Abstract: A print control apparatus includes a storage unit configured to store therein a plurality of surface-effect selection tables for respective pieces of recording medium information on a recording medium. Different types of same surface effects are registered in each of the surface-effect selection tables. The print control apparatus also includes a determining unit configured to determine a surface-effect selection table corresponding to a piece of recording medium information from the storage unit; an image data generating unit configured to generate image data based on the determined surface-effect selection table and based on gloss-control plane data in which a type of a surface effect to be applied to the recording medium and an area of the recording medium to which the surface effect is to be applied are specified; and an output unit configured to output the image data.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus, including: a conveyance unit configured to convey a sheet on a conveyance path on which the sheet is conveyed; a first conveyance path opening member configured to open a first portion of the conveyance path; a second conveyance path opening member configured to open a second portion, which is located downstream the first portion, of the conveyance path; a sheet: leading edge position detecting unit configured to detect a position of a leading edge of a stopped sheet on the conveyance path; and a determination unit configured to determine, based on a detection result of the sheet leading edge position detecting unit, one of not conveying the stopped sheet, causing the conveyance unit to convey the stopped sheet toward the first portion, and causing the conveyance unit to convey the stopped sheet toward the second portion,

Abstract: An image bearing member unit includes an image bearing member for bearing a toner image; a bearing portion which rotatably supports the image beaming member and is coaxial with a rotational axis of the image bearing member and which includes an arcuate portion for forming a circumferential part of a circle large than the image bearing member; a holding portion, capable of permitting insertion of the bearing portion in a rotational axis direction of the image bearing member, for holding the bearing portion; and a passing portion, provided in the holding portion, for permitting passage of the arcuate portion therethrough in the rotational axis direction. The passing portion is provided so that a phase of the arcuate portion when the bearing portion is mounted at a normal position and a phase of the passing portion are different from each other.

Abstract: An image formation apparatus includes development devices placed in stations and configured to sequentially start development in an order according to the arrangement order of the stations, and a power supply unit. Each development device includes a development unit, a supply unit to supply a developer to the development unit, and a regulation member to regulate an amount of the developer on the development unit. The power supply unit applies voltages to each regulation member and each supply unit such that a first development device has a greater differential voltage when the first development device is placed in a first station than when placed in a second station in which the development is started earlier than in the first station, where the differential voltage denotes a voltage obtained by subtracting the absolute value of the supply unit's voltage from the absolute value of the regulation member's voltage.

Abstract: A contact spring constituted by a bare wire and accommodated in a bended groove of a wire support guide, realizing non-linear connection via the bare wire between two parts disposed apart from each other within an image forming apparatus, in such a manner that one end of the contact spring is connected with one of the two parts, and that the other end of the contact spring is connected with the other part via the bended groove, includes a coil-shaped or zigzag-shaped elastic portion of the bare wire in a portion accommodated in the bended groove.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image carrier that carries a developer image formed by a developer including external additives, a charging member for charging the image carrier, a developer carrier that carries the developer, a developer supply member to which a supply voltage is applied for supplying the developer to the developer carrier, a main controller that controls an image formation mode for developing the developer image and controls a cleaning sequence mode for cleaning the charging member, and a voltage controller that changes outputs of the charging voltage, the development voltage and the supply voltage, and executes the cleaning sequence mode based on instructions of the main controller. When executing the cleaning sequence mode, the voltage controller makes an absolute value of the charging voltage larger than that in the image forming mode, and afterwards sets the output of the charging voltage to an OFF state.

