Abstract: The Present teachings provide, in part, methods of separating two-dimensional nanomaterials by atomic layer thickness. In certain embodiments, the present teachings provide methods of generating graphene nanomaterials having a controlled number of atomic layer(s).

Abstract: The present invention is directed to compositions comprising free standing and stacked assemblies of two dimensional crystalline solids, and methods of making the same.

Abstract: A method of fabricating silicon carbide powder according to the embodiment comprises the steps of preparing a mixture by mixing a silicon source comprising silicon, a silicon carbide source and a carbone source comprising at least one of a solid carbon and a organic compound; and reacting the mixture.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method to produce a type II silicon clathrate, a method to produce a type I clathrate, and a method to decrease sodium in silicon clathrates.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing trichlorosilane, including: a reaction vessel in which a supply gas containing silicon tetrachloride and hydrogen is supplied to produce a reaction product gas containing trichlorosilane and hydrogen chloride; a heating mechanism that heats the interior of the reaction vessel; a gas supply section that supplies the supply gas in the reaction vessel; and a gas discharge section that discharges the reaction product gas from the reaction vessel to the outside, wherein a reaction passageway is formed in the interior of the reaction vessel, in which a plurality of small spaces partitioned by a plurality of reaction tubular walls that have different inner diameters and are substantially concentrically disposed communicate by flow penetration sections formed alternately in lower portions and upper portions of the reaction tubular walls in order from the inside, and the gas supply section and the gas discharge section are connected to the reaction passageway.

Abstract: The invention provides a method of producing silica particles, the method including preparing an alkali catalyst solution containing an alkali catalyst in a solvent including an alcohol, at a concentration of from about 0.6 mol/L to about 0.85 mol/L; and supplying tetraalkoxysilane into the alkali catalyst solution, and concurrently supplying an alkali catalyst into the alkali catalyst solution at a rate of from about 0.1 mol to about 0.4 mol per mole of the total amount of supply of the tetraalkoxysilane supplied in one minute.

Abstract: Hyperhalogens, a new class of highly electronegative species, are now invented. A hyperhalogen is a superhalogen-containing composition in which the electron affinity (EA) of the hyperhalogen is even larger than that of the superhalogens they are composed of. Novel production methods are provided in which highly electronegative species are produced by surrounding a central metal atom by superhalogen moieties.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for making a new crystalline molecular sieve designated SSZ-98. SSZ-98 has the ERI framework type and is synthesized using a N,N?-dimethyl-1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane dication as a structure directing agent.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a novel method of preparing a vanadosilicate molecular sieve, and a vanadosilicate molecular sieve and their derivatives prepared by the same method. The preparing method of a vanadosilicate molecular sieve includes forming a vanadosilicate molecular sieve by a hydrothermal reaction of a reaction mixture containing a silicon source, a base, a V5+-containing compound as a vanadium source, a reducing agent, a salt and water.

Abstract: An ammonia production process is disclosed. The process uses gasification of biomass waste and the like to produce syngas which, using an integrated system including using nitrogen enriched air and a porous coated catalyst, produces ammonia in a plasma reactor. The ammonia is finally recovered using sulphonated PolyHIPE Polymer which can be used as a fertilizer after neutralization.

Abstract: The invention provides methods and compositions for inhibiting the accumulation of DSP scale in the liquor circuit of Bayer process equipment. The method includes adding one or more GPS-surfactant based small molecules to the liquor fluid circuit. These scale inhibitors reduce DSP scale formation and thereby increase fluid throughput, increase the amount of time Bayer process equipment can be operational and reduce the need for expensive and dangerous acid washes of Bayer process equipment. As a result, the invention provides a significant reduction in the total cost of operating a Bayer process.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing calcium sulphate dihydrate by reacting a water-soluble calcium compound with a water-soluble sulphate compound in the presence of water and a polymer containing acid groups, wherein the polymer containing acid groups comprises specific polyether groups. Additionally disclosed are calcium sulphate dihydrate producible by the process according to the invention, and the use thereof for production of gypsum plasterboard.

