Abstract: A shoe drying assembly includes a panel that may have a shoe placed thereon. The panel engages an inner wall of a dryer thereby inhibiting the shoe from tumbling when the dryer is turned on. A coupler is coupled to the panel such that the coupler may magnetically engage the inner wall of the dryer. A first set of straps is provided and a second set of straps is provided. Each of the first set of straps and the second set of straps is coupled to the panel. Thus, each of the first set of straps and the second set of straps may be positioned over the shoe when the shoe is positioned on the panel. Each of the second set of straps is matable with an associated one of the first set of straps.

Abstract: The dial unit includes a dial including a shaft and being rotatable around the shaft, a detector to detect a rotation amount of the dial, a rotator engaged with the dial and rotatable together with the dial. The dial unit includes a rotation transmission member to keep the dial and the rotator separated from each other before the rotation angle of the dial reaches a first angle and to transmit rotation of the dial to the rotator when the rotation angle exceeds the first angle. The dial unit includes an elastic member which is shaped as a coil-shaped portion and contains the rotator inside the coil-shaped portion. The elastic member applies to the rotator a torque in an opposite direction to a rotational direction of the rotator when the rotator rotates.

Abstract: An endoscope includes: an operation portion; an insertion portion pivotable relative to the operation portion; a pivot state switching instruction portion; a sliding member slidable in a longitudinal axis direction of the operation portion along with a switching operation of the pivot state switching instruction portion; a holding ring configured to hold the sliding member; and a pivot restriction switching device provided with a braking member on an end portion on pivot portion side of the sliding member, and configured to switch over a state of a pivot portion from a pivotable state to a pivot restricted state or from the pivot restricted state to the pivotable state, the braking member being pressed against and disposed on the pivot portion to apply braking force.

Abstract: An endoscope includes: an insertion portion configured to be inserted into a subject; a plate-like member provided on a proximal end side of the insertion portion, the plate-like member allowing a mechanism component for operating the insertion portion to be arranged on the plate-like member, the plate-like member having a predetermined thickness dimension; an attachment portion formed by flexing an end portion of the plate-like member in a predetermined direction; and a fixing portion configured to fix at least part of another member within a range of the thickness of the plate-like member, the fixing portion being formed inside the attachment portion.

Abstract: A bending portion for endoscope includes: a distal end side bending tube in which a plurality of bending pieces are continuously and pivotably coupled; a proximal end side bending tube coupled to a proximal end side of the distal end side bending tube and including a bending element with a bending moment for obtaining a predetermined bending angle greater than a bending moment of the distal end side bending tube; and an operation wire actively bending the distal end side bending tube and the proximal end side bending tube by pulling and relaxing, wherein pulling and relaxing of the operation wire actively bend the distal end side bending tube and the proximal end side bending tube.

Abstract: A scanning endoscope apparatus is provided that includes: an endoscope having a light guide portion configured to guide and emit an illuminating light for illuminating a subject, and an actuator configured to oscillate the light guide portion; a storage portion configured to store a resonance frequency at a time when the light guide portion is caused to oscillate in a resonant state; an application portion configured to sequentially apply a plurality of signals having different frequencies to the actuator; a signal monitoring portion configured to monitor signals that are applied to the actuator; and a determination portion configured to compare a frequency of a signal which is smallest in a case where the actuator is taken as a load with the resonance frequency stored in the storage portion to determine whether or not the endoscope is abnormal.

Abstract: This invention relates generally to a method for performing an endoscopic procedure.

Abstract: A scanning-type endoscope includes: a scanning portion including a light guiding portion and an actuator configured to oscillate a distal end of the light guiding portion; a cylindrical member provided along the light guiding portion; and a holding portion provided on the cylindrical member and configured to hold the scanning portion at a predetermined position on a plane perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the cylindrical member and configured so that the scanning portion is slidable in the longitudinal direction.

