Abstract: A system for indoor localization using satellite navigation signals in a Distributed Antenna System includes a plurality of Off-Air Access Units (OAAUs). Each of the plurality of OAAUs is operable to receive an individual satellite navigation signal from at least one of a plurality of satellites and operable to route signals optically to one or more DAUs. The system also includes a plurality of remote DRUs located at a remote location. The plurality of remote DRUs are operable to receive signals from a plurality of local DAUs. The system further includes an algorithm to delay each individual satellite navigation signal for providing indoor localization at each of the plurality of DRUs and a GPS receiver at the remote location used in a feedback loop with the DRU to control the delays.

Abstract: A method for real time subset geometry screening comprises the steps of determining a list of satellites in view of a ground based augmentation system in a navigation satellite system for a subsequent time interval in the future, defining at least one set of subset geometries from the list of available satellites, calculating a respective first ?vig for each of the at least one set of subset geometries, setting a respective broadcast ?vig for each set of subset geometries as the larger of the first ?vig and a second ?vig, wherein the second ?vig was calculated for the previous time interval, saving the first ?vig for a next iteration of the method, and selecting from the plurality of broadcast ?vig to match an available broadcast constellation. ?vig is a vertical ionosphere gradient standard deviation.

Abstract: Examples include systems and methods for decomposition of error components between angular, forward, and sideways errors in estimated positions of a computing device. One method includes determining an estimation of a current position of the computing device based on a previous position of the computing device, an estimated speed over an elapsed time, and a direction of travel of the computing device, determining a forward, sideways, and orientation change error component of the estimation of the current position of the computing device, determining a weight to apply to the forward, sideways, and orientation change error components based on average observed movement of the computing device, and using the weighted forward, sideways, and orientation change error components as constraints for determination of an updated estimation of the current position of the computing device.

Abstract: A method of estimating absolute orientation of a vehicle utilizing a camera and GPS. At least three images are selected from concurrent images taken above an essentially horizontal ground at a distance from each other. Key points are identified in each selected image. Absolute positions of the images are obtained from the GPS defining the image positions when a respective image was taken. Key points between selected images are matched to obtain an estimate of the absolute orientation.

Abstract: Inventive aspects include a method, apparatus, and system for reducing power consumption in GNSS receivers. Such may include receiving timing and accuracy parameters, processing pre-positioning information in preparation for signal acquisition or signal track, determining whether a plurality of satellites are in-view, applying an ON signal to one or more components of an analog signal processing section and to one or more components of a digital signal processing section, and within a dynamic time window, acquiring signals of the plurality of in-view satellites and simultaneously applying, in real-time, signal sensing logic to the acquired signals, until determining that a position fix of the electronic receiver is obtained. Responsive to the determination that the position fix is obtained, an OFF signal may be applied to the one or more components of the analog signal processing section and to the one or more components of the digital signal processing section.

Abstract: A navigation system comprises a GNSS receiver that receives GNSS signals on multiple tracking channels, an INS that generates inertial data, and a processor. A micro jump detection and correction module comprises an oscillator micro jump detector that monitors estimates of C/N0 in all tracking channels, and detects a micro-jump event when there is an abrupt decrease of C/N0 in all tracking channels. An offsets module defines a plurality of carrier NCO command offsets to search over signal Dopplers in all available tracking channels after the micro jump event is detected, and sends the carrier NCO command offsets to the GNSS receiver to be added to nominal carrier NCO commands. The micro jump detector selects a tracking channel with the highest C/N0 after carrier NCO command offsets are added to nominal carrier NCO commands, computes corrections for clock error estimates, and sends the corrections for the clock error estimates to a GNSS/inertial Kalman filter.

Abstract: A navigation system includes a first navigation module for determining a first position and a second navigation module for determining a second position. The first and the second navigation modules are mechanically connected, such that the first position is dependent on the second position. Also, the first and the second navigation modules are communicatively connected to exchange information including at least one of the first and the second positions. At an instant of time during an operation of the navigation system, the first navigation module receives the second position from the second navigation module and determines the first position based on the second position.

Abstract: Various embodiments of a 3D high resolution X-ray sensor are described. In one aspect, an indirect X-ray sensor includes a silicon wafer that includes an array of photodiodes thereon with each of the photodiodes having a contact on a front side of the silicon wafer and self-aligned with a respective grid hole of an array of grid holes that are on a back side of the silicon wafer. Each of the grid holes is filled with a scintillator configured to convert beams of X-ray into light. The indirect X-ray sensor also includes one or more silicon dies with an array of photo-sensing circuits each of which including a contact at a top surface of the one or more silicon dies. Contact on each of the photodiodes is aligned and bonded to contact of a respective photo-sensing circuit of the array of photo-sensing circuits of the one or more silicon dies.