Abstract: A method for preparing a bismuth iodide article includes heat-treating bismuth iodide at a temperature less than the melting point of bismuth iodide in an atmosphere containing iodine.

Abstract: Process for preparing an aqueous cobalt sulfate solution having a pH of at least 4, wherein (a) metallic cobalt is dissolved in aqueous sulfuric acid in an atmosphere of low-oxygen air, of hydrogen or of inert gas and (b) the resulting acidic cobalt sulfate solution is treated with oxygen, oxygen-comprising gas or with a substance which can release oxygen in an aqueous medium.

Abstract: Provided is a method for preparing a lithium mixed transition metal oxide, comprising subjecting Li2CO3 and a mixed transition metal precursor to a solid-state reaction under an oxygen-deficient atmosphere with an oxygen concentration of 10 to 50% to thereby prepare a powdered lithium mixed transition metal oxide having a composition represented by Formula I of LixMyO2 wherein M, x and y are as defined in the specification. Therefore, since the high-Ni lithium mixed transition metal oxide having a given composition can be prepared by a simple solid-state reaction in air, using a raw material that is cheap and easy to handle, the present invention enables industrial-scale production of the lithium mixed transition metal oxide with significantly decreased production costs and high production efficiency.

Abstract: A water treatment and conveyance apparatus that has a barrel with two ends, each with an indentation to accommodate a handle made of a heavy-duty material, two side members, a transverse grip member and two transverse support members that fit securely into the indentations of the barrel ends. One end of the barrel (the top) has at least one hole accommodating a removable cap, a removable inlet filter of mesh to screen out particles from entering water, and a removable outlet filter. In use, the handle is attached to both ends of the barrel in the indentations and the barrel is rolled and pulled to a water source and back to the puller's abode. After filling the barrel, a cleansing chemical such as a chlorine tablet is added to the water to help sterilize the water in transit.

Abstract: To collect water in space, a surface of a spaceship facing a direction of travel is coated with a drying agent, nanocoating, or nanostructures which are suitable for use in high vacuum to capture ambient water moisture from space as it impinges on the spaceship.

Abstract: An improved method that requires no electricity or moving parts to increase lime utilization where pebble quicklime (CaO) and/or hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2) is used for mine drainage treatment. Lime utilization at such facilities has been historically poor due to the low solubility, high density, and large particle size of pebble quicklime. This invention takes two passive technologies, a diversion well-inspired MixWell system followed by a TROMPE-driven, air lift mixer for enhancing lime dissolution. It showed an estimated 40 to 57 percent reduction in lime usage.

Abstract: The invention relates to an adsorbent precipitated on a carrier and to a method for producing said adsorbent. The carrier comprises a polymer-based spherical activated charcoal. The adsorbent comprises an inorganic precipitate capable of adsorbing a metal cation or a mixture of metal cations from a liquid, preferably aqueous, medium. The adsorbent precipitated on a carrier is used to remove, for example, Cs+ from water containing Cs+, in particular from water contaminated with radiotoxic 137Cs+.

Abstract: A biocidal water purification apparatus exposes water to radiation to eliminate viable species. A housing forms a path for water to flow from an inlet to an outlet along a flow path through a treatment zone at which the water is subjected to radiation from a source of radiation, such as beta particles from strontium-90. The exposure to radiation is enhanced using a narrow water flow path lined with the source, especially on oppositely interleaved plates with triangular cross sections, spaced by about 0.25 inch to produce an elongated zigzag path traversed by the water, for example by vertical gravity feed. Additional aspects include other forms of radiation and pre- and post-treatment water treatment or filtration stages and alternatives for continuous, batch and timed-residence water flow management.

