Abstract: A device of executing vacuum processing has a chamber capable of keeping the chamber as a whole in a depressurized state; a feeding roller so disposed as to hang a reinforcement fiber down in the chamber; a processor so disposed in the chamber as to pass the reinforcement fiber hung down in the chamber through the processor; a capture device so disposed as to capture and keep a leading end of the reinforcement fiber passing the processor and vertically falling down in place; a winding bobbin configured to wind the reinforcement fiber processed by the processor; and a resilient cord withdrawn in synchronism with the winding bobbin from a first position where the resilient cord surrounds the leading end kept in place by the capture device to a second position where the resilient cord gets in contact with and leads the reinforcement fiber to the winding bobbin.

Abstract: A structure in an embodiment of the present invention includes fine unevenness structure in the surface of a carbon film independently of the shape of the surface of a substrate. This structure includes a substrate and a carbon film formed on the substrate and containing carbon or carbon and hydrogen. At least part of the surface of the carbon film has fine unevenness structure formed by applying ions and/or radicals (e.g., plasma) of oxygen and/or Ar. The fine unevenness structure has a ten point average roughness Rz of 20 nm or larger.

Abstract: The present invention provides various passive electronic components comprising a layer of coated nanoparticles, and methods for producing and using the same. Some of the passive electronic components of the invention include, but are not limited to conductors, resistors, capacitors, piezoelectronic devices, inductors and transformers.

Abstract: Tungsten precursors represented by the formula W(ND)x(DAD)yRz, where each ND is a neutral donor, each DAD is a diazadiene, each R is an anionic or dianionic ligand and x is in the range of 0 to 4, y is in the range of 1 to 3, z is in the range of 0 to 4 and x+z is greater than or equal to 1. Methods of depositing a film using the tungsten precursors are provided.

Abstract: A wafer processing apparatus may include a reaction tube extending in a vertical direction and defining a process chamber for receiving a boat that holds a plurality of wafers. A gas injector may be configured to supply a reaction gas into the process chamber and may include a gas distributor extending in the vertical direction in the reaction tube. The gas injector may have a plurality of ejection holes for spraying the reaction gas. An inner diameter of the gas distributor may be at least 10 mm, and a sectional area ratio of the total sectional area of the ejection holes to a sectional area of the gas distributor is about 0.3 or less.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for controlling critical dimension (CD) of a circuit is provided. An apparatus includes a controller for receiving CD measurements at respective locations in a circuit pattern in an etched film on a first substrate and a single wafer chamber for forming a second film of the film material on a second substrate. The single wafer chamber is responsive to a signal from the controller to locally adjust a thickness of the second film based on the measured CD's. A method provides for etching a circuit pattern of a film on a first substrate, measuring CD's of the circuit pattern, adjusting a single wafer chamber to form a second film on a second semiconductor substrate based on the measured CD. The second film thickness is locally adjusted based on the measured CD's.

Abstract: Described herein are methods for forming a Group 13 metal or metalloid nitride film. In one aspect, there is provided a method of forming an aluminum nitride film comprising the steps of: providing a substrate in a reactor; introducing into the reactor an at least one aluminum precursor which reacts on at least a portion of the surface of the substrate to provide a chemisorbed layer; purging the reactor with a purge gas; introducing a plasma comprising non-hydrogen containing nitrogen plasma into the reactor to react with at least a portion of the chemisorbed layer and provide at least one reactive site wherein the plasma is generated at a power density ranging from about 0.01 to about 1.5 W/cm2; and optionally purge the reactor with an inert gas; and wherein the steps are repeated until a desired thickness of the aluminum nitride film is obtained.