Abstract: A cleaning device includes a cleaner, a casing, and an exit seal. The cleaner is configured to remove toner from a cleaning target. The casing accommodates the cleaner. The exit seal is attached to the casing and has a free end contacting the cleaning target at a position downward from the cleaner in a direction of movement of the cleaning target and an attached end attached to the casing. A space is disposed between a surface of the cleaning target and an opposite face of the exit seal opposite the cleaning target. The space includes an opening at a lateral end of the exit seal. The exit seal contacts the cleaning target from a trailing direction of the exit seal and seals the opening at at least an attached end side of the exit seal.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus has a drawer accommodating a plurality of photosensitive drums. The photosensitive drums are arranged in an arrangement direction. A supporting member is configured to support the drawer, inside the casing, such that the drawer is movable, in the arrangement direction, between an accommodated position and an exposed position at which the drawer is partially protruded outside the casing. A belt is arranged to convey the sheet, and has a stretched surface extending in the arrangement direction and facing the photosensitive drums. A registration roller pair serves to adjust an orientation of the sheet conveyed from the sheet feed tray and conveys the sheet through a nip between the first registration roller and the second registration roller toward the stretched surface of the belt. The registration roller pair is integrally secured to the drawer so as to be movable in the arrangement direction together with the drawer.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a mounting portion where an image forming unit, detachably mountable to the image forming apparatus, for forming an image is mounted; an inserting opening for permitting insertion of the image forming unit into the mounting portion; a cover portion for opening and closing the inserting opening; a locking portion capable of being elastically displaced between a locking position where the image forming unit is locked at an image formable mounting position and a releasing position where locking is released; and a limiting mechanism for limiting movement of the locking portion by moving to a first position where the movement of the locking portion to the releasing position is prevented when the cover portion is closed and by moving to a second position where the movement of the locking portion to the releasing position is permitted when the cover portion is opened.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes: a main body having an opening; a photoconductor unit including a photoconductor and removably mountable to the main body through the opening by moving the photoconductor unit in a first direction; an exposure member; and a moving mechanism configured to move the exposure member closer to and further from the photoconductor. The moving mechanism includes: a fixed shaft having an axial line thereof fixed relative to the main body; a first arm including one end portion thereof which is supported rotatably around the axial line of the fixed shaft; a movable shaft having an axial line thereof which is movable relative to the main body; and a second arm including: one end portion supporting the exposure member; and another end portion connected to the first arm via the movable shaft, and the second arm being swingable around the axial line of the movable shaft.

Abstract: An image-forming apparatus includes: a photosensitive drum; a developing cartridge including a developing roller; a developing pressing member for pressing the developing cartridge; a first developing guide; and a second developing guide. The developing cartridge is movable among a detachable position; a contact position at which the developing roller contacts the photosensitive drum; and a separated position at which the developing roller is separated from the photosensitive drum. The developing pressing member presses the developing cartridge to place the developing cartridge at the contact position. The developing pressing member is disabled from pressing the developing cartridge to place the developing cartridge at the separated position lower than the contact position. The first developing guide can guide movement of the developing cartridge between the detachable position and the contact position.

Abstract: A cartridge includes a cartridge main body, a protection member, a rib of the cartridge main body, and a pair of guides of the protection member, wherein an upstream-side guide of the guides can guide the rib when the cartridge main body is inserted into a device main body, and terminates the guide after allowing the cartridge main body to be inserted up to a position where the cartridge main body becomes independent of the device main body.

Abstract: A photosensitive member unit for an image forming apparatus includes a rotatable photosensitive drum; a charging roller including an elastic layer; a first spring urging the roller toward the drum; a drive receiving portion provided on the drum; a rotatable spacer including a contact portion contacted to the drive receiving portion and capable of receiving the driving force through the drive receiving portion, the spacer being rotatable between a spacing position for maintaining a spaced state in which the contact portion contacts the drive receiving portion to space the roller from the drum, and a contact position in which the spaced state between the drum and the roller is disestablished, and the spacer being movable toward the drum; a supporting member urging the spacer in a state that spacer is in the spacing position; and a second spring urging the supporting member toward a rotation axis of the spacer.

Abstract: A cooling device cools a continuous resin film, which is transported and onto which a toner image is transferred, after the toner image is heated so that the toner image is fixed to the resin film. The resin film to which the toner image is fixed is cooled in such a manner that an image surface side of the resin film is convexly curved.

Abstract: Provided is a method and an apparatus for correcting a distortion of a three-dimensional (3D) hologram, in which the method is performed by the apparatus and includes generating a sliced two-dimensional (2D) section of a hologram by slicing the hologram while performing translation in an optical axis direction, obtaining a sharp sliced image of the hologram from a sequence of images of generated sliced 2D sections using a focusing function of a camera, and analyzing a distortion of the obtained sliced image, and using such a method and apparatus may enable correction of a distortion of a 3D hologram independently from a display structure.

Abstract: A hologram projection apparatus using Risley prism is provided, the apparatus including a spatial light modulator (SLM) configured to output light incident from a light source through modulation into a hologram image, a light deflector configured to deflect the light output by the SLM according to a location of a pupil of a user, and a fixed-focus lens configured to project the hologram image on a focal plane using the deflected light.