Abstract: Within the scope of hydrothermal carbonization of biomass, not only the main product, coal, but also the platform chemical 5-hydroxymethyl furfural, as well as furfural and levulinic acid, are formed. These are extracted from the process water of the carbonization reaction. However, in this connection, the problem exists that humic substances deposit on the container walls of the extraction column and can only be removed again by means of great cleaning effort. Furthermore, oligomers clearly worsen the purity of the product. This problem is solved by a filtration cascade through which the process water passes before extraction. In this connection, first the impurities mentioned are removed in a first filtration stage, and the remaining products and educts are separated from one another in a second filtration stage. Only the products are passed to extraction.

Abstract: A desalination system (1) for producing a distillate from a feed liquid includes: a steam raising device (2) having a liquid section (5) and a steam section (6) which are separated by a membrane system (7); a membrane distillation device (3) having a first steam section (11) and a liquid section (12) which are separated by a wall (14) and having a second steam section (13) which is separated from the liquid section (12) by a membrane system (15); and a heat exchange device (4) having a first liquid section (21) and a second liquid section (22), which are separated by a wall (23).

Abstract: Resources, such as water, energy, power, amount of de-scaling chemicals, device lifetimes, data analytics and system depreciation may be conserved through the use of dual-field electric and magnetic probes that create and apply electromagnetic fields to liquids, such as water.

Abstract: The present invention provides a low energy alternative to conventional thermal/evaporation processes for “zero liquid discharge” treatment of strong saline brines. The products of the process include a salt-free liquid and solid salt. In particular, an antisolvent can be mixed with liquids containing high total dissolved solids. The mixture can be chilled, whereby solid salt is precipitated and separated from the mixture at near ambient temperature leaving a mixed liquor. The antisolvent can be selected from a class of organic compounds that form solutions with salt brines that exhibit a critical solution temperature lower than a critical solution temperature of the salt brines alone. The mixed liquor can be heated to a temperature above its lower critical solution temperature to produce an antisolvent liquid phase for recycle to the process. Finally, a reduced salinity aqueous phase can be polished by reverse osmosis or other conventional technology to produce clean water for discharge or beneficial use.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for dispensing a pH balancing solution are provided. The apparatus includes a system having a chlorine generator with a power supply coupled to the chlorine generator, the chlorine generator servicing a body of water and chlorinating it. A pH monitoring and balancing unit is provided. The pH monitoring and balancing unit monitors and measures when power is supplied from the power supply to the chlorine generator to produce chlorine and thereby calculates an operational time for the chlorine generator.

Abstract: A device for sewage treatment, including: a reactor and a magnetic field generator. The reactor includes a stirrer, an aerator, an activated sludge zone, an upper end including a water inlet, a side wall including a water outlet, and a bottom including a sludge outlet. The magnetic field includes magnets and iron plates. The activated sludge zone is disposed inside the reactor. The stirrer and the aerator are disposed within the activated sludge zone. The aerator is arranged beneath the stirrer. The magnetic field generator is disposed outside the reactor. The magnets and the iron plates are symmetrically disposed on two sides of the reactor, respectively, and each of the magnets is disposed on the inner side of the corresponding iron plate. The magnets disposed on both sides of the reactor produce magnetic fields having the same direction.

Abstract: Provided in one embodiment is a method of treating a source water, comprising: providing a source water containing an amount of silicon-containing molecules; and exposing the source water to a plurality of organisms, whereby the amount is reduced after the exposure.

Abstract: A system for mixing and mixing processes and structures are disclosed. In addition a nozzle used for mixing is disclosed.

Abstract: Sludge from an anaerobic digester is treated to recover one or more of fibers, or solids or liquids with a high nutrient content. The solids or liquids can be used as a fertilizer. The fibers can be used in a plant growing medium. Solids are separated from liquids in the sludge and dried. The solids may be dried to produce a flake or pellet. Ammonia in the liquids is recovered and used to produce a concentrated acidic ammonium salt solution. This solution may be mixed with the solids to produce a nitrogen enhanced solid. The fibers and solids or liquids can also be used in combination to produce an enhanced plant growing medium. A device and process for removing ammonia from a liquid can be used in the system or separately.