Abstract: Apparatus, printers, and methods to remove material from a printer surface are disclosed. An example apparatus includes a fluid remover to remove printing material from a printer surface, and a coating material reservoir to store coating material and to apply the coating material to the fluid remover to reduce an amount of printing material transferred to the fluid remover from the printer surface.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for aircraft wheels and brakes systems for use in, for example, an aircraft. In this regard, a method for repair of at least one of an aircraft wheel and an aircraft brake part may comprise pre-treating a surface of the aircraft wheel and/or aircraft brake part, using an additive manufacturing repair process to apply repair material to the surface of the aircraft wheel and/or aircraft brake part, and post-treating the aircraft wheel and/or aircraft brake part resulting in the restoration of a geometric profile and/or a structural capability of the aircraft wheel and/or aircraft brake part.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for producing a hollow body by cold spraying. A mold core is used for producing the hollow body, the mold core being prepared for the production of the hollow body by cold spraying in a suitable manner by means of an auxiliary layer. The auxiliary layer may include or consist of a metallic material and therefore forms a suitable surface to which the particles processed by cold spraying remain adhered to form the hollow body. The mold core can therefore be produced from an inexpensive material such as sand or wood, although said materials are in principle have limited suitability for depositing metals by cold spraying. The auxiliary layer can be applied to the mold core as a foil, or be produced on the mold core by cold-spraying low-melting and/or soft materials, for example.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process of oxidizing copper in a copper etching solution by using oxygen gas and/or air as an oxidizing agent, the process comprising the steps of: a) introducing the oxidizing agent into an acidic reduced copper etching solution comprising Cl? and Cu+, b) stirring the solution obtained in step a), and thereby allowing the reaction 2Cu++½O2 (aq)+2H+?2Cu2++H2O to occur, thereby producing an oxidized copper etching solution comprising less Cu+ than the reduced copper etching solution. An advantage of the present invention is that it provides an improved process at least in terms of the speed of the oxidation and the quality of the etching.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method for extracting lithium from a lithium-containing material. For example, the method can comprise leaching a roasted lithium-containing material under conditions suitable to obtain an aqueous composition comprising a lithium compound such as lithium sulfate and/or lithium bisulfate. The aqueous composition comprising lithium sulfate and/or lithium bisulfate can optionally be used, for example, in a method for preparing lithium hydroxide comprising an electromembrane process. The roasted lithium-containing material can be prepared, for example by a method which uses an aqueous composition comprising optionally lithium sulfate and/or lithium bisulfate which can be obtained from a method for preparing lithium hydroxide comprising an electromembrane process such as a two-compartment monopolar or bipolar electrolysis process.

Abstract: Electrochemical devices comprising electrocatalyst mixtures include at least one Catalytically Active Element and, as a separate constituent, one Helper Catalyst. The electrocatalysts can be used to increase the rate, modify the selectivity or lower the overpotential of chemical reactions. These electrocatalysts are useful for a variety of chemical reactions including, in particular, the electrochemical conversion of CO2. Chemical processes employing these catalysts produce CO, HCO?, H2CO, (HCO2)?, H2CO2, CH3OH, CH4, C2H4, CH3CH2OH, CH3COO?, CH3COOH, C2H6, (COOH)2, or (COO?)2. Devices using the electrocatalysts include, for example, a CO2 sensor and a CO2 electrolyzer.

Abstract: System, method and apparatus for measuring electrolysis cell operating conditions and communicating the same are disclosed. The system includes a selectively positionable member coupled to an analytical apparatus, wherein the selectively positionable is configured to move the analytical apparatus into and out of physical communication with a bath. The system may also include a crust breaker for breaking the surface of a bath and an electronic device for measuring bath level.

Abstract: Methods, structures, devices and systems are disclosed for fabrication of microtube engines using membrane template electrodeposition. Such nanomotors operate based on bubble-induced propulsion in biological fluids and salt-rich environments. In one aspect, fabricating microengines includes depositing a polymer layer on a membrane template, depositing a conductive metal layer on the polymer layer, and dissolving the membrane template to release the multilayer microtubes.

Abstract: The present invention provides a zinc alloy electroplating method comprising applying a current through an alkaline zinc alloy electroplating bath comprising a cathode and an anode, wherein a cathode region including the cathode and an anode region including the anode are separated from each other by an anion exchange membrane, a catholyte contained in the cathode region is an alkaline zinc alloy plating liquid, and an anolyte contained in the anode region is an aqueous alkaline solution.

Abstract: Electrodeposition of coil metal sheet stock using an aqueous dispersion of a poly(urethane-carbonate) is disclosed. The coated sheet stock can be used in forming coated metal cans.

Abstract: A method of making a tubular casing for an underwater device, wherein a metal ring made of aluminum is subjected to an anodizing process that produces an insulating layer of aluminum oxide that covers it externally. The ring is coupled with a mould that defines a cylindrical surface on which the following are deposited: first layers of carbon fibre to produce a first cylindrically-shaped tubular element in carbon fibre provided with an end portion that engages a first groove of the ring; a layer of syntactic material configured to transfer radial forces; and second layers of carbon fibre to produce a second cylindrically-shaped tubular element in carbon fibre that covers the syntactic layer and is provided with an end portion that engages a first groove of the ring.