Abstract: An image pickup apparatus includes: a lens frame internally holding a movable lens, and including a magnet provided on an outer circumferential surface; a holding frame; and a magnetic member, in which the magnet includes a plurality of magnet pairs provided at uniform angles in a circumferential direction of the lens frame, each of the magnet pairs including magnets that are respectively disposed on distal end side and proximal end side along the optical axis direction of the movable lens, the magnet disposed on the distal end side has a polarity opposite in the radial direction to a polarity of the magnet disposed on the proximal end side, and the magnetic member is provided to face the magnets that configure one of the plurality of magnet pairs.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an endoscope and a method of manufacturing the endoscope, and a medical detection system. The endoscope includes a housing; and a transparent cover structure, which includes a seal cover and at least one dissolution layer, the at least one dissolution layer wrapping around an outer surface of the seal cover, and the dissolution layer including a soluble material that can dissolve in digestive juices, wherein the housing and the transparent cover structure are connected in a sealed manner to form a sealed space, and the sealed space is provided therein with: an optical lens, which is provided in a region of the sealed space close to the transparent cover structure; a light source, which is provided in a region around the optical lens; and an image sensor, which is provided to correspond with the optical lens.

Abstract: An ear ailment diagnostic device and method in accordance with the present disclosure generally comprises a pair of earpieces, which both further comprise a light source, a magnification lens, an air conduction channel and a miniature camera. The earpieces may optionally comprise a thermometer and/or tympanometer. Each earpiece is coupled to an air conduction tube, an insufflator and an electrical wiring/data tube which is coupled to a computer. The insufflator may be manually, electronically, or battery powered. In the preferred embodiment the computer comprises a smart phone with data processing capability and wireless communication capability. Any data sent from the device can then be interpreted and diagnosed in a remote location so that an accurate treatment is prescribed.

Abstract: An inflated implant, such as an attenuation device, previously implanted in a urinary bladder can later be removed according to a number of different methods. Preferably, removal is accomplished transurethrally. In one embodiment, removal is accomplished by reducing the inflated implant from an enlarged profile to a reduced profile so that it may be withdrawn transurethrally by a removal system. The removal system can be configured differently depending upon whether reduction from the enlarged profile to the reduced profile is accomplished by deflation, compression, and/or other ways.

Abstract: An imaging apparatus with a wavefront controller and a method for controlling the apparatus. Sending control data based on a first setting to the wavefront controller to adjust an irradiation wavefront so as to set a beam shape of the irradiation beam of light. Receiving data that is representative of a wavefront of measurement light. Sending updated control data to the wavefront controller to readjust the irradiation wavefront based on the measurement wavefront data while at the same time also using the wavefront controller to control the beam shape of the irradiation beam of light based on the first setting.

Abstract: Embodiments of this invention relate to the generation of wavefronts for measurements, diagnostics, and treatment planning for ophthalmic applications. In some embodiments, a wavefront generator generates light having a uniform wavefront, which is focusable on the retina of an emmetropic eye by the normal function of the emmetropic eye. In some embodiments, the wavefront generator can generate light having a custom wavefront which is not focusable on the retina of the emmetropic eye. In some embodiments, the wavefront generator can receive information relating to an optical aberration of the eye, generate a custom wavefront, and project light having this custom wavefront, which in combination with the optical aberration of the eye is focusable on the retina.

Abstract: Geographic atrophy of the eye can be detected and measured by imaging the eye at a depth greater than the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) at a plurality of locations of the eye, for example, using optical coherence tomography (OCT); determining a ratio of the intensities of imaging signals of a retinal layer(s) with respect to the intensity of imaging signals of a sub-RPE layer(s) at each location; determining representative values based at least in part on the determined ratios; generating a map of the representative values; and identifying diseased areas from the map. Contours and binary maps may be generated based on the identified diseased areas. The size and shape of the identified areas may be analyzed and monitored over a period of time.

Abstract: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) scan data of a subject is acquired over a region of interest which can include an optic disc or a macula of a retina. Layer boundaries of retinal layers are identified in the OCT scan data to facilitate measurements. In one aspect, a measurement related to ratio value between a total backscattered signal intensity of one or more target layers of the retina and a total backscattered signal intensity of one or more reference layers is computed on a location-by-location basis within a region of interest of the OCT scan data. Measurements can be collected, aggregated, analyzed, and displayed in connection with other information taken or derived from the OCT scan data.