Abstract: An apparatus for forming a glass sheet with reduced zircon inclusions in the glass sheet is disclosed. In one embodiment, the apparatus comprises heating elements distributed vertically between the weirs of a forming wedge and the root of the forming wedge, and wherein a thermal barrier is disposed between adjacent heating elements. A method of using the apparatus is also disclosed.

Abstract: On the basis of a known method for producing a blank of titanium-doped glass with a high silica content (glass) for a mirror substrate for use in EUV lithography which has a surface region that has an outer contour, is intended to be provided with a reflective coating and is specified as a highly loaded zone when the mirror substrate is used as intended, in order to provide a blank which can be produced at low cost and nevertheless meets high requirements with respect to homogeneity and freedom from blisters and striae, a procedure which comprises the following method steps is proposed: (a) producing a front body of titanium-doped high-quality glass with dimensions more than large enough to enclose the outer contour, (b) producing a cylindrical supporting body from titanium-doped glass, (c) bonding the front body and the supporting body to form a composite body, and (d) working the composite body to form the mirror substrate blank, wherein the step of producing the front body comprises a homogenizing process

Abstract: A method for cutting a substrate of irregular pattern includes: forming a cutting line on the substrate, wherein the closed region enclosed by the cutting line is the irregular pattern that is required; forming a trough line at the cutting line; and applying an external force to the substrate so as to divide the substrate at the trough line. The method can remarkably improve accuracy and efficiency of cutting a substrate of irregular pattern.

Abstract: The present invention is generally directed to a method of making a hollow-core photonic band gap preform from a specialty glass by pressing a specialty glass through a die to form a tube wherein the outer transverse shape of the tube is a hexagon, triangle, quadrilateral, or other polygon; stretching the tube to form a micro-tube with approximately the same outer transverse shape as the tube; stacking a plurality of micro-tubes into a bundle minimizing voids between adjacent micro-tubes and forming a central longitudinal void wherein the plurality of micro-tubes within the bundle comprise an inner structured region of the preform and the central void of the bundle comprises a hollow core in the preform; and inserting the bundle into a jacket tube. Also disclosed are the hollow-core photonic band gap preform and fiber formed by this method.

Abstract: An apparatus for manufacturing a glass perform, includes: a dummy tube section, a reservoir portion, and a cooling portion; and a glass tube section in which particles of an alkali metal compound or an alkaline earth metal compound which have flowed into the glass tube section from the dummy tube section are heated by a second heat source which performs traverse, and oxides of the particles being deposited on an inner wall and dispersed in the glass tube section. In the cooling portion of the dummy tube section, vapor of the alkali metal compound or the alkaline earth metal compound generated by heating of a first heat source is cooled and condensed by a dry gas flowing into the dummy tube section, and thereby the particles are generated.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for fluorinating a soot body. The method involves: a) providing a soot body, and b) treating the soot body with a gas mixture containing hydrogen and CnF2n+2 (n=1 or 2) at a temperature in the range of (1,280-n*250)° C. to (1,220-n*100)° C.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an optical fibre preform comprising: providing a glass core rod comprising a central core region of radius a and an inner clad region of external radius b to define a first core-to-clad ratio a/b; forming an intermediate glass preform comprising an intermediate clad region surrounding the inner clad region of the glass rod and having an external radius c to define a second core-to-clad ratio a/c, and overcladding the intermediate glass preform by forming an overclad region surrounding the intermediate clad region to form an optical fibre preform, wherein the first core-to-clad ratio a/b is equal to or less than 0.40 and the second core-to-clad ratio a/c is of from 0.20 to 0.25.

