Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a pre-5th-generation (5G) or 5G communication system to be provided for supporting higher data rates beyond 4th-generation (4G) communication system such as long term evolution (LTE). An electronic device is provided in a wireless communication system. The device comprises a plurality of antenna sets; a plurality of antenna elements configuring the plurality of antenna sets; an RF transceiver including a plurality of switches for selecting the plurality of antenna elements and a plurality of phase shifters for shifting the phase of a signal transmitted/received through the plurality of antenna elements; and a control unit for determining a beam forming direction and the phase of the signal by simultaneously controlling the plurality of switches and the plurality of phase shifters according to a beambook.

Abstract: The present invention provides an omni-directional antenna element configuration having a compensated radiation pattern. Broadband antenna elements are coplanarly disposed on a suitable planar dielectric material. A single element omni-directional antenna comprises a pair of balanced fed radiating microstrip elements symmetrically disposed about the centerline of a balanced signal feed network. Additionally, a pair of pattern augmentation rods are positioned on each side of and proximate to the planar dielectric material running longitudinally to the centerline axis of a balanced feed network. Disposed proximate to each radiating element are partially coplanar, frequency bandwidth expanding microstrip lines. The combination of radiating elements together with pattern augmentation rods provides a broad bandwidth omni-directional radiating element suitable for use in multi-element antenna arrays.

Abstract: A system and method is provided for downhole wired-pipe communication and/or power transmission. The system includes first and second couplers each comprising a dielectric substrate, an electric dipole arranged on the dielectric substrate, a dielectric encapsulation surrounding the dielectric substrate and the electric dipole, and an electric shield surrounding the dielectric encapsulation. In operation, the electric dipoles are adapted to exchange radiofrequency signals and/or electrical power at radiofrequencies with each other by means of near-field dipole-dipole interaction. The one or more electric dipoles may be of the quarter-wavelength dipole type or of the half-wavelength dipole type. In a first embodiment, the dielectric substrate may form a generally circular ring and the coupler may be adapted to be rotatably movable against another coupler.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide an antenna apparatus, including multiple antenna elements, where the antenna element includes a dielectric plate, one two-antenna array element, and one parasitic element; the two-antenna array element is located at the front of the dielectric plate; the parasitic element is located on the back of the dielectric plate, and a location of the two-antenna array element falls within an area of the parasitic element; a first antenna and a second antenna that are in the two-antenna array element are bent slot slot antennas symmetrical to each other with respect to a central axis between the first antenna and the second antenna; the first antenna is formed by connecting three sections.

Abstract: An array antenna is provided. The array antenna includes at least one pair of interleaved TR antenna arrays in a continuous arraying direction, where the TX arrays and RX arrays of two adjacent TR antenna arrays are interleaved. This can effectively rectify discontinuousness of TX arrays and RX arrays in a discontinuous arraying direction in the prior art, and thereby reduce grating lobes or side lobes caused by discontinuous TX arrays and discontinuous RX arrays in an array antenna, so that performance of the array antenna improves.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a dual-polarized antenna that includes a ground plate, a feeding part, and a radiant plate. The feeding part includes a first feeding part and a second feeding part. The first feeding part includes a first dielectric plate, a first feeding layer, and a first transmission line. The second feeding part includes a second dielectric plate, a second feeding layer, and a second transmission line. The first dielectric plate and the second dielectric plate are placed perpendicularly to each other and are perpendicularly installed on the ground plate, and the first transmission line and the second transmission line are separated from each other.

Abstract: A one-piece metallic connector is configured to receive a fastener and has features that grip and electrically bond two conductors as they are clamped together when the fastener is tightened. The connector's generally U-shaped body has first and second legs, a bight portion joining the legs and an opening in each leg through which a single mounting fastener can extend. When installed with the outside of one leg abutting one conductor, another conductor is clamped between the legs. At least one outer projection (tooth) on the outer face of one leg engages the conductor to which the connector is mounted. At least one inner projection (tooth) on the same leg engages the conductor clamped between the legs. A recess on the inner face of the distal portion of the other leg is configured to cradle the clamped conductor.

Abstract: A connector for making contact with at least one electrical element on a machine element, a machine element having at least one electrical element that has a plurality of contact pads, and a method for making contact with contact pads on a machine element with respectively associated contacts on a connector are provided. The contacts of the connector are connected to corresponding contact pads on the machine element. At least one contacting element is used to make a permanently electrically conductive connection between the contacts of the connector and the contact pads of the machine element.

