a magnetic pole pitch of N and S poles of the magnetized rotor. To that end, a magnetic detection device includes a magnetoresistive element that is formed of a fixed layer made of a ferromagnetic material whose magnetization direction is fixed and a free layer made of a ferromagnetic material whose magnetization direction can be freely changed, with a non-magnetic middle layer sandwiched between the layers, and arranged therein maintaining a gap between the element and the outer circumferential surface of the magnetized rotor in which the N and S poles are alternately arranged along the outer circumference rotating around a rotation shaft, wherein the magnetoresistive element is arranged in such a way that a plane on which the fixed layer is formed is in a plane including the rotation shaft.

Abstract: A capacitive measurement system for generating a measurement signal representative of a measured position or distance to a target.

Abstract: A method of detecting E-line loss in a disc stack centrifuge is provided, comprising: collecting data from at least one instrument associated with the centrifuge over a specific time period; calculating one or more indicators by comparing the collected data with expected values from a normally operating centrifuge, the indicators being indicative of a start of an E-line loss event; calculating the probability of E-line loss by applying weighted voting to the indicators to yield a probability value; and activating an alert upon determination that the probability value exceeds a threshold value.

Abstract: A fluid flow sensor that utilizes hot-wire anemometry and is a small, light weight, cost effective, easily manufactureable, and low power consuming device. The fluid flow sensor operates by exposing a hot wire loop to a fluid stream such that the amount of heat lost to fluid convection is a function of one or more fluid-related parameters (e.g., fluid speed, fluid type, fluid density, etc.). The heat loss affects the resistance in the wire loop, which can then be used to estimate the fluid speed or other fluid-related parameter. According to an exemplary embodiment, the fluid flow sensor includes one or more wire loops that are made from pre-formed wires and are wire bonded, micro-welded or otherwise non-monolithically attached to a substrate that may or may not include embedded sensor circuitry.

Abstract: In a flow sensor, an upstream heating element and a downstream heating element are disposed, respectively, upstream and downstream in a flow direction of a fluid so as to undergo mutual thermal interference. By controlling heating currents flown through the respective heating elements, an average temperature control portion maintains an average temperature of the two heating elements at a temperature predetermined degrees higher than a temperature of the fluid detected by a fluid temperature detection portion while a voltage ratio control portion performs control so that a temperature difference or a ratio of applied voltages between the two heating elements takes a predetermined value. A detection signal corresponding to a flow direction of the fluid is obtained from a state of the control on the heating currents and whether a flow direction of the fluid is forward or backward is determined.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and a device for the measurement of pressure signals in a blood treatment system, whereby system changes can be identified and can be differentiated additionally reliably between system changes in blood flow direction and in transmembrane direction in order to enable a targeted action.

Abstract: A dispenser is provided for use in dispensing a selected volume of granulated dry product. The dispenser includes a main body having a discharge opening, an open interior for holding a supply of the granulated product and a discharge spout for dispensing the granulated product. A loading and dispensing member is constructed with spaced apart receiving cavities, and is movably mounted between the discharge opening and the discharge spout. A portion control device defining one selected portion volume is received and retained in each receiving cavity, and is replaceable with a different portion control device having a different portion control volume. A handle is frictionally engaged with the loading and dispensing member to enable rotation of the handle with or relative to the loading and dispensing member to sequentially control loading and dispensing of granulated product from the portion control device.

Abstract: Rising water alarms include a generally elongated alarm housing having an alarm end and a detection end, an alarm circuit, a source of electrical current connected to the alarm circuit, an audible alarm carried by the alarm end of the alarm housing and electrically connected to the alarm circuit and a pair of spaced-apart sensor contacts carried by the detector end of the alarm housing and electrically connected to the alarm circuit. The sensor contacts activate the alarm circuit upon establishment of electrical contact between the sensor contacts by rising water.

Abstract: A modular gas level measuring device in a liquefied gas tank includes a plurality of modular float assemblies releasably connecting together. Each of the plurality of modular float assemblies includes a float. A sensing assembly releasably connects with the plurality of modular float assemblies and includes a biasing member subject to weights of the plurality of modular float assemblies and with an original length. The biasing member deforms from the original length thereof and has various deformed lengths with respect to displacements of the plurality of modular float assemblies.

Abstract: A vibratory flow meter (5, 300) is provided. The vibratory flow meter (5, 300) includes a flow meter assembly (10, 310) including at least two vibration sensors (170L and 170R, 303 and 305) that generate at least two vibrational signals and meter electronics (20, 320) that receives the at least two vibrational signals, generate a new time difference (?t) using multiple time difference measurements obtained for a flow material, and determine if the new time difference (?t) is within predetermined bounds of an old time difference (?t0).

Abstract: An electronic fuel sensor which utilizes the characteristics of fluid (such as gasoline) to dissipate heat more readily than a gas. Specifically the fuel sensor utilizes a linear array of sensors comprising a couple heat detector and heat source which can determine which of the sensors are in fluid and which are in air.

Abstract: A hanging scale for measuring the weight of a hanging load comprises a first attachment section comprising a first bearing and a second attachment section comprising a second bearing, the first bearing and the second bearing being aligned along a vertical axis during operation of the hanging scale; at least one longitudinal deflection measurement section which has a first end and a second end, the deflection measurement section being located between the first bearing and the second bearing and being oriented transversely with respect to said vertical axis; a first connecting section which at least partially extends laterally from the first attachment section with respect to said vertical axis, the first connecting section connecting the first bearing to the first end of the deflection measurement section; and a second connecting section which at least partially extends laterally from the second attachment section with respect to said vertical axis, the second connecting section connecting the second bearing t

Abstract: A weight detection sensor disposed in a fixing unit fixing a seat side fixing member to a floor side fixed member and measuring a load of a passenger sitting in the seat, includes: a strain body fixed to both end portions of a mounting surface formed on one of the floor side fixed member and the seat side fixing member and arranged in the fixing unit; a connection member fixed to a central portion of the strain body in a vertical direction and fixed to the other one of the floor side fixed member and the seat side fixing member; a strain detection element unit including first to fourth strain detection elements; and a Wheatstone bridge circuit where the first and third strain detection elements are arranged on sides facing each other and the second and fourth strain detection elements are arranged on sides facing each other.