Abstract: A method cleaving an end portion of an optical fiber involves providing a ferrule having a first end, a second end, and a ferrule bore extending between the first and second ends. An optical fiber is inserted through the ferrule bore so that an end portion of the optical fiber extends past an end face on the second end of the ferrule. At least one laser beam is emitted from at least one laser and directed to be incident on the end portion of the optical fiber at a first location. The at least one laser beam is emitted and directed to have a maximum beam width that is less than an outer diameter of the optical fiber at the first location so that the at least one laser can be operated to form a hole in the optical fiber at the first location.

Abstract: Provided are an optical glass with a high refractive index which has excellent devitrification resistance both in a molten state and during reheating, and a glass material for press molding and an optical element which are comprised of the optical glass. This optical glass includes, in mass %, 15-37% of B2O3 and SiO2 in total, 15-45% of TiO2, Nb2O5 and ZrO2 in total, and 12-40% of BaO, SrO, CaO, MgO, K2O, Na2O and Li2O in total, has a mass ratio (B2O3/(B2O3+SiO2)) of 0.15 or more, a mass ratio (TiO2/(TiO2+Nb2O5+ZrO2)) of 0.01 to 0.8, a mass ratio ((BaO+SrO+CaO)/(BaO+SrO+CaO+MgO+K2O+Na2O+Li2O)) of 0.4 or more, and a mass ratio ((K2O+Na2O+Li2O)/(BaO+SrO+CaO+MgO+K2O+Na2O+Li2O)) of 0.1 or more, substantially does not include PbO, and has a refractive index nd of 1.78-1.84, and an Abbe's number ?d of 26-32.

Abstract: To provide a crystallized glass capable of attaining the same clarification effect as in the composition containing an arsenic component and an antimony component even in the case of having the composition containing no arsenic component, while maintaining various physical properties peculiar to a Li2O—Al2O3—SiO2-based crystallized glass. Disclosed is a crystallized glass which is characterized by containing a predetermined amount of Li2O, Al2O3, and SiO2 components (on an oxide basis), and containing a predetermined amount of BaO component (on an oxide basis) and the like. This crystallized glass preferably contains ?-quartz and/or ?-quartz solid solution as main crystal phase(s), an average crystal particle size of the main crystal phase(s) being preferably within a range between 5 and 200 nm.

Abstract: Embodiments provided herein describe low-e panels and methods for forming low-e panels. A transparent substrate is provided. A reflective layer is formed above the transparent substrate. A dielectric layer is formed between the transparent substrate and the reflective layer. The dielectric layer includes niobium, tin, and aluminum.

Abstract: Suggested is a novel coated particle of active ingredients with controlled release properties at pH-values from 10 to 14, wherein the active ingredient is selected from one or more construction chemical additives for the control of inorganic binders, characterized in that the coating comprises shellac, a process for its manufacture and the use thereof as an additive for mortars, dry mortars, cement slurries and/or concretes.

Abstract: Disclosed is a composition and a method for cementing a casing in a borehole of a well using an aqueous cementing composition comprising (a) water, (b) a cementing composition comprising (i) a hydraulic cement, (ii) a hydrophobically modified polymer, (iii) a dispersant, and optionally (iv) one or more other additives conventionally added to aqueous cementing compositions useful in cementing casings in the borehole of wells. Preferably the hydrophobically modified hydroxyethyl cellulose has an ethylene oxide molar substitution of from 0.5 to 3.5, a hydrophobe degree of substitution of from 0.001 to 0.025, and a weight-average molecular weight of from 500,000 to 4,000,000 Daltons and the dispersant is sulfonated polymer, melamine formaldehyde condensate, a naphthalene formaldehyde condensate, a branched or non-branched polycarboxylate polymer.