Abstract: Electroplating apparatus agitates electrolyte to provide high velocity fluid flows at the surface of a wafer. The apparatus includes a paddle which provides uniform high mass transfer over the entire wafer, even with a relatively large gap between the paddle and the wafer. Consequently, the processor may have an electric field shield positioned between the paddle and the wafer for effective shielding at the edges of the wafer. The influence of the paddle on the electric field across the wafer is reduced as the paddle is spaced relatively farther from the wafer.

Abstract: The present invention provides a zinc alloy electroplating method comprising applying a current through an alkaline zinc alloy electroplating bath comprising a cathode and an anode, wherein a cathode region including the cathode and an anode region including the anode are separated from each other by a separator comprising an electrically conductive electrolyte gel.

Abstract: There is provided a production method for a stainless steel containing member, including the steps of: blasting a surface of a hollow galling member having a long side direction and a short side direction, the surface being composed of stainless steel; and electropolishing the surface having been blasted, in the step of electropolishing, the starting member being immersed in an electropolishing solution with the long side direction of the starting member being inclined relative to a horizontal direction.

Abstract: A method of producing nanoparticles comprises effecting conversion of a molecular cluster compound to the material of the nanoparticles. The molecular cluster compound comprises a first ion and a second ion to be incorporated into the growing nanoparticles. The conversion can be effected in the presence of a second molecular cluster compound comprising a third ion and a fourth ion to be incorporated into the growing nanoparticles, under conditions permitting seeding and growth of the nanoparticles via consumption of a first molecular cluster compound.

Abstract: The present inventions relate to optical components which include quantum confined semiconductor nanoparticles, wherein at least a portion of the nanoparticles include a ligand attached to a surface thereof, the ligand being represented by the formula X-Sp-Z, wherein: X represents: a primary amine group, a secondary amine group, a urea, a thiourea, an imidizole group, an amide group, a carboxylic acid or carboxylate group, a phosphonic or arsonic acid group, a phosphoric acid group, a phosphate group, a phosphite group, a phosphinic acid group, a phosphinate group, a phosphine oxide group, a phosphinite group, a phosphine group, an arsenic acid group, an arsenate group, an arsenous acid group, an arsenite group, an arsinic acid group, an arsine oxide group, or an arsine group; Sp represents a group capable of allowing a transfer of charge or an insulating group; and Z represents a multifunctional group including three or more functional groups capable of communicating a specific property or chemical reactivit

Abstract: A method for producing a gallium nitride crystal includes growing a gallium nitride crystal 5 by dissolving nitrogen in a mixed melt including gallium and sodium, and collecting the gallium 55 separated from an alloy 51 including the gallium and the sodium by reacting the alloy 51 and a liquid 52 that ionizes the sodium and separating sodium ions and the gallium 55 from the alloy.

Abstract: A heater comprises a plurality of zones with at least two zones having a variable power density gradient different from one another. The heater having zones of different variable power density gradients allows for controlling the heat output and temperature profile of the heater in one or more directions of the heater. The heater can be used, for example, to control the temperature profile in a vertical direction.

Abstract: A system for growing a crystal ingot from a melt includes a crucible assembly configured to contain the melt and a susceptor configured to support the crucible assembly. The crucible assembly includes a substantially transparent crucible. The system further includes a heating system for generating thermal energy and disposed to supply thermal energy to the susceptor via thermal radiation. The susceptor enables transfer of thermal energy to the melt via radiation through the transparent crucible.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are magnesium-doped rare earth nitride materials, some of which are semi-insulating or insulating. Also disclosed are methods for preparing the materials. The magnesium-doped rare earth nitride materials may be useful in the fabrication of, for example, spintronics, electronic and optoelectronic devices.

Abstract: In particular, an object is to show a modified cross-section fiber that is split and used and thus can efficiently produce a fine conjugate fiber. The present disclosure relates to a modified cross-section fiber comprising: (1) a plurality of pieces of conjugate fiber structures comprising a first thermoplastic resin and a second thermoplastic resin having a lower melting or softening point than the first thermoplastic resin and (2) a connected body comprising a third thermoplastic resin having a higher melting or softening point than the second thermoplastic resin, wherein, in an arbitrary fiber cross-section, at least two pieces of the conjugated fiber structure are connected by the connected body.