Abstract: The invention relates to a symmetrical sensor mounting bracket assembly comprising a first sensor mounting bracket and a second sensor mounting bracket combined together, one above the other in parallel orientation; at least one sensor attachment fixture configured to facilitate attachment of the bracket to a sensor mounting fixture and at least one mounting element configured to facilitate attachment of the bracket to a load bearing plate or a sensor support structure.

Abstract: A load cell (10), which includes a weighing system (14) having a force application point (18), a load boom arm (20) for receiving the loads to be weighed at a position remote from the force application point (18) and an adjusting device, wherein an adjusting weight boom arm (28) is provided which extends in a longitudinal direction (A) defined by the load boom arm on the side opposing the load boom arm (20) relative to the force application point (18) and which has at least two pre-determined adjusting weight engagement points (36, 38). An activating unit (34) places at least one adjusting weight (30, 32) on at least one of the adjusting weight engagement points (36, 38).

Abstract: An alignment device with one or two optoelectronic transmitting and/or receiving units and an evaluation unit. At least one optoelectronic transmitting and/or receiving unit contains an inclinometer. Furthermore, the transmitting and/or receiving unit is connected to a vibration sensor which can be the inclinometer. Both the result of the alignment process and also the result of the vibration measurement are communicated to the user as an easily understandable characteristic on a display of the evaluation unit. For vibration measurement at a non-rotating part of a machine, an accelerometer/inclinometer sensor may be used for measuring acceleration forces resulting from machine vibrations to be measured and for measuring gravity and an electronic evaluation unit determining the orientation of the sensor with regard to gravity from a stationary component of the sensor output and determining sensor orientation from evaluation of non-stationary components of sensor output.

Abstract: A single aperture three channel optical system is disclosed. In one embodiment, the optical system includes a front optical group and a back optical group that is disposed in substantially close proximity to the front optical group. Further, the optical system includes a first sensor, a second sensor, and a third sensor. The front optical group and the second optical group receives an object beam and splits into a reflected beam having first wavelengths and a transmitted beam of second wavelengths. Furthermore, the front optical group and the second optical group splits the reflected beam having first wavelengths into a transmitted beam having third wavelengths and a reflected beam having fourth wavelengths. The first sensor, the second sensor and the third sensor receive the transmitted beam of second wavelengths, transmitted beam of third wavelengths, and reflected beam of fourth wavelengths, respectively and produce the coaxial three channel images.

Abstract: An optical power monitoring device is provided with: an APD as a photodiode that converts the power of light to a current (Iapd); a resistor that is connected in parallel to the APD; a current mirror circuit that detects, as a first current value (I1), the value corresponding to the sum of the current (Irb) flowing through the resistor and the current (Iapd) flowing through the APD; and a control unit. The control unit stores in advance a value corresponding to the current flowing through the resistor as a second current value (I2), and determines the current (Iapd) flowing through the APD on the basis of the second current value (I2) and the first current value (I1) detected by the current mirror circuit.

Abstract: A display unit has modular groups of light emitting elements or pixels. A light emitting element in the display unit can be used as a light receptor for accepting control information without needing to connect the display unit to a network or a controller.

Abstract: A spectroscopic sensor that applies lights in a wavelength band containing plural wavelengths to an object and spectroscopically separates reflected lights or transmitted lights from the object using plural light band pass filters that transmit the respective specific wavelengths and plural photosensor parts to which corresponding transmitted lights are input based on output results of independent photosensors. The spectroscopic sensor may be integrated in a semiconductor device or module by integration using a semiconductor process and downsizing may be realized.

Abstract: There is described an apparatus for analyzing, identifying or imaging a target. The apparatus comprises a laser system which generates first and second laser beams having respective different frequencies, and directs the first and second laser beams along an optical path to a photoconductive material. An antenna structure is formed on the photoconductive material, the antenna structure comprises a first antenna for emitting electromagnetic radiation having a frequency dependent on the difference between said respective different frequencies of the first and second laser beams and a second antenna for generating a detection signal. A processor processes the detection signal to analyze, identify or image the target. The laser system is arranged such that the first and second laser beams overlap in a region of a surface of the photoconductive material having at least part of the first and second antennas formed thereon.

Abstract: A diagnostic system includes a semiconductor light emitter(s) configured to generate an input beam having a wavelength shorter than about 2.5 microns. An optical amplifier(s) configured to receive a portion of the input beam communicates an intermediate beam to an output end of the optical amplifier. An optical fiber(s) configured to receive a portion of the intermediate beam forms an output beam with an associated wavelength. A subsystem having lenses or mirrors receives a received portion of the output beam and delivers a delivered portion of the output beam to a sample. The delivered portion has a temporal duration greater than approximately 30 picoseconds and a repetition rate between continuous wave and Megahertz or higher. A time averaged intensity of the delivered portion is less than approximately 50 MW/cm2. A light detection system collects and analyzes a fraction of the delivered portion that reflects or transmits from the sample.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention relate to a detector (100) suitable for attaching to a light fitting. The detector comprises a passive infra red sensor (102) and a clip (128) suitable for suspending the detector from a light fitting.