Abstract: Provided is a hologram projection apparatus using an aspheric mirror, the apparatus including a spatial light modulator (SLM), a first mirror, a motor, and a second mirror, wherein the first mirror is configured to reflect modulated light output by the SLM, the motor is configured to rotate the first mirror, the second mirror is configured to reflect the modulated light reflected from the rotated first mirror, and the modulated light reflected from the second mirror, based on a degree of rotation of the first mirror, forms a consecutive viewing window in a horizontal direction.

Abstract: A method for maintaining and regulating frequency of a timepiece resonator mechanism around its natural frequency, the method including: at least one regulator device acting on the resonator mechanism with a periodic motion, to impose a periodic modulation of resonant frequency or quality factor or a position of a point of rest of the resonator mechanism, with a regulation frequency between 0.9 times and 1.1 times the value of an integer multiple of the natural frequency, the integer being greater than or equal to 2 and less than or equal to 10, and the periodic motion imposes a periodic modulation of the quality factor of the resonator mechanism, by acting on losses and/or damping and/or friction of the resonator mechanism.

Abstract: A smart watch is herein disclosed, wherein the smart watch includes a watch face, a watch band, the watch band attached to the watch face, and a cover, the cover movably attached to the watch face, wherein the cover has at least one transparent area, wherein the at least one transparent area is above at least part of the watch face.

Abstract: Provided is an electronic timepiece, including: a step motor; a motor driver; a normal drive pulse generation circuit configured to output a normal drive pulse at a designated drive rank; a rotation detection pulse generation circuit configured to output a detection pulse; a rotation detection circuit which comprises at least a first detection mode determination circuit configured to conduct determination in a first detection mode and which is configured to detect rotation or non-rotation of a rotor; a rotation determination counter circuit configured to count a number of times that the rotation has been successively detected by the rotation detection circuit; a first detection mode determination counter circuit configured to count a number of times that a detection signal generated by the detection pulse becomes a predetermined detection pattern in the first detection mode; and a drive rank selection circuit configured to designate a drive rank of the normal drive pulse based on results of the counting condu

Abstract: A method for presenting time on an appliance is provides. The method includes connecting a plurality of appliances to each other with a network, establishing a time of day, presenting the time of day on a display of a first one of the plurality of appliances, and deactivating a display of a second one of the plurality of appliances such that the time of day is not presented on the display of the second one of the plurality of appliances. A related system for presenting time on an appliance is also provided.

Abstract: An electronic timepiece includes a display section, a display control section, a reception section, a clock section, a timing section, a leap second acquisition section, a time correction section that corrects internal time information by using time information acquired by the timing section, and a leap second correction section that corrects the internal time information by using leap second information acquired by the leap second acquisition section. Ina case where the operation of the timing section is followed by the operation of the leap second acquisition section, the time correction section corrects the internal time information by using the time information acquired by the timing section, and the display control section causes the display section to display, before the leap second acquisition section acquires the leap second information, time based on the internal time information corrected by the time correction section.

Abstract: Technologies are generally described for an electric power consumption control scheme. In some examples, a method performed under control of a power control system may include measuring an electric power consumption of an electric device; obtaining a pattern of time-series change in the electric power consumption; and determining a type of the electric device based at least in part on the obtained pattern of time-series change in the electric power consumption.

Abstract: An approach and system for robust constraints handling for measured disturbances with uncertain preview on a prediction horizon in model predictive control with application in automotive control systems A constraints handling system may incorporate a mechanism for measuring disturbances of automotive control subsystems, a model predictive controller that provides model predictive control, connected to the a mechanism for measuring disturbances, and a sensor subsystem that collects information about an uncertainty of measured disturbances. The disturbances may have an uncertain preview over a prediction horizon. Estimates for the disturbances may be made of the preview.

Abstract: A method and system allowing for the use of traditional buttons and switches to operate sophisticated features of smart appliances when a smartphone, a tablet, or a computer is not available is provided. Wall switches with existing wiring in a building or buttons on appliances can be used when a smartphone or other remote controlling devices are not available. A normally-closed (NC) wall switch or button can be used to control a smart appliance with only a power line connection in between the NC switch and the smart appliance without a wireless connection, or additional wires to send control signals.