Abstract: An electromagnetic radiation detector used for imaging comprises a plurality of pixels, each of which converts the electromagnetic radiation to which it is subjected into an electrical signal. Each pixel comprises a plurality of photosensitive elements each converting the radiation received by the photosensitive element into an elementary electrical signal and selection means that select from the elementary electrical signals generated by the photosensitive elements so as to form the electrical output signal of the pixel depending on a gain range chosen for the detector.

Abstract: A computed tomography (CT) apparatus and a method for determining response of a photon-counting detector of a CT scanner. Based on a count rate of an incident spectrum and a dead time parameter of the photon-counting detector, a highest pileup order that has a contribution towards an output spectrum of the photon-counting detector greater than a threshold corresponding to the pileup order is determined. In computing the overall output spectrum of the photon-counting detector, only the spectra corresponding to pileup orders lower than or equal to the highest pileup order are considered.

Abstract: A positron emission tomography (PET) system includes a memory (18), a subject support (3), a categorizing unit (20), and a reconstruction unit (22). The memory (18) continuously records detected coincident event pairs detected by PET detectors (4). The subject support (3) supports a subject and moves in a continuous movement through a field of view (10) of the PET detectors (4). The categorizing unit (20) categorizes the recorded coincident pairs into each of a plurality of spatially defined virtual frame (14). The reconstruction unit (22) reconstructs the categorized coincident pairs of each virtual frame into a frame image and combines the frame images into a common elongated image.

Abstract: An x-ray detector, especially for a computed tomograph, includes a number of detector modules arranged next to one another in a stacking direction with a front side, which during operation is oriented towards an x-ray source, and with a rear side lying opposite the front side. For screening against x-rays which pass during operation through an installation between two adjacent detector modules, an absorption element is positioned on the rear side of the two adjacent detector modules.

Abstract: A system and method are provided for determining a broadband high definition reflectivity based image for a geographical area of interest (GAI). The system and method generate a conventional reflectivity image based on acquired seismic data for the GAI, generate a high frequency (HF) velocity model of the GAI based on the acquired seismic data, convert the HF velocity model into a low frequency (LF) reflectivity image, and adaptively merge the LF reflectivity image with the conventional reflectivity image to form the broadband HD reflectivity image of the GAI.

Abstract: A method for locating diffractors in subsurface formations includes actuating at least two seismic energy sources at spaced apart locations. Seismic energy is detected in the formations resulting from actuation of the two sources. Signals corresponding to the detected seismic energy are processed to remove components related to direct arrivals from each source. Arrival times of seismic energy in the signals corresponding to energy diffracted from at least one diffractor are identified. The at least one is located diffractor in a plane using the identified arrival times.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for assessing induced fractures in a subterranean formation including acquiring sonic data before and after a hydraulic fracturing operation, calculating a shear modulus in the borehole cross-sectional plane from Stoneley data, and calculating two shear moduli in two borehole orthogonal axial planes from cross dipole data. A method and apparatus for assessing induced fractures in a subterranean formation including collecting sonic data before and after fracturing the formation, calculating a far-field shear modulus in the borehole cross-sectional plane and a far-field shear moduli in the two orthogonal borehole axial planes, inferring the open or closed status of a fracture, and estimating a radial width or height or both of a vertical fracture.

Abstract: A method of imaging a subterranean formation. The method includes emitting a primary wave from a source point, such that a portion of the primary wave travels into the subterranean formation and is refracted along a geologic layer in the subterranean formation and then emitted as a secondary wave from a refraction point on a boundary between the geologic layer and another geologic layer. The method also includes allowing a portion of the secondary wave to be reflected from a first reflection point as a tertiary wave. The method further includes allowing a portion of the tertiary wave to be reflected from a second reflection point as a quaternary wave, and collecting data about the quaternary wave at an observation point.