Abstract: A textile comprising a plurality of synthetic fibers and a plurality of active particles. The plurality of synthetic fibers comprise a plurality of meta-aramid and/or para-aramid fibers. The plurality of active particles are physically embedded in the plurality of synthetic fibers. The plurality of active particles comprise a higher heat stability temperature than the plurality of synthetic fibers.

Abstract: A method for synthesizing silica nanofibers using sound waves is provided. The method includes providing a solution of polyvinyl pyrrolidone, adding sodium citrate and ammonium hydroxide to form a first mixture, adding a silica-based compound to the solution to form a second mixture, and sonicating the second mixture to synthesize a plurality of silica nanofibers having an average cross-sectional diameter of less than 70 nm and having a length on the order of at least several hundred microns. The method can be performed without heating or electrospinning, and instead includes less energy intensive strategies that can be scaled up to an industrial scale. The resulting nanofibers can achieve a decreased mean diameter over conventional fibers. The decreased diameter generally increases the tensile strength of the silica nanofibers, as defects and contaminations decrease with the decreasing diameter.

Abstract: A cured epoxy resin material is depolymerized by using a composition including a compound represented by the chemical formula of XOmYn (wherein X is hydrogen, alkali metal or alkaline earth metal, Y is halogen, m is a number satisfying 1?m?8 and n is a number satisfying 1?n?6), and a reaction solvent, wherein X is capable of being dissociated from XOmYn and Y radical is capable of being produced from XOmYn in the reaction solvent. It is possible to carry out depolymerization of a cured epoxy resin material, for example, at 200° C., specifically 100° C. or lower, and to reduce a processing cost and an energy requirement. It is also possible to substitute for a reaction system using an organic solvent as main solvent, so that the contamination problems caused by the organic solvent functioning as separate contamination source may be solved and environmental contamination or pollution may be minimized.

Abstract: A garment article is made of a fabric including a plurality of warp and weft yarns woven together in a pattern; at least the weft yarns include elastomeric yarns, to provide an elasticity of the fabric in warp direction that is at least 7% and elasticity of the fabric in weft direction that is at least 15%; the fabric of the garment is bias cut so that the weft yarns in the garment are angled with respect to the widthwise direction (WD) of the article.

Abstract: A method for weaving a fabric (F), with warp yarns (412, 414, 422, 424) and inwoven weft yarns (61, 62, W1-W5), on a loom (2) which comprises a warp delivery unit (8); heddles (14) for moving warp yarns in order to form a shed; a mechanism (12) for moving (F1) each heddle vertically along a vertical path; weft insertion means (21, 22) for inserting each weft yarn in a shed (S1, S2) and for releasing the weft yarn at a given location along a weft axis (Y1, Y2); and weft delivery means (28) for delivering weft yarns (61, 62, W1-W5) to the weft insertion means, this method comprising, for at least two consecutive picks, at least the following steps consisting in a) opening the shed (S1, S2); b) picking, by the weft insertion means (21, 22), of a first end (612, 622) of a weft yarn (61, 62, W1-W5) presented by the weft delivery means (28); c) drawing (A3) the weft yarn into the shed, along the weft axis (Y1, Y2); d) releasing the weft yarn at the predetermined position along the weft axis; e) withdrawing the inse

Abstract: This invention in one embodiment comprises a cylindrical rod with a rotating, removable loop head inserted into the center of the top end of the rod. The loop head is inserted into a vertical hole drilled into the top end of the rod, wherein the loop head is able to rotate in the hole. The loop head has a plurality of outwardly radially extending circumferential loops that receive wire for bending and weaving into the Viking Knit. Preferably, the rod also has an anchor hole, drilled diagonally through the rod near its top end, for receiving and securing a wire. Preferably, the rod also has a conical wire wrap attachment at the bottom of the rod for making wired end caps to cover or enclose the finished Viking Knit Weave. In another embodiment, this invention comprises a hollow cone with a rotating, removable loop head inserted in either or both ends of the cone.

Abstract: Described are bags having a sack-like body formed of knitwear. The knitwear includes a first layer and a second layer, wherein the first layer at least partly overlaps the second layer, and wherein the first layer and the second layer are knitted integrally in a one-piece knitting process.