Abstract: In a control device which outputs control instructions at a constant cycle to each of a plurality of networks for executing a predetermined process according to the control instructions, a time (a required time) from when the control instruction is output to each of the plurality of networks until the predetermined process is executed is acquired for each of the plurality of networks. Among the plurality of required times, a difference (a shift time) between a short required time (required time of mounting head) and a long required time (required time of moving device) is calculated. When the shift time has elapsed after outputting the control instruction to the network of the moving device, the control instruction is output to the network of the mounting head.

Abstract: The invention provides consistent settings between local and remote parameter adjustments of both local and remote HMI. A dial (4) is superimposed on a bistable display substrate (2), having an indicator (7) configured to be manually aligned with a displayed character representing a manual setting of a parameter value for controlling local equipment. A network interface (18) is connected over a communications network (17) to a remote HMI (16), configured to receive a new parameter value for controlling the local equipment (25). A controller (14) samples the current position of the indicator (7) of the dial (4), and provides a control input signal (20) to the bistable display substrate (2) to control a display of the new parameter value in the current position of the indicator (7) of the dial (4) and to provide the new parameter value to the local equipment (25).

Abstract: In one embodiment, a configuration application executing on a tablet computer or smartphone presents a configuration user interface on a touch screen for configuring a home automation system of a structure. A plurality of components of the home automation system that have wireless capabilities are detected. The configuration application receives an indication of a zone of the structure within which each component is located, the indication provided by the user dragging a representation of each component to a location provided in the configuration user interface. Based on the indication of the zone of the structure in which each component is located and the type of each component, automatically generate one or more user interface screens for accessing and controlling the components in each zone, where the automatically generated user interface screens are displayable during use of the home automation system.

Abstract: This disclosure provides an automation controller method, system and apparatus including a redundant watchdog utilizing a safety partner controller. According to an exemplary controller, the controller includes a first processing unit, a second processing unit, and an integrated circuit configured to receive as inputs fault indicator signals from the first and second processing units, and the integrated circuit configured to disable I/O communications for a fault condition detected by the first or second processing units.

Abstract: A control apparatus of an embodiment controls an external device. The control apparatus includes a first storage, a second storage, and a controller. The first storage includes a first area that can store first information for controlling the external device. The second storage stores software that can access the first area. The controller executes the software stored in the second storage. The software identifies a model of the control apparatus and accesses the first area according to an address of the first area in the first storage included in the control apparatus of the model, the address being stored in association with the identified model in a database that stores the model of the control apparatus and the address in association with each other.

Abstract: Techniques for determining device-specific information such as commissioning data, location information, images, and other data descriptive of a process device installed in a plant include obtaining the device-specific information at a local device during the process device's commissioning. Based on this information, the local device determines the relative order of the process device within a process flow, and may determine a process element alignment map indicating the activation order of a plurality of process elements within the flow. A user may modify the map at the local device. The map is transmitted to a process control big data network for use in discovery and learning analytics. The device-specific information and/or the map may be utilized to generate, at the local device, representations/views of the process flow, which may include real-time operational data. A user may zoom in or out on these views for more or less detail.

Abstract: Disclosed herein methods for scheduling the automated manufacturing of mattresses. Aspects include receiving a plurality of customer orders for mattresses, wherein each of the plurality of customer orders includes a due date and organizing the plurality of customer orders into production batches based on the due dates. Aspects also include analyzing a first production batch of the daily production schedule and responsively creating an optimized hour production batch and based on a determination that the optimized first production batch exceeds a performance threshold 1, dispatching the first hourly production batch to an automated manufacturing system for production. Based on a determination that the optimized first hour production batch does not exceed the performance threshold, aspects further include analyzing a second production batch and modifying the optimized first production batch and the second production batch to create an optimized second production batch.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of computer technology and automated control systems and will enable an increase in the quality and reliability of control in cyber-physical systems. The proposed device comprises a central digital processor, to which are connected a memory unit, a triple axis accelerometer and/or a triple axis gyroscope, an external device interface and a user interface. Connected to the central processor is a peripheral processor, to which in turn are connected means of an interface for controlling the equipment of a control object, and also user interface means.

Abstract: A communication module for controlling a motor vehicle, which is configured for receiving vehicle-independent commands and converting these received commands into a target trajectory of the motor vehicle, and transmitting this target trajectory to an implementation module which is configured for associating a sequence of control commands for components of the motor vehicle with this transmitted target trajectory.