Abstract: The present invention discloses methods of obtaining ophthalmic lens capable of reducing the aberrations of the eye comprising the steps of characterizing at least one corneal surface us a mathematical model, calculating the resulting aberrations of said corneal surface(s) by employing said mathematical model, selecting the optical power of the intraocular lens. From this information, an ophthalmic lens is modeled so a wavefront arriving from an optical system comprising said lens and corneal model obtains reduced aberrations in the eye. Also disclosed are ophthalmic lenses as obtained by the methods which are capable reducing aberrations of the eye.

Abstract: A vision testing device and a vision testing program are capable of obtaining a correct test result while reducing an accumulation of fatigue added on one of the eyes of a testee, including: image displays that present a light for suppressing a dark adaptation for both eyes of a testee; and image displays that present a target for an eye (L, R, or both) of the testee so that the target is presented for one of the eyes before the vision testing for the other eye is ended.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an eye testing and image capture device for testing and examination of an eye comprising an image display device to display an image for viewing by an eye to be tested; an image capture device to capture an image of the eye; a beam splitter positioned to split light between the image capture device and the image display device; and a lighting array for illuminating the eye wherein the lighting array comprises a first array positioned at a first angle to the eye and a second array positioned at a second angle to the eye and the first array and second array comprise two or more different light types. The present invention also relates to a method of obtaining eye test data and one or more image of an eye as well as to a system and method of screening a patient using the device and method.

Abstract: Systems, apparatus, and methods are provided for quantifying inter-ocular suppression in binocular vision impairment. The systems, apparatus, and methods may include a stimulus presentation device and a controller which present different stimuli to each eye of a patient. The stimuli can include letters, numbers, or shapes which are arranged in rows, and columns with a stimulus presented to each eye in a location corresponding a stimulus presented to the other eye. The combined contrast of corresponding stimuli equals a predetermined value, and this contrast can be adjusted with each iteration of stimuli presented. This adjustment can be based upon the patient's reports of what is seen and adjustments made by an algorithm executed by the controller. Suppression can thus be determined in terms of visual field location and quantified.

Abstract: An imaging apparatus includes a converter configured to convert an analog signal obtained from detected interference light into a digital signal and a clock generator configured as an interferometer including an optical path through which part of light emitted from a light source passes, the optical path being split into a first optical path and a second optical path having an optical path length difference therebetween, to generate a clock used by the converter sampling the analog signal at a frequency corresponding to the optical path length difference. The converter includes n A/D converters, n being an integer of at least 2, and is configured to change phases of n clocks obtained from the clock to produce a phase difference therebetween, and to generate a clock having an n-times frequency from the n clocks and n analog signals obtained from the analog signal using the n A/D converters.

Abstract: An ophthalmic apparatus includes a deforming unit and a generation unit. The deforming unit deforms a shape of a boundary that defines a region of a tomographic image of a subject eye in a depth direction according to a thickness of a layer in which the boundary is positioned. The generation unit generates an en-face image based on the region in the depth direction defined by the shape of the boundary deformed by the deforming unit.

Abstract: An ophthalmic imaging device that captures an image of a test eye, the device includes: an OCT optical system configured to acquire an OCT signal by scanning a tissue of the test eye with measurement light, the ophthalmic imaging device configured to execute: receiving a designation of a wide area which is wider than a unit area which is an acquisition unit for acquiring motion contrast data indicating a motion of the tissue; acquiring a plurality of OCT signals for the same position at different timing in each of a plurality of unit areas, the plurality of unit areas being positioned in the designated wide area and being not completely overlapped with each other; and acquiring the motion contrast data of each of the plurality of unit areas by processing the plurality of OCT signals acquired for the same position.

Abstract: A surgical microscope for imaging structures of an eye includes: a front optical unit, an illumination device which has an illumination-radiation-emitting illumination source and which illuminates the retina of the eye with an illumination spot via an illumination beam path which extends through the front optical unit, a camera and an adjustable camera optical unit disposed upstream thereof, an imaging beam path which extends through the front optical unit and the camera optical unit, and a control device which controls the camera optical unit and sets the latter in such a way that the retina of the eye in the region of the illumination spot is imaged on the camera. The control device varies a focusing state of the camera optical unit and, as a result thereof, records a plurality of images of the retina in the region of the illumination spot, the images being focused in different depth planes, and establishes a refractive value of the eye from these images.