Abstract: Exemplary embodiments are directed to spade connectors for mating with an electrolytic blade. The electrolytic blade can include a body defining side walls. The electrolytic blade can include a protrusion defining a top edge and a bottom edge. The spade connector can include a body defining a distal end and a proximal end. The spade connector can include a connector extending from the body. The connector can include first and second inwardly biased flanges configured and dimensioned to engage the top and bottom edges of the protrusion of the electrolytic blade. Exemplary embodiments are also directed to systems and methods associated with the spade connectors.

Abstract: The invention relates to a push-in clamp retainer for an electric connector element with a lead wire receptacle which is at least partly encircled by a surrounding wall. In a lateral direction, a push-in clamp assembly includes such a push-in clamp retainer and a separate spring member having a first end and second end, The invention also relates to an electric connector element having a spring release member and a push-in clamp assembly. The invention involves the implementation of at least one receiving member into at least one contraction of the push-in clamp retainer, combining such a push-in clamp retainer with a spring member to form the push-in clamp assembly, and adding a spring release member to the push-in clamp assembly to obtain the electric connector element.

Abstract: A cable splice includes a casing, a jaw assembly, a biasing member, a guide, and a bullet cup. The casing has an opening and an interior cavity. The jaw assembly is positioned in the interior cavity and moveable between a loading position and a terminated position. The biasing member biases the jaw assembly towards the terminated position. The guide includes a receiving end and a shaft extending at least partially into the interior cavity.

Abstract: A connector-equipped electrical wire has a coated electrical wire, a terminal metal fitting, a connector housing, and an adhesive. The coated electrical wire has a conductor and a coating material that is made of a cross-linked polyethylene resin and with which the conductor is coated. The terminal metal fitting is connected to an end portion of the coated electrical wire. The connector housing in which the end portion is embedded is integrally formed with the coated electrical wire and the terminal metal fitting. The adhesive is disposed in a portion of a gap located between the coating material of the end portion and the connector housing, and seals the gap.

Abstract: A termination connection box for a direct-current (DC) cable, in which when an outer semiconducting layer, an insulating layer, and an inner semiconducting layer are sequentially removed, a conductor is exposed, the termination connection box, the termination connection box including: a connecting semiconducting layer configured to cover the exposed conductor and the insulating layer; a conductor withdrawal rod electrically connected to the conductor; and a heat shrinkable tube configured such that one portion thereof covers an outer circumferential surface of the cable insulating layer and one end and another end thereof are respectively electrically connected to the conductor and the outer semiconducting layer.

Abstract: A coaxial cable connector having, in one embodiment, a connector body or body member, a coupling element and a continuity bridge portion. The connector body is configured to be attached to a post. The continuity bridge portion is configured to maintain an electrical connection between the coupling element and the connector body.

Abstract: A cable with a connector includes a cable for transmitting electric signals, a clamping member having electrical conductivity for clamping an end of the cable, and a connector accommodating the clamping member. The cable includes an insulated electric wire including a conductive wire covered with an insulator, a shielding member covering the insulated electric wire, a drain wire arranged with contacting the shielding member, and an outer coat covering an outer periphery of the shielding member. The clamping member clamps the cable from an outside of the outer coat. The drain wire folds back toward an outside of the outer coat at the end of the cable and is interposed between the clamping member and the outer coat.

Abstract: A socket assembly has a housing holds a circuit board that is provided with contacts for engagement with a data plug and a back face provided with rearwardly projecting blade contacts. A conductor spreader block engageable in a rear housing end fits with conductors of a multiconductor cable and, when fitted in the housing, electrically engages the conductors with the blade contacts, A holder in the base between the spreader block and the board has an open back side through which the block can fit. The holder forms a first U-shaped half seat, and a cover subassembly forms a second U-shaped half seat and is pivotal on the holder between an open position projecting laterally therefrom with the cable passing loosely into the housing and a closed position rearwardly closing the holder and compressing the cable between the half seats and locking the block in the holder.

Abstract: The technology relates to a secured integrated circuit connector. More particularly, the technology relates to a connection strip for an integrated circuit connector, comprising a contact zone for the reading of an integrated circuit. According to the technology, said connection strip comprises at least one electrically insulated zone.