Abstract: Systems and methods for controlling an unmanned aerial vehicle within an environment are provided. In one aspect, a system comprises one or more sensors carried on the unmanned aerial vehicle and configured to receive sensor data of the environment and one or more processors. The one or more processors may be individually or collectively configured to: determine, based on the sensor data, an environmental complexity factor representative of an obstacle density for the environment; determine, based on the environmental complexity factor, one or more operating rules for the unmanned aerial vehicle; receive a signal indicating a desired movement of the unmanned aerial vehicle; and cause the unmanned aerial vehicle to move in accordance with the signal while complying with the one or more operating rules.

Abstract: A device receives a request for a mission that includes traversal of a flight path from one or more first locations to a second location and performance of mission operations, and determines required capabilities and constraints for the mission based on the request. The device identifies UAVs based on the required capabilities and the constraints, and calculates a cost effective mission plan, for the identified UAVs, based on the required capabilities and the constraints. The device generates mission plan instructions, for the cost effective mission plan, that include flight path instructions for the flight path and mission instructions for the mission operations. The device provides the mission plan instructions to the identified UAVs to permit the identified UAVs to travel from the one or more first locations to the second location, via the flight path, and to perform the mission operations.

Abstract: An ultrasonic aerosol generation apparatus preferably includes an aerosol generation case, a case cover, at least one outlet pipe, an air feed manifold, at least one, transducer, transducer power supply, and microprocessor based controller. The aerosol generation case preferably includes a fluid reservoir and a transducer chamber. The case cover is attached to a top of the aerosol generation case. Each outlet pipe preferably includes an outer base tube, an inner tube and an exhaust tube. The at least one outlet pipe is attached to the case cover over the at least one transducer. The air feed manifold includes an inlet tube, a supply tube and at least one exhaust pipe tube. The supply tube communicates with the transducer chamber and the at least one exhaust pipe communicates with the at least one outlet pipe. The microprocessor based controller is used to monitor, power, and/or control, the above mentioned components.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a control apparatus for delivery of a process gas includes an inlet conduit; a valve operably coupled to the inlet conduit and alterable between an open condition and a closed condition, the valve having a first conductance and being downstream of the inlet conduit; a characterized restrictor operably coupled to the valve, the characterized restrictor having a second conductance and being downstream of the valve; and an outlet conduit operably coupled to the characterized restrictor and being downstream of the characterized restrictor; wherein a ratio of the first conductance to the second conductance is 10:1 or higher.

Abstract: A method for operating a fluid dispenser is provided. The method includes receiving, by the fluid dispenser, an interrogation signal from a remote electronic device, and in response to receiving the interrogation signal, transmitting, by the fluid dispenser and to the remote electronic device, an identification of a fluid type of the fluid stored within the fluid dispenser. The method further includes dispensing fluid from the fluid dispenser in response to an actuation request and based upon a fluid-specific setting received from the remote electronic device. A method for programming a fluid dispenser is also provided. The method includes detecting, by a remote electronic device, a fluid type of a fluid stored within the fluid dispenser, and transmitting one of a first fluid-specific setting and a second fluid-specific setting to the fluid dispenser based upon a detected fluid type of fluid stored within the fluid dispenser.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a lightweight two-stage pressure regulator for controlling the flow of gas from a high pressure source. The two stage pressure regulator comprises a gas inlet, a first piston pressure regulator stage, a second piston pressure regulator stage and a gas outlet. The first piston pressure regulator stage and the second piston pressure regulator stage are arranged to be coaxial such that the gas flow path is substantially along the axis of the first and second piston regulator stages.

Abstract: A pneumatic control and measuring device and seat comfort system with such a device. The pneumatic control and measuring device includes a valve and a pressure sensor, wherein the valve includes an input channel, a pressure channel, an output channel and a sealing element switched or switchable by an actuator. The sealing element is configured to connect the input channel with the pressure channel in that a supply pressure provided in the compressed air supply channel is or can be provided at an output connection of the valve fluidically communicating with the pressure channel. A pressure sensor for capturing a pressure present at the output connection is a printed-circuit-board-integrated pressure sensor.

Abstract: A method of self-balancing a plurality of mechanical components within a temperature control unit of an HVAC system. Each mechanical component is adjustable by the controller to vary airflow within the temperature control unit. For each mechanical components, a property is measured. An estimated condition of the mechanical component is calculated based on the measured property and known qualities of the temperature control unit. A desired condition for the mechanical component is determined based on a desired air condition within the HVAC system or building envelope. The estimated condition of the mechanical component is compared to the desired condition of the component. The condition of the mechanical component is changed using a controller to more closely align the estimated condition to the desired condition to achieve the desired indoor air condition. Steps are repeated until the difference between the estimated condition and desired condition is within a threshold value.