Abstract: Examples of devices and method for quantifying opacities in ah eye are shown. Examples include analysis of still images or video images. In one example a cross section area of opacities within a visual axis are quantified. Opacities in the vitreous of an eye, such as “floaters” can vary in severity from little or no reduction in vision, to bothersome, to high reduction in visual function. It is desirable to be able to quantify a level of severity of visual obstruction within a patient's eye and proceed with a level of treatment to match the condition.

Abstract: An ophthalmic device is configured to examine at least two eye characteristics including intraocular pressure, and the ophthalmic device includes: an examination optical system configured to obtain information of a subject's eye when the at least two eye characteristics of the subject's eye are examined; and an examination window configured to switch examinations of the at least two eye characteristics. The examination optical system is arranged outside of the examination window. The examination window is capable of rotating independently of the examination optical system. The examinations of the at least two eye characteristics are switched by rotation of the examination window.

Abstract: A coverlet, or overlay, that contains sensors, electronics and communications systems that measures a subject's physiological condition, accommodates multiple additional add-on sensors, and transmits the data and information from the coverlet to a receiving device, which further transmits information, via wireless infrastructure, or otherwise, to data aggregators, including the Internet and Cloud.

Abstract: A system and method of producing a medical support device is disclosed. The disclosure determining a three-dimensional shape of the medical support device for supporting an anatomical body part of a patient, the method executed by a computer and including acquiring body part geometry data describing a geometry of the anatomical body part; acquiring medical procedure data describing a medical procedure to be carried out on the patient; acquiring atlas data describing a general three-dimensional shape of the anatomical body part; determining, based on the body part geometry data and the medical procedure data and the atlas data, support device geometry data describing the geometry of the support device. The method and system further includes generative forming of the device by issuing at least one control command to the generative forming device for forming the medical support device based on the support device geometry data.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a sensor includes a plurality of light-emitting elements, and a light receiving element. The light-emitting elements are arranged along a first direction and a second direction, the second direction intersecting the first direction. At least a portion of light emitted from each of the light-emitting elements is incident on the light receiving element. The light-emitting elements do not overlap the light receiving element in a third direction, the third direction being perpendicular to the first direction and the second direction. The light-emitting elements include a first light-emitting element and a second light-emitting element. A position of the second light-emitting element in a plane is between a position of the first light-emitting element in the plane and a position of the light receiving element in the plane. The plane includes the first direction and the second direction.

Abstract: [Object] To measure a state of a body fluid with high accuracy in the case where a measured object is thin. [Solution] Provided is a measurement device, including: a light source configured to emit light having a predetermined wavelength; a polarizer configured to convert the light emitted from the light source to linearly polarized light; a modulator configured to modulate a polarization direction of the linearly polarized light; at least one mirror configured to reflect the light modulated in the modulator in a measured object; an analyzer configured to separate, on the basis of a polarization direction of transmission light transmitted through the measured object, scattered light scattered in the measured object from the transmission light; and a detector configured to detect the transmission light separated from the scattered light in the analyzer.

Abstract: A system and method for in vivo detection and quantification of drusen present in the retina via administering an excitation signal to the retina of the eye and detecting an electromagnetic emissions spectrum from the retina in response to the excitation signal. The electromagnetic emissions spectrum may be used to identify a plurality of component emissions spectra, each component emissions spectrum corresponding to fluorescence from a component of the retina, one of the component emissions spectra corresponding to a target emissions spectrum.

Abstract: An object information acquiring apparatus includes: an acoustic wave generating member which absorbs light and generates an acoustic wave; an irradiating unit which irradiates an object or the acoustic wave generating member with light; a detector which detects an acoustic wave propagating from the object; a signal processing unit which generates object information that is information of the inside of the object, based on a signal output from the detector; and a switching unit which performs switching between a first mode in which a first acoustic wave generated inside the object due to irradiation of the light is detected by the detector and a second mode in which a second acoustic wave generated by the acoustic wave generating member due to irradiation of the light and having propagated inside the object is detected by the detector.