Abstract: A card connector comprises an insulative housing, a shielding shell partly surrounding the insulative housing, a plurality of conductive contacts retained in the insulative housing and a shim retained in the insulative housing. The plurality of conductive contacts include a plurality of first conductive contacts, each first conductive contact includes a first retaining portion, a first soldering portion and a first elastic contacting portion. The first elastic contacting portion includes a bending portion, and the free end of said first elastic contacting portion is a support portion. At least one support portion is separated from the shim so as to the shim forms a T-shaped opening corresponding to the support portion and two stretching portions disposed on two sides of the opening, the support portion can slide on the stretching portions when the support portion is pressed.

Abstract: An electrical component includes a contact point part that establishes an electrical connection by contact. In addition, the contact point part includes: a substrate having a metal as a constituent material; and a thin film arranged at a surface of the substrate. Moreover, the thin film includes a ?-accepting molecule having a ?-acceptability, in which the ?-accepting molecule has a size of ligand field splitting in a spectrochemical series larger than or equal to a size of ligand field splitting of 2,2?-bipyridyl.

Abstract: Flexible printed circuit (FPC) connector includes a flex circuit having first and second side surfaces and a thickness extending between the first and second side surfaces. The flex circuit includes a plurality of stacked substrate layers. The FPC connector also includes a conductive pathway extending through the flex circuit and a substrate protrusion coupled to the second side surface and projecting a distance away from the second side surface. The substrate protrusion is formed from at least one dielectric layer. The FPC connector also includes a contact pad that is directly coupled to at least one of the substrate protrusion or the second side surface of the flex circuit. The contact pad is electrically coupled to the conductive pathway.

Abstract: The C-type female connector contains at least a C-shaped clamp. The C-shaped clamp contains a base, one or two flexible arm pieces extended from the base's lateral sides toward each other, respectively, thereby forming a C shape. Along a slit between front edges of the arm pieces, each arm piece has a flexible contact section. The C-shaped clamp further contains a plug piece for positioning extended from a bottom edge, and a contact piece for establishing electrical connection extended from a top edge, of the base. The connector is structurally simple, efficient to assemble, more reliable, and has highly improved yield.

Abstract: A plug connection having a first plug with a first contact piece and a second plug with a second contact piece. In the plugged state of the plug connection, the contact pieces are axially in contact with one another in a spring-biased manner. The first contact piece has a three-dimensionally curved end face, while the second contact piece has a flaring depression in the end face thereof such that an annular contact zone is formed between the contact pieces.

Abstract: The invention concerns a plug connector for a high current device, intended to be placed in particular in the engine compartment of a motor vehicle. A device such as a printed circuit board housed in the plug connector is connected to a cable via at least one rigid conductive metal bar (bus bar). A ring is interposed between the rigid conductive metal bar and a terminal electrically connected to the cable. A bolt holds the terminal, the ring and the bus bar clamped together. To ensure the seal of the plug connector at the bolt, a first ring seal is placed between the ring and an unthreaded zone of the shank of the bolt, and a second seal is placed between the ring and the plug connector.

Abstract: A sealing interface (26) that utilizes an elastomeric sealing member (28) is disclosed herein. The sealing interface (26) is configured to provide effective sealing while requiring only relatively low amounts of force to deform the elastomeric sealing member (28) sufficiently to form an effective seal.

Abstract: An electrical connector that may include a socket body and that includes four lateral walls, a rear wall, a catch feature and a catch support. The lateral walls may adjoin one another and the rear wall. The catch support may adjoin two of the lateral walls along edges of the catch support to define a catch cavity and a plug cavity on opposing sides of the catch support. A first side of the rear wall may face the plug cavity and a second side bounds a rear surface of the socket body. The catch feature may couple with the catch support. Electrical pins may pass through the rear wall of the socket body such that one end of each of the pins is within the plug cavity, and an opposing end of each of the pins extends away from the rear surface of the socket body.

Abstract: An electric wire with connector includes: an electric wire; a connector having a housing chamber to house an electric terminal provided at an end of the electric wire, the housing chamber opening on an end surface of the connector; and a waterproof member to cover the housing chamber. The waterproof member includes a sheet member having a width extending from the end surface of the connector as a reference position toward both of the connector and the electric wire. The sheet member has a wrapping shape winding around in a manner to have an overlapped region of the a front surface of one end of the sheet member and a back surface of the other end of the sheet member. The front surface and the back surface are contacted each other at the overlapped region.