Abstract: A system and method are provided for determining shallow water multiples when seismically exploring a geographical area of interest under a body of water. The system and method estimate a multi-channel prediction operator F using a model of water layer related multiples with respect to received and stored seismic data, estimate a travel time of the transmitted seismic wavelets from the one or more sources to each of the plurality of receivers, and then generate water layer primary reflections models using the estimated travel time and Green's function. The system and method then merge the generated water layer primary reflections models with the multi-channel prediction operator F to create a hybrid multi-channel prediction operator FH, and convolute the hybrid multi-channel prediction operator FH with the stored received data to determine a final multiples model.

Abstract: Method for redatuming seismic data to any arbitrary location in the subsurface in a way that is consistent with the internal scattering in the subsurface. Direct arrival times are estimated from every point to every point on the edges of a virtual box in the subsurface (102). Green's functions are estimated by iterative optimization (103), using the direct arrival times as initial guesses (102), to minimize error in the source field reconstruction, which consists of the multidimensional auto-correlation of the Green's functions. The estimated Green's functions are the used to determine simulated internal multiple reflections (104). The measured data may be corrected by subtracting the simulated internal multiple reflections, or the Green's function may be used to do local imaging or local velocity model building, particularly advantageous in full wavefield inversion (104).

Abstract: Methods and related systems are described for measuring acoustic signals in a borehole during a fracturing operation. The system includes a downhole toolstring designed and adapted for deployment in a borehole formed within a subterranean rock formation. A downhole rock fracturing tool opens and propagates a fracture in the subterranean rock formation. Dipole and/or quadrupole acoustic sources transmit acoustic energy into the subterranean rock formation. A receiver array measures acoustic energy traveling through the subterranean rock formation before, during and after the fracture induction. Geophones mounted on extendable arms can be used to measure shear wave acoustic energy travelling in the rock formation. The toolstring can be constructed such that the sources and receivers straddle the fracture zone during the fracturing.

Abstract: An obstacle sensor for a closure panel of a vehicle includes an elongate non-conductive case which encloses a first, second, and third elongate conductive electrodes. The first and second electrodes are separated by a portion of the case, with a capacitance between the first and second electrodes changing when an obstacle approaches the first electrode. The changed capacitance of the obstacle sensor provides a proximity indication of the obstacle to the obstacle sensor. The second and third electrodes are separated by an air gap formed in the case, with a resistance between the second and third electrodes changing when the second and third electrodes come into contact upon compression of the case by the obstacle. The changed resistance of the obstacle sensor provides a contact indication of the obstacle with the obstacle sensor.

Abstract: Methods and systems for measuring subsurface electrical conductivity, using first and second sensor coils. The second sensor coil has a smaller effective area and a greater bandwidth than the first sensor coil. The first and second sensor coils are positioned with respect to each other to achieve zero or near zero mutual inductance.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for obtaining information or signatures about the presence or the nature of a nuclear radiation source, especially in a homeland security application, said nuclear radiation source emitting in a time or angle correlated manner at least a first radiation and a second radiation. The method includes the steps of detecting said first radiation with at least one first radiation detector and detecting said second radiation with at least one second radiation detector. The detection of said second radiation is triggered by said detection of said first radiation in a manner that is adapted to the radiation's correlation structure, thereby increasing the signal-to-background ratio for the detection of said second radiation.

Abstract: A method for well logging includes emitting a plurality of bursts of high energy neutrons into a wellbore and formations surrounding the wellbore. During and for a selected duration after at least one of the plurality of bursts, gamma rays are detected at at least one location spaced apart from the emitting and characterizing an energy of the detected gamma rays. After the last burst, gamma rays are detected and energy spectrum and rates of detection with respect to time thereof are determined. The foregoing is repeated for a selected number of times. After the selected number of times background gamma rays are measured. At least one of the numbers of detected gamma rays during a selected time interval and an energy spectrum of the detected gamma rays during the selected time interval is used to determine selected formation properties.

Abstract: A laser scanner, in particular a safety laser scanner, in accordance with the operating principle of the time of flight process, comprising a light transmission unit having at least one light transmitter for transmitting a polarized transmitted light beam into a monitored zone; a light reception unit having at least one light receiver for detecting the polarization component of the light reflected in the monitored zone being orthogonal to the polarization direction of the transmitted light beam, and/or the polarization component of the light reflected in the monitored zone being parallel to the polarization direction of the transmitted light beam, and for generating a received signal corresponding to the detected orthogonal polarization component and/or the detected parallel polarization component; and an evaluation unit configured to evaluate the time development of the detected orthogonal polarization component and/or of the detected parallel polarization component.