Abstract: An object information acquiring apparatus includes a light source, a light absorbing member configured to absorb light radiated from the light source to generate a transmit-ultrasound wave that is a planar wave, a detecting element configured to receive an acoustic wave to output an electric signal, an information processing unit configured to acquire characteristic information on an object using the electric signal. The detecting element receives an ultrasound wave resulting from reflection or scattering of the transmit-ultrasound wave in the object, as an acoustic wave.

Abstract: Reversibly switchable photoacoustic tomography (RS-PAT), a photoacoustic technique with enhanced sensitivity and resolution, is disclosed. RS-PAT utilizes a subtractive process for the formation of a photoacoustic image of a region containing a plurality of switchable photoacoustic probes. In various aspects, the photoacoustic detection in RS-PAT imaging occurs minimally twice: a first image obtained when the photoacoustic probe is in active (absorbing or ON) state and a second image obtained when the photoacoustic probe is in an inactive (less-absorbing or OFF) state. Subtraction of the second image from the first image is used to obtain the RS-PAT image.

Abstract: Support structures for positioning sensors on a physiologic tunnel for measuring physical, chemical and biological parameters of the body and to produce an action according to the measured value of the parameters. The support structure includes a sensor fitted on the support structures using a special geometry for acquiring continuous and undisturbed data on the physiology of the body. Signals are transmitted to a remote station by wireless transmission such as by electromagnetic waves, radio waves, infrared, sound and the like or by being reported locally by audio or visual transmission. The physical and chemical parameters include brain function, metabolic function, hydrodynamic function, hydration status, levels of chemical compounds in the blood, and the like. The support structure includes patches, clips, eyeglasses, head mounted gear and the like, containing passive or active sensors positioned at the end of the tunnel with sensing systems positioned on and accessing a physiologic tunnel.

Abstract: Methods, apparatuses, devices and systems for measuring the arterial blood pressure in humans and mammals by estimating the time varying arterial diameter using electromagnetic fields in the microwave spectrum (for example), are disclosed. Embodiments may be suitable for wearable devices, and for use by medical practitioners.

Abstract: Method to determine the arterial stiffness of an individual user (U) standing on a personal electronic scale having a top surface with at least three conductive pads on one of the left or right side of the scale, /a/—acquiring weight variations, and extracting therefrom a ballistocardiogram of the user's heart beat, /b/—acquiring impedance plethysmography signals across one of the foot of the user, and extracting therefrom a blood pulse signal at the foot, /c/—calculating a time delay (DT) between the heart beat and the blood pulse signal arriving at the foot, /d/—deducing therefrom a value of the arterial stiffness of the user

Abstract: An implantable vital sign sensor including a housing including a first portion, the first portion defining a first open end, a second open end opposite the first end, and a lumen there through, the first portion being sized to be implanted substantially entirely within the blood vessel wall of the patient. A sensor module configured to measure a blood vessel blood pressure waveform is included, the sensor module having a proximal portion and a distal portion, the distal portion being insertable within the lumen and the proximal portion extending outward from the first open end.

Abstract: Improvements in a heart rate playback machine to initially monitor heart rate of a person performs cardiovascular exercise. The heart rate is generally monitored by a chest strap that is placed around the chest of a user that transmits either the beats or the calculated heart rate. The heart rate can be received by a monitoring device, like a wrist or waist mounted device. The heart rate is recorded while the person is exercising. The machine then convert the heart rate into estimated loads of resistance, speed, elevation or other changes to simulate duplication of the heart rate. The machine uses a reverse algorithm to increase the resistance, speed or elevation prior to the recorded heart rate changes. The recorded heart rate, or the result of the algorithm, is then transportable or playable on the piece of exercise equipment. The exercise can be scaled to accommodate athletes of a different age or fitness level.

Abstract: An implantable vital sign sensor including a housing including a first portion, the first portion defining a first open end, a second open end opposite the first end, and a lumen there through, the first portion being sized to be implanted substantially entirely within the blood vessel wall of the patient. A sensor module configured to measure a blood vessel blood pressure waveform is included, the sensor module having a proximal portion and a distal portion, the distal portion being insertable within the lumen and the proximal portion extending outward from the first open end.