Abstract: Connector assemblies are disclosed. More particularly, connector assemblies including a housing with an inclined wall are disclosed. The inclined wall helps maintain a folded flat cable by contacting substantially its entire fold edge. The housing with the inclined wall may be removably attached to the rest of the connector assembly.

Abstract: A cable connector comprises a mating board, a plurality of cables, an organizer and a binding material. The mating board comprises a board body and a plurality of conductive portions provided on the board body. The cables are respectively electrically connected to the conductive portions. The organizer comprises an upper cap, a lower cap and a spacer interposed between the upper cap and the lower cap. The upper cap, the lower cap and the spacer cooperatively define a filling space that includes upper cable passages and lower cable passages respectively extending along the front-rear direction and respectively receiving the cables so as to allow the plurality of cables to pass through the filling space. The binding material is filled in the filling space of the organizer and fixes the plurality of cables to the organizer.

Abstract: Magnetic means and apparatus for implementing rail bonds and rail feeds. A rail bond embodiment comprises an electrical conductor. Mechanically and electrically coupled to each end of the electrical conductor is a magnet that comprises a magnetic material that is plated with an electrically conductive material. In an alternative embodiment, the magnet comprises a magnetic material that is disposed between two pieces of steel or other metal. In operation, the two magnets are attached to two rail sections, across a joint separating the rails, via the attractive magnetic force between each magnet and its associated rail. In this way, the electrical circuit comprising the rails is maintained.

Abstract: A connector is provided with a connector housing including an elastic engagement arm as a part to be engaged with a mate connector serving as a mate to which the connector is fitted and a terminal accommodation chamber which accommodates therein a terminal of an electric wire having a terminal, and a rear holder including a holder side engagement part engaged with a housing side engagement part provided in the connector housing so as to be connected to the connector housing at a position of a rear end side in a fitting direction to the mate connector.

Abstract: A card edge connector includes an elongated insulative housing extending in a longitudinal direction and defining at least one tower portion extending upwardly from a longitudinal end thereof, a plurality of contacts retained in the insulative housing, and an ejector received in the at least one tower portion for latching with or ejecting a memory card. The ejector has a base portion rotatably attached to the tower portion and a locking portion rotatably attached to the base portion, the at least one tower portion has a slot, the locking portion is rotatable inward to face towards the top surface of the insulative housing in order to reduce a height of the card edge connector, the base portion has a lower ejecting section, and the locking portion has an upper locking section.

Abstract: A card edge connector includes an elongated insulative housing, a number of contacts retained in the insulative housing, and an ejector received in the insulating housing for locking with a memory card. The insulative housing includes a passageway and at least one tower portion extending upwardly from an end thereof. The tower portion has a two opposite side walls, and a middle wall located between two side walls. The ejector has a base portion defining a lower ejecting section, a locking portion defining a locking section, and a narrowed reinforcing portion formed between the base portion and the locking portion. The narrowed reinforcing portion being thinner than the base portion and the locking portion, and the middle wall has a narrowed slot communicating with the elongated passageway to permit the narrowed reinforcing portion to rotate inward to lower a height of the card edge connector.

Abstract: A universal serial bus (USB) connector includes a case, an insulation tongue, a first row of electric coupling pins mounted to top surface of the installation tongue, and a second row of electric coupling pins mounted to bottom surface of the insulation tongue. Each row of electric coupling pins are spaced in a horizontal direction of the insulation tongue. The electric coupling pins mounted on the top surface of the insulation tongue and the electric coupling pins mounted on the bottom surface of the insulation tongue are reversely and symmetrically arranged by type. The insulation tongue is movable along a vertical direction by deforming the electric coupling pins. The insulation tongue is movable along a vertical direction by deforming the electric coupling pins. An electronic device includes a main body and the USB connector installed to the main body.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrical plug connector for a safety restraint system, preferably for an airbag ignition system, including at least two contact terminals disposed within the plug connector and a shorting clip, that is configured to short circuit the at least two contact terminals in an uncoupled or incorrectly coupled condition of the plug connector. The shorting clip includes at least two shorting tongues. Each shorting tongue is electrically connected with a respective contact terminal. Each shorting tongue further includes at least one electrical contact surface and at least one of the shorting tongues includes an actuating member. The actuating member is provided with an actuating surface that is configured to interact with a separator device. The contact surfaces are not arranged within the same plane as the actuating surface(s).