Abstract: Transmitting acoustic signals from a wellbore. At least some of the illustrative embodiments are methods including transmitting an acoustic signal comprising downhole data, receiving the acoustic signal (the receiving by a receiver disposed within the internal diameter of a casing in the wellbore) converting the acoustic signal to a corresponding first electromagnetic signal, and inducing a second electromagnetic signal in a tubing responsive to the first electromagnetic signal.

Abstract: The invention is a method of evaluating a recovery potential for hydrocarbons contained in a fractured reservoir, using an enhanced recovery technique. Characteristic reservoir data, data obtained from well test results and data relative to the development conditions are acquired. A pressure gradient related to the flow of a fluid injected to improve recovery is then estimated from the previously acquired data. A recovery coefficient is calculated for the hydrocarbons initially in place in matrix blocks by estimating water saturation for a state of equilibrium of the matrix blocks. Finally, the oil recovery time under the effect of the fluid circulation in fractures is estimated by determining the required for the matrix blocks to change from the initial state to a state of equilibrium.

Abstract: A method and system for computing and visualizing sedimentary attributes may include receiving, by a processor, paleo-geographic coordinates representing predicted approximate positions of particles of sediment deposited at a time period when a layer was originally formed. The processor may numerically compute or determine a sedimentation rate that varies laterally along the layer. The processor may determine a sedimentary attribute based on the lateral variation of the sedimentation rate along the layer with respect to the paleo-geographic coordinates. A monitor or display may display the sedimentary attribute of the layer in the present-day geological space.

Abstract: Multilayer optical film that can be used as a reflective polarizer or mirror is disclosed. The multilayer optical film comprises alternating optical layers of polyesters such as PET and PEN, copolymerized with 4,4?-biphenyl dicarboxylate. The multilayer optical film exhibits a high ratio of in-plane to out-of-plane birefringence.

Abstract: 1,4-bis(isocyanatomethyl)cyclohexane contains 70 mol % or more and 95 mol % or less of a trans isomer relative to a total amount of a cis isomer and the trans isomer, and 0.

Abstract: Disclosed is an optical source device. The optical source device includes: a mode converter configured to be optically coupled with an optical fiber; a semiconductor optical amplifier coupled with the mode converter, and configured to amplify an optical signal input through the optical fiber; and an electro absorption modulator coupled to the optical amplifier, and configured to modulate the amplified optical signal and output the modulated optical signal, in which each of the semiconductor optical amplifier and the optical absorption modulator includes a heater.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a protective film including: a transparent film, a coating layer formed on one surface of the transparent film, and a primer layer formed on the other surface of the transparent film, wherein the coating layer is formed using a coating composition including a first polymer resin, a first cross-linking agent and first water dispersible particles, and the primer layer is formed using a primer composition including a second polymer resin and second water dispersible particles, as well as including a second cross-linking agent in an amount, including 0% by weight, and lower than that of the first cross-linking agent, and a polarizing plate including the same.

Abstract: A microlens array includes a cell, and P lenses (P is an integer of 4 or more) arranged in the cell, in which the apexes of the P lenses are arranged such that symmetry is at least partially broken, when viewed in plan view. In this way, it is possible to suppress diffraction caused by regularity in the lens shape in the cell. Accordingly, it is possible to realize a microlens with a high utilization efficiency of light.

Abstract: A display includes an effective display area and a frame area; an image overlap display area is disposed at a position in the effective display area, close to the frame area, and includes first display positions related to an image to be displayed in the effective display area and second display positions related to an image to be displayed in the frame area; the first and second display positions are distributed in an alternate form; a polarization splitting prism is disposed on a light-emitting surface of the display and at a position at least corresponding to the frame area and the image overlap display area; and a convergent prism configured to converge light from the second display positions in the image overlap display area to the frame area is disposed on a light-emitting surface of the polarization splitting prism. Also a tiled display is disclosed.

Abstract: A method for structuring an omnidirectional non-metal mirror for any predetermined wavelength or range of wavelengths. The mirror having at least two layers of different non-metal materials, with an elementary matrix associated to each layer, including physical parameters of the layer and parameters of the light passing through the layer.