Abstract: A composition, in the form of a concrete, cement paste, mortar or intermediate thereof, comprising one or more cementitious binder materials present in an amount ranging from 0.5% to 75% by weight of the composition, attapulgite present in an amount ranging from 0.01% to 1.00% by weight of the composition, and optionally water. Although subject to many uses, in some embodiments, the composition is suitable for applications in need or desire of self-consolidating concretes (SCCs), precast concrete, shotcrete, and the like. Although makeable by multiple methods, in some embodiments, the composition is made by mixing the component ingredients. In some embodiments, the composition has one or more properties chosen from superior aggregate suspension, eliminated segregation, improved workability, improved flowability, improved pumpability—or improved overall performance—of concretes.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a mounting mat for mounting a pollution control device in a catalytic converter, the mounting mat comprising a non-woven mat of inorganic fibers having distributed therein inorganic particles having an average diameter of 1 nm to 100 nm and wherein the mounting mat is free of organic binder or contains organic binder in an amount of not more than 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the mounting mat. The invention further relates to a pollution control device including the mounting mat and to a method of making the mounting mat.

Abstract: Provided are a vinyl acetal polymer that has sufficient plasticity and solubility in an alcohol solvent, imparts low viscosity, stability, etc., to a solution thereof, is less likely to cause phase separation from other components, and allows for formation of a slurry superior in dispersibility of particles and thixotropic nature, as well as a sheet superior in strength and flexibility, and the like. An alkyl-modified vinyl acetal polymer obtained by subjecting an alkyl-modified vinyl alcohol polymer to acetalization, in which the alkyl-modified vinyl alcohol polymer comprises a monomer unit represented by the following general formula (I), and has a viscosity average degree of polymerization P of 150 or greater and 5,000 or less, a degree of saponification of 20 mol % or greater and 99.99 mol % or less, and a percentage of alkyl modification S with the monomer unit of 0.05 mol % or greater and 5 mol % or less.

Abstract: A composition suitable for firing to obtain a ceramic material therefrom may include from about 1 to about 40 wt. % based on the total dry weight of the composition a first particulate material having a Mohs hardness of at least about 8.5 and a d50 of from about 7 ?m to about 500 ?m. The composition may include at least about 50 wt. % based on the total dry weight of the composition a second particulate material comprising alumina. The composition may include from 0 to about 10 wt. % based on the total dry weight of the composition a sintering aid. A green body or ceramic material may be formed from the composition. Ballistic armor may be formed from the composition or may include the ceramic material.

Abstract: A sintered refractory ceramic composition including: a pseudobrookite structured discrete first phase; and a continuous second phase, as defined herein. Also disclosed is a method of making the sintered refractory ceramic composition.

Abstract: Disclosed is a honeycomb structure that hardly generates ring cracks; the honeycomb structure includes a honeycomb basal body having porous partition walls defining a plurality of cells that become through channels of a fluid; and a ring-shaped convex portion being a ring of convex portion surrounding an outer periphery of the honeycomb basal body over the whole periphery; and the ring-shaped convex portion is disposed to project outwardly from the outer periphery of the honeycomb basal body and to cover a part of the outer periphery of the honeycomb basal body, the shapes of both end portions of the ring-shaped convex portion are tapered shape, and a thickness of the ring-shaped convex portion in a cross section perpendicular to an extending direction of the cells is from 3 to 20 mm.

Abstract: Contemplated compositions and methods for sealing cementitious material includes the step of contacting a portion of the cementitious material with a concrete sealing composition, wherein the composition comprises swellable polymers that can form a moisture adaptive barrier in the material, a silicate component that can react with free lime in the material to form CSH in the presence of a catalyst, and a water miscible silane that can react with silica in the material to form polysiloxanes.

Abstract: A part made of a porous material containing carbon, in particular a C/C composite material, is protected against oxidation by being impregnated with a composition in an aqueous medium containing at least a phosphorous compound, elemental titanium, and boron or a boron compound other than titanium diboride, to form in the presence of oxygen and at least one alkali or alkaline-earth element M that catalyzes oxidation of carbon, at least one P—O—Ti-M type association bonded by boron oxide B2O3 and trapping the element M.