Abstract: A flexible ribbon is folded over itself to form a pair of end ribbon portions at opposite sides of a middle ribbon portion. Each ribbon portion has ribbon apertures. A stiff support is mounted on the middle ribbon portion and has support apertures that overlie the ribbon apertures in the middle ribbon portion. A drawstring is routed freely through the support apertures and the ribbon apertures, and pulled to move the middle ribbon portion from a flat state in which the ribbon portions lie in a common plane, to a curled state in which the middle ribbon portion is folded over and contacts the end ribbon portions to form a loop bounding an open presentation area. An adornment is mounted on the support in the open presentation area, and is visible through the open presentation area in the curled state.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a low-volatile organic compound (VOC) natural fiber composite material, a preparation method therefor and an application thereof. In the method, a nanoclay and a resin are blend-spun to prepare modified synthetic fibers, the modified synthetic fibers are mixed with natural fibers or with natural fibers and other fibers to prepare mixed fibers, and the mixed fibers are shredded, mixed, lapped, needle punched or hot pressed, so as to prepare the low-VOC natural fiber composite material. The low-VOC natural fiber composite material can be applied to automobile interior trims after hot pressing. The low-VOC natural fiber composite material has features of low VOC, low density, light weight, low cost, high strength, good toughness, high deformability, high safety, and being environmentally-friendly and recyclable.

Abstract: An enhanced, co-formed fibrous web structure is disclosed. The web structure may have a co-formed core layer sandwiched between two scrim layers. The core layer may be formed of a blend of cellulose pulp fibers and melt spun filaments. The scrim layers may be formed of melt spun filaments. Filaments of one or both of the scrim layers, and optionally the core layer, may also be meltblown filaments. The fibrous web structure may have a Consumer Preference Indication (governing allocation of melt spun filaments between core layer and scrim layers) greater than 0. Alternatively, the filaments forming the scrim layers may constitute from 1 to 13 percent of the weight of the structure. Alternatively, the scrim layers may have a combined basis weight of from 0.1 gsm to less than 3.0 gsm. A method for forming the structure, including direct formation of layers, is also disclosed.

Abstract: A bobbin holder that grasps a holder body and a flange of a bobbin that winds a thread n around the holder body, the holder including: an opening formed in an upper surface of the holder body; a thread holding portion that holds a thread n and is arranged in the opening so as to protrude from a center of the holder body toward an outer circumference of the holder body; and a cutting blade that cuts the thread held by the thread holding portion, the blade being disposed in one of regions inside the opening that is partitioned by the thread holding portion, wherein the cutting blade is disposed on a thread path of the thread n being pulled after the thread n, which is wound around the bobbin grasped by a grasping portion and is pulled from the other region inside the partitioned opening, is held by the thread holding portion.

Abstract: An embroidery decoration has an outer frame and a stitching plate. The stitching plate is detachably mounted in the outer frame. An outer periphery of the stitching plate abuts an inner periphery of the outer frame. The stitching plate has multiple through holes formed through the plate surfaces for needles and threads to directly pass through for stitching on the stitching plate. After stitching, the outer frame, the stitching plate and the thread on the stitching plate form the end product. The stitching plate is solid in a fixed shape, thereby eliminating the problem of loosening and facilitating convenience in stitching. The embroidery decoration is mainly composed of two components made by plastic injection molding, such that the manufacturing cost is reduced.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an operation method of a washing machine for controlling the rotation of a pulsator to enhance cleaning performance, there is provided a method of operating a washing machine having a pulsator rotatably provided in a tub, and the method may include a first cleaning mode having a first process of rotating the pulsator in one direction at a first angle and then rotating it in the other direction at a second angle around the rotation shaft; and a second process of rotating the pulsator in the one direction at a third angle and then rotating it in the other direction at a fourth angle around the rotation shaft, wherein the first angle is greater than the third angle, and the second angle is greater than the fourth angle, and the second angle is greater than the third angle.

Abstract: A fabric treating appliance includes a rotatable basket defining a treating chamber for receiving a load of laundry items for treatment. The basket comprises a dual wall, having an inner wall and an outer wall, defining a space therebetween. Liquid within the treating chamber can flow through a plurality of liquid extraction perforations and into the space between the walls, where the liquid can drain downwardly out through an opening in the outer wall and into a tub.