Abstract: Disclosed are a diffractive optical element and a measurement device that are capable of reliably suppressing occurrence of a zero-order diffracted light beam and generating light spots in a wide range. The diffractive optical element has concave and convex portions and diffracts incident light in two dimensions to generate diffracted light. When a maximum diffraction angle with reference to an optical axis of the incident light is an angle range ?, the angle range ? is 7.5° or greater, and diffraction efficiency in a zero-order diffracted light beam is 5% or less.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of displays and discloses a color filter substrate, a display device and a method for manufacturing a color filter substrate. The color filter substrate comprises: a transparent substrate; a light-electricity converting module, provided on the transparent substrate and configured to convert a light beam incident from the transparent substrate into electric energy. The display device comprises the color filter substrate. In the invention, a light-electricity converting module is set on a transparent substrate, thus a light beam incident from the transparent substrate may be converted into electric energy, so that the sunlight transmitted into a display panel may be transformed into electric energy; because the solar energy is abundant, it may meet the demand of the display panel, and the service time of the display panel may be prolonged.

Abstract: A display apparatus including a first substrate, a second substrate, a pixel, and a unit color filter. The first and second substrates are opposite to each other. The pixel is disposed between the first and second substrates. The color filter is disposed between the first substrate and the pixel or between the second substrate and the pixel. The color filter includes a red color filter, a green color filter, a blue color filter, and a yellow color filter. The yellow color filter includes a sub-red color filter and a sub-green color filter.

Abstract: An energy efficient optical window has different optical properties when irradiated by solar light from front or back side of the window. The window is used to reflect most of the infrared light at summer times, leaving the interior cooler and to absorb most of the infrared light at winter times, making the interior hotter by heat transfer from the hot window pane. Mechanical reversal of the window, inside out, is used to apply the needed version for winter and summer. The window is coated with alternating thin metallic and dielectric layers that transmit most of the visible light while reflecting most of the infrared part of the spectrum when impinged by solar light on one side and transmit most of the visible light while absorbing most of the infrared part of the spectrum when impinged by solar light on the other side.

Abstract: A glazing panel for a display device, includes an external first transparent pane and an internal second transparent pane, each pane including an external face and an internal face, the glass panes being joined together by an interlayer made of a thermoformable material or by a multilayer sheet incorporating such an interlayer; a protective layer made of an opaque material making contact with the internal face of the external first pane; a masking layer made of an opaque material making contact with the internal face of the internal second pane, the masking layer including apertures forming pictograms; and a uniform layer of a material doped with luminescent species chosen because they absorb light radiation produced by the source generating radiation in the UV or IR range, and re-emit light radiation in the visible range, the uniform layer being placed in the glazing panel, between the masking layer and the protective layer.

Abstract: Provided is a visible light-transmissive and infrared-reflective substrate, including: a visible light-transmissive substrate layer disposed so as to serve as a partition between inside and outside of a room; and an infrared-reflective layer laminated on a surface on the room side of the visible light-transmissive substrate layer, wherein the visible light-transmissive substrate layer has a solar absorbance of at least 30%, the infrared-reflective layer includes a reflective layer configured to reflect infrared rays and a protective layer laminated on a surface on the room side of the reflective layer, and normal emissivity of a surface on the protective layer side of the infrared-reflective layer is not more than 0.50.

Abstract: A polarizing element includes a transparent substrate, a reflective layer constituting, on the transparent substrate, grid-shaped convexities arrayed at a pitch smaller than a wavelength in a used optical bandwidth, a dielectric layer formed on the reflective layer, a diffusion barrier layer formed on the dielectric layer, and an absorbing layer formed on the diffusion barrier layer such that the diffusion barrier layer is sandwiched between the absorbing layer and the dielectric layer. This polarizing element has an excellent optical property and is able to prevent mixing of the absorbing layer and the dielectric layer under a high temperature.

Abstract: A light source includes: a generation device configured to generate a first EUV beam having a polarization that is a superimposition of two linearly polarized waves with directions of polarization that are perpendicular to each other and that have a phase difference with respect to each other that is non-zero and not an integral multiple of ?; and a polarization setting device configured to interact with the first EUV beam to provide a second EUV beam by exerting an effect on the first EUV beam that is linearly polarizing with respect to the direction of polarization to set a polarization of the second EUV beam.

Abstract: The light source system includes a plurality of light source modules configured to respectively emit light source lights having optical characteristics different from each other, and an irradiation module to which the light source modules are mechanically and detachably attached. The irradiation module includes a first light guide member, a second light guide member, and a first light conversion unit. The first light guide member has a central axis set in parallel with a central axis of the second light guide member. The first light conversion unit is optically connected to the first light guide member and is optically separated from the second light guide member.