Abstract: The invention is directed to a coaxial connector jack (1) for the interconnection to a corresponding connector plug (2). The connector jack (1) comprises an inner conductor (3) extending in an axial direction (x) and an outer conductor (4) in the form of a slotted contact sleeve (4) arranged coaxial with respect to the inner conductor (3). Furthermore the coaxial connector (1) comprises an insulator (5) positioning the inner conductor (3) with respect to the outer conductor (4) and a spacer (6) arranged inside the insulator (5) extending along an inner side wall (7) of the slotted contact sleeve (4). The spacer (6) extends in the axial direction at least to the same axial position as the slotted contact sleeve (4) or exceeds it.

Abstract: A female electrical connector for non-directional electrical connector assembly having the characteristics of ease of fabrication, inexpensiveness and high structural strength is disclosed to include a terminal holder including a holder base and a tongue plate, a set of flat, elongated mating conducting terminals embedded in the terminal holder by insert molding, each flat, elongated mating conducting terminal having a mating conducting portion positioned in the tongue plate with opposing top and bottom contact surfaces thereof respectively exposed to the outside of the opposing top and bottom surfaces of the tongue plate and multiple through hole cut through the mating conducting portion and filled up by the plastic material of the terminal holder, and a shielding housing surrounding the terminal holder and defining therein a mating connection space in which the tongue plate is suspended on the middle.

Abstract: a cable connector assembly comprises an insulative housing, a plurality of contacts retained in the insulative housing and including a grounding contact, a cable and a connecting member, each of the contacts defines a soldering portion, the soldering portions are arranged in two rows spaced along a vertical direction, each row of the soldering portions includes one part of the grounding soldering portion, the cable includes a plurality of coaxial wires to electrically connect with corresponding contacts, each coaxial wire includes an inner conductor, a inner insulative layer enclosing the inner conductor, a braiding layer enclosing the insulative layer, and an outer insulative layer enclosing the braiding layer, the connecting member is electrically connected with the parts of the grounding soldering portion and the braiding layers of the coaxial wires.

Abstract: A camera device for a vehicle, the camera device including a camera module, a cable assembly, and a plurality of spring terminals. The camera module has a printed circuit board. The cable assembly includes a coaxial cable and a plurality of signal cables that connect the camera module and the vehicle. The spring terminals are formed of a conductive material and are at one side of the camera module or at one side of the cable assembly to resiliently connect the signal cables spring cable and the printed circuit board.

Abstract: A method of forming a solder joint between a coaxial cable and a coaxial connector includes the steps of: positioning a solder element between an end of an outer conductor of the coaxial cable and a connector body of the connector, wherein the connector includes an insulator with a suction passage; lowering the connector body and insulator onto a mounting structure; melting the solder element to form a solder joint between the outer conductor and the connector body, the solder joint including a lower surface formed by contact with the insulator and/or the connector body; and applying suction to the melting solder element from a suction source to reduce the formation of bubbles within the solder joint, wherein a suction path between the suction source and the solder element includes the suction passage in the insulator.

Abstract: A cable compression die assembly is used in connection with a compression tool for compressing a stranded cable prior to crimping. Upper and lower compression dies each have a semicircular groove to compress the cable. A plurality of extending blocks guides each die into sliding engagement. The stranded cable will be compressed between the upper and lower compression dies to a reduced cable radius. Compressing generally reduces or eliminates air spaces between the stranded cable wire strands. A subsequent crimp connection forms a nearly monolithic structure to maximize current flow between two crimp connected compressed stranded cables.

Abstract: Provided is a belt strip for contact elements, which includes of a flat metal strip, from which individual tabs are angle by approximately 90°, wherein the tabs each have two retaining arms which are bent towards one another, wherein the retaining arms each have a constant direction of curvature, and wherein the radius of curvature is greater in the direction of the ends of the respective retaining arms.

Abstract: A holding frame for a plug-type connector is intended to have good heat resistance and a high level of mechanical robustness and, when installed in a metallic plug-type connector housing, enable protective grounding while at the same time being convenient to use, in particular during the replacement of individual modules. To this end, it is proposed to manufacture the holding frame at least partially from spring-elastic sheet metal. For this purpose, the holding frame can have a basic portion and a deformation portion, which are formed from different materials. The basic portion is used for fixing an accommodated module in a plane. The deformation portion can assume an insertion state and a holding state, wherein the insertion state permits insertion of at least one module into the holding frame in a direction transverse to the plane and an accommodated module is fixed in the holding state.