Abstract: A system and method for operating a blower motor disposed in an air handling unit is provided.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a method of temperature control comprises receiving temperature readings from a temperature sensor on a chip, calculating one or more second derivatives of temperature with respect to time based on the temperature readings, and determining whether to perform temperature mitigation on the chip based on the one or more calculated second derivatives of temperature.

Abstract: An electronic circuit includes a circuit to receive an analog input signal responsive to an analog oscillating signal and to generate an analog output signal, AD converters to perform AD-conversion with respect to the analog oscillating signal, the analog input signal, and the analog output signal to generate a digital oscillating signal, a digital input signal, and a digital output signal, at least one first adjustor to adjust a phase of the digital oscillating signal through the Hilbert transform, a second adjustor to adjust a phase of the digital input signal through the Hilbert transform, a third adjustor to adjust a phase of the digital output signal through the Hilbert transform, a first mixer circuit to multiply the output of the first adjustor and the output of the second adjustor, and a second mixer circuit to multiply the output of the first adjustor and the output of the third adjustor.

Abstract: The object of the invention is a control method of energy-consuming devices within a building, consisting of many kn areas with different energy demand, where each area has at least one energy-consuming device assigned, wherein a proper level of energy consumption Pw is determined on the basis of information about occupancy level N in the particular area kn and depends on occupancy level N, with a proper energy consumption level Pw1, . . . PwM within a predefined sub-period of time (t1, . . . , tM), during which the system turns on energy-consuming devices for time periods ton1, . . . , tonM, depending on the occupancy level N, in order to attain the previously determined energy consumption level Pw; having reached the previously determined energy consumption level, the system turns off energy consuming devices for periods toff1, . . . , toffM.

Abstract: A power management system includes a receiver, an estimator, an administrator and a determiner. The receiver acquires DR information that includes a reduction value and a target period for requesting a reduction of received power. The estimator estimates, as first power information, power that is consumed by an electric load during the target period. The administrator manages, as second power information, power that can be output from a power supplying apparatus including a power storage apparatus. The determiner determines that a condition for participating in a power trade market is met, when determining that the reduction value is achievable during the target period, based on the first power information and the second power information.

Abstract: Operational mode changes in a system-on-a-chip (SoC) integrated circuit in a complex device such as a mobile phone cause spikes in current demand which can cause voltage droops that disrupt operation of the SoC. A hybrid parallel power supply capacitively couples a switching-mode power supply and a low-dropout voltage regulator in parallel to provide high efficiency and fast response times. The low-dropout voltage regulator may include a class-AB operational transconductance amplifier driving the coupling capacitor. The switching-mode power supply and the low-dropout voltage regulator can regulate their outputs to slightly difference voltage levels. This can allow the switching-mode power supply to supply most of the SoC's current demands.

Abstract: A power conversion apparatus and a controlling method thereof are disclosed. The power conversion apparatus is applied with a power generation apparatus, which outputs a first signal. The power conversion apparatus includes a conversion-sensing circuit, a control signal generating circuit and a switching circuit. The conversion-sensing circuit converts the first signal into a second signal, and senses at least a voltage waveform change of the second signal to generate a time interval. The control signal generating circuit is electrically connected with the conversion-sensing circuit and outputs a control signal according to the time interval. The switching circuit is electrically connected with the power generation apparatus and the control signal generating circuit, and has a plurality switching elements. The switching circuit receives the first signal and conducts one of the switching elements according to the control signal so as to convert the first signal and output an output signal.

Abstract: In first and second flat plates and provided in the pad mounting portion, projecting portions for locking the pedal pad are provided at positions not juxtaposed with each other in any one of first to third directions. On the other hand, the pedal pad is mounted on the pad mounting portion with an inner wall of a through hole locked by the projecting portion, and with an inner wall of a through hole locked by the projecting portion. In a mounting work, a worker inserts the pad mounting portion through an opening portion of the pedal pad and makes the pedal pad slide toward the second direction so as to complete the mounting. As a result, an operation pedal for a vehicle capable of improving assembling performances of a pedal pad to a pad mounting portion is provided.