Abstract: Washing machine appliances and methods for washing articles in washing machine appliances are provided. A method includes flowing a hot water volume into a tub, wherein the hot water volume is the only water volume flowed at a hot temperature into the tub, and performing an agitation cycle after flowing the hot water volume into the tub and after a detergent and an additive have been added to the tub. The method further includes draining water from the tub after performing the agitation cycle, and flowing a cold water volume into the tub after draining the water from the tub. The method further includes draining water from the tub after flowing the cold water volume into the tub, and performing an extraction cycle after flowing the cold water volume into the tub and draining the water from the tub.

Abstract: Washing machine appliances and methods for washing articles in washing machine appliances are provided. A method includes flowing a warm water volume into a tub, and performing a first agitation cycle after flowing the warm water volume into the tub. The method further includes flowing a hot water volume into the tub, and performing a second agitation cycle after flowing the hot water volume into the tub and after an additive has been added to the tub. The method further includes draining water from the tub after performing the second agitation cycle, and flowing a cold water volume into the tub after draining the water from the tub. The method further includes draining water from the tub after flowing the cold water volume into the tub, and performing an extraction cycle after flowing the cold water volume into the tub and draining the water from the tub.

Abstract: The present invention provides a dedicated washing machine for hats. In an embodiment of the invention, the dedicated hat washing machine comprises an upper lid with integrated spray tubes, a hat retainer form, and a wash tub with lower spray tubes. The upper lid is connected to the wash tub via a rear hinge, side latch, and front lock. A rubber seal is provided to prevent water from leaving the washing machine. The washing machine further comprises an electric drive motor, wash pump, drain pump, water pressure supply line, heating element, float valve, power supply, cycle controls, and soap dispenser.

Abstract: A method of displaying selection information on a display of a user interface for a laundry treating appliance, including displaying on the display user-selectable options for laundry type and treatment type, in response to receiving user selections for the laundry type and treatment type, displaying on the display a group of user-selectable presets.

Abstract: A laundry treating apparatus may include a tub, a drum provided within the tub to accommodate laundry, flow path units provided on the drum to provide moving paths of water, an agitation unit provided within the drum so as to be rotatable and moving at least a part of water within the drum to the flow path units during rotation, and filter units to filter water moving along the flow path units. Each of the filter units includes a body configured to provide a storage space of foreign substances, an inflow part to introduce water in the flow path unit into the body, a filter provided on the body to filter water introduced into the body and then to discharge filtered water to the drum, and discharge parts provided on the body to discharge water containing foreign substances in the tangential direction of a rotating trajectory of the drum.

Abstract: Laundry appliance (1), for example laundry washing machine, laundry dryer or laundry washer dryer, comprising a) a cabinet (2) with a housing (10) having at least one front face (112A, 112B) and at least one front panel (12), b) at least one fixing device (38, 22, 131) for fixing said front panel (12) to the housing (10) by applying a fixing force in a fixing direction (FD), c) at least one pulling device (20, 30, 12A, 12B) for exerting a pulling force (F) in a pulling direction (PD) onto the front panel (12) pulling the front panel (12) against at least one front face (112A, 112B) of the housing (10, 10A, 10B), d) wherein the fixing direction (FD) of the fixing force is different to the pulling direction (PD)of the pulling force (F), and e) wherein the fixing device (38A, 131) is coupled to the pulling device (30) in such a way that the fixing force generates the pulling force (F) or is partly transformed into the pulling force (F).

Abstract: A steamer includes a housing, a power cord configured to be selectively coupled to an external power source, a battery, a fluid reservoir positioned in the housing, a reservoir heating element configured to preheat fluid in the fluid reservoir, a steam generating device operable to receive preheated fluid from the fluid reservoir and generate steam, and a nozzle in fluid communication with the steam generating device. The reservoir heating element receives power from the external power source when the power cord is in communication with the external power source. The steam generating device receives power from the battery when the power cord is unplugged from the external power source. The nozzle is configured to receive the steam from the steam generating device and discharge the steam through the nozzle.

Abstract: A method of doping a substrate with dielectric dopant particles. The substrate, comprising an organic polymer, is exposed to a first layer comprising a first plurality of dielectric dopant particles. The organic polymer has a thermal conductivity that is less than 5 Wm?1K?1 and a lossiness that is less than a lossiness of the first plurality of dielectric dopant particles. The substrate and first layer are irradiated by an energy source operating at an operating frequency. During the irradiation, the first plurality of dielectric dopant particles of the first layer diffuses into the organic polymer of the substrate. Irradiation continues for a first desired time to achieve a first desired depth of penetration of the first plurality of dielectric dopant particles into the organic polymer.