Abstract: According to one aspect, the invention relates to a device comprising an optical fibre having a high Brillouin threshold, said device including an optical fibre (101) suitable for propagating a high-power optical signal beam, means (11) for coupling a signal beam to an entrance end of the optical fibre (101) and a tubular structure (10) comprising at least one first tube (103) and at least one first adhesive material (102). According to the present description, at least one portion of the optical fibre is immobilized in the tubular structure (10) by means of the first adhesive material (102), which adheres both to the internal surface of the first tube (103) and to the external surface of the optical fibre (101).

Abstract: A laser light-source apparatus includes: fiber amplifiers and a solid state amplifier configured to amplify pulse light output from a seed light source based on gain switching; nonlinear optical elements configured to perform wavelength conversion on the pulse light output from the solid state amplifier; an optical switching element configured to permit or stop propagation of pulse light from the fiber amplifier to the solid state amplifier; and a control unit configured to control the optical switching element in such a manner that the propagation of the light is stopped in an output period of the pulse light from the seed light source, and permitted in a period other than the output period of the pulse light from the seed light source.

Abstract: In a laser device and a photoacoustic measurement device including the laser device, the intensity of light at each wavelength made independently controllable. The laser device includes a laser medium which has oscillation wavelengths at a first wavelength and a second wavelength with higher light emission efficiency than at the first wavelength, an excitation section, a first resonator, a second resonator, a Q-value change unit, and a control section. The control section oscillates light having the first wavelength through Q switching when a first delay time has elapsed after the excitation of the laser medium has been started in a case where the oscillation wavelength is the first wavelength, and oscillates light having the second wavelength through Q switching when a second delay time has elapsed after the excitation of the laser medium has been started in a case where the oscillation wavelength is the second wavelength.

Abstract: In various embodiments, an emission source may be provided. The emission source may also include a gain medium including a halide semiconductor material. The emission source may further include a pump source configured to provide energy to the gain medium. The halide semiconductor material may include a lead-free perovskite material.

Abstract: A nanolaser includes a silicon substrate and a III-V layer formed on the silicon substrate having a defect density due to differences in materials. A laser region is formed on or in the III-V layer, the laser region having a size based upon the defect density.

Abstract: The laser driver including a difference amplifier, a target potential circuit, an adjusting circuit, and bypass circuit is disclosed. The differential amplifier outputs a driving signal and a reverse driving signal having a phase opposite to a phase of the driving signal. The bypass circuit outputs an output current in response to the driving signal for generating a driving current for a semiconductor laser element that emits an optical signal in response to the driving signal. The adjusting circuit controls average potential of the driving signal and the reverse driving signal, so that the average potential becomes substantially equal to a target potential provided by the target potential circuit. The target potential corresponds to average optical power of the optical signal. When amplitude of the driving signal is changed for adjusting an extinction ratio of the optical signal, the adjusting circuit maintains the average optical power in a constant value.

Abstract: A surface emitting laser element capable of emitting a main beam and a sub-beam, and a monitoring light detection element capable of detecting a light intensity of the sub-beam are included, the surface emitting laser element is a PCSEL, the main beam and the sub-beam are emitted in an upward direction of the surface emitting laser element and are inclined to each other at a predetermined angle, and respective changes in a peak light intensity of the main beam and a peak light intensity of the sub-beam with respect to a value of a driving current of the surface emitting laser element are correlated with each other. Therefore, if an output of the monitoring light detection element indicating the peak light intensity of the sub-beam is used, the peak light intensity of the main beam can be estimated.

Abstract: A quantum cascade laser includes a substrate having a principal surface; a laser body region disposed on the principal surface, the laser body region including a semiconductor laminate structure having an end facet, the laser body region having a waveguide structure extending along a waveguide axis; and a distributed Bragg reflection region disposed on the principal surface, the distributed Bragg reflection region including low and high refractive index portions that are alternately arranged in a direction of the waveguide axis. The end facet of the semiconductor laminate structure is optically coupled to the distributed Bragg reflection region. Each of the high refractive index portions includes a semiconductor wall including upper and lower portions that are arranged in a direction intersecting with the principal surface of the substrate. The principal surface is disposed between the upper and lower portions. The lower portion includes a part of the substrate.