Abstract: A back light structure for a keyboard with back light includes a supporting plate, a light guiding plate, a flexible circuit board, and a light-emitting component. Keyswitch structures of the keyboard are disposed on the supporting plate. The light guiding plate is disposed under the supporting plate and has a through hole and a lateral surface. The circuit board adheres onto both a lower surface of the light guiding plate and a bottom surface of the supporting plate and covers the lateral surface. The light-emitting component is disposed on the circuit board in the through hole. Thereby, the circuit board also performs as a light shading structure for the lateral surface. A light reflection sheet need not cover both the lateral surface and the circuit board for avoiding light leakage but adheres onto only the lower surface, conducive to reducing the structural thickness of the back light structure.

Abstract: A back light module includes a lens and a plurality of LED elements. The lens includes a light incident surface and a light extraction surface, a plurality of first recesses being defined in the light extraction surface, a plurality of second recesses being defined in the light incident surface. Each first recess has a pair of first inclined surfaces, and an angle between the first inclined surface and a plane where the light incident surface located is larger than or equal to a critical angle of total reflection of the lens. Each second recess has a pair of second inclined surfaces, and an angle between the second inclined surface and the plane where the light incident surface located is less than or equal to the angle between the first inclined surface and the plane where the light incident surface located.

Abstract: A lighting assembly includes a light guide having opposed major surfaces between which light propagates by total internal reflection, a light input edge, and two light output regions of different optical characteristics and at least one of which is associated with a corresponding one of the major surfaces. The lighting assembly also includes a light source located adjacent the light input edge. The light source and the light guide variably positionable relative to one another to vary a location on the light input edge at which the light is input to the light guide such that the light is emitted from the light guide selectively apportioned between the light output regions so that a characteristic of the light output from the lighting assembly is modified based on the optical characteristics associated with the light output regions and the relative positioning of the light source and the light guide.

Abstract: A backlight unit and a display device are provided. The backlight unit includes: a circuit board (20); at least one light source (21) provided on the circuit board (20); a light guiding plate (112) comprising a light incident side, which is configured for receiving light emitted by the at least one light source, and a light exit side; and a diffusion plate (114) provided on the light exit side of the light guiding plate (112). The diffusion plate (114) includes a diffusion-plate body (141) and at least one diffusion-plate extension part (142) that is located on at least one side of the diffusion-plate body (141) and connected to the diffusion-plate body (141). The diffusion-plate extension part (142) is located between the circuit board (20) and the light guiding plate (112). A position of the diffusion-plate extension part (142) corresponds to a position of the light source (121).

Abstract: Provided is an apparatus for manufacturing a light guiding plate. The apparatus for manufacturing a light guiding plate includes an unwinding unit unwinding a film formed of a flexible material and wound in a roll shape, a winding unit winding the film provided from the unwinding unit in a roll shape, a surface treatment unit disposed between the unwinding unit and the winding unit to treat a surface of the film transferred into the winding part into a hydrophobic surface, a pattern formation unit disposed between the surface treatment unit and the winding unit to form a micro lens pattern on the surface of the film of which the surface is treated, and a pattern curing unit disposed between the pattern formation unit and the winding unit to cure the pattern.

Abstract: A substrate for packaging flip-chip light emitting device (LED) includes a substrate including a chip mount region, a first metal pattern overlapping a part of the chip mount region and disposed on the substrate, a second metal pattern disposed in a region including the chip mount region that is not overlapped with the first metal pattern, at an outer side of the first metal pattern, a third metal pattern disposed at an outer side of the second metal pattern, a first isolation line defined in a boundary between the first metal pattern and the second metal pattern, a second isolation line defined in a boundary between the second metal pattern and the third metal pattern, a lower pad disposed on a bottom of the substrate, and a via disposed to connect the first and second metal patterns to the lower pad in the substrate.

Abstract: A waveguide for use in solar power systems to capture sunlight without solar tracking. The waveguide includes a first transparent layer with a first surface receiving sunlight, and the waveguide includes a second surface, opposite the first surface of the first layer, including recessed surfaces (or “microstructures”) each defined by sidewalls extending from the second surface toward the first surface of the first layer. The waveguide includes a second layer of transparent material with a first surface proximate to the second surface of the first layer for receiving a portion of the sunlight transmitted through the first layer. The second layer has a second surface, opposite the first surface, including recessed surfaces of the same or differing shape, size, location, and orientation as those of the first layer. The recessed surfaces of the first and second layers capture sunlight of differing ranges of incidence angles with total internal reflection (TIR).