Abstract: One aspect of the present disclosure relates to a system that can provide an objective interpretation of an air plethysmographic waveform (APW). An APW taken from a subject can be received (e.g., from an device recording the APW during an air plethysmograph test). Based on an analysis of the APW, a characteristic of the APW can be determined. A suggested diagnosis for the subject can be provided based on the characteristic of the APW.

Abstract: Systems and methods for identifying LVOT obstruction in a non-invasive manner are provided. The systems and methods include obtaining a plethysmographic signal from a patient, for example from a pulse oximeter. A waveform is generated from the signal. The signal is processed and analyzed to determine whether the patient suffers from LVOT obstruction.

Abstract: A method and device is provided for the continuous estimation of the blood pressure using a noninvasive technique. The method involves sensing of the displacement signal generated by the palpation of the radial artery. The radial artery is modelled as a cylindrical voight type viscoelastic tissue for the estimation of the personalized blood pressure. The model includes the displacement signal and a set of parameters as an input. The set of parameters include a mean radius of the artery, a radius at zero mmHg, a viscoelastic damping parameter, an elasticity of the artery and a thickness of wall of artery. The method involves the optimization of the set of parameters using heuristic optimization techniques, which helps in the estimation of the systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The method and device can also be personalized for individualized monitoring and estimation of the blood pressure of the person.

Abstract: A pressure detection tablet is disclosed. The tablet is a capsule including a dye encapsulated within an inner coating, in which the inner coating is configured to rupture at a pressure equal to or greater than a pressure threshold. The tablet further includes an outer coating surrounding the capsule, in which the outer coating is configured to provide delivery of the capsule to a targeted site. The dye may be a non-metabolized, water soluble dye, such that a ruptured capsule releases the dye which can be visually detected in the urine. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of making the tablet, using the tablet to detect peak pressure in the colon and reducing the risk of developing a colonic disorder.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for determining intracranial pressure, includes a contact lens; a camera for making a plurality of images of at least one eye of a subject; one or more force transducers for controllably applying a force to the eye via the contact lens; a support system for supporting the camera, the contact lens and the one or more force transducers against the eye; and a computing device for controlling the force applied to the eye by the force transducers and stabilizing the force by negative feedback.

Abstract: The detection and diagnosis of a variety of cardiovascular disorders and levels of heart condition, using a novel method and system, according to a comprehensive analysis of cardiac electrical signal via the frequency domain, time domain, spatial domain.

Abstract: A system can include a near-field instrument to be placed inside a chamber of a heart, a far-field instrument to be placed in a stable position in relation to the heart, and a control unit. The control unit is configured to identify a unique pattern in electrogram information received from the far-field instrument when the near-field instrument is in one or more positions within the heart. When the unique pattern is detected, the control unit is configured to receive electrogram information from the near-field instrument. While recording electrogram information from the near-field instrument, the control unit is also configured to record voltage and complex fractionated atrial electrogram (CFAE) characteristics of the tissue inside a heart chamber. This information combined with rotor information can be used to identify substrate versus non-substrate rotor characteristics.

Abstract: A system and method to extract the timing of ECG events without reliance on ECG. The system and method are based on effects of scalp pulsation (due to blood flow) on electrode location. The electrodes in the system with the closest proximity to the facial arteries are re-referenced to create a [Mean Left-Mean Right] signal (LRM). A constrained peak detection algorithm is then used to find the BCG events. Finally, an automatic error checking and correction algorithm based on inter-beat timing is applied.

Abstract: Disclosed is an ECG electrode lead system suitable for use during imaging procedures such as, without limitation, CT scans or MRI and methods of use. In embodiments, the system includes an ECG electrode connector formed from radiolucent materials to enhance performance during imaging procedures by reducing or eliminating shadows on imaging media. In some embodiments, the disclosed connector includes a housing having an opening configured to operably receive an electrode post of an ECG electrode pad, an electrode member having a generally semicircular contact face disposed along at least a part of the perimeter of the opening, and an engagement member having an actuation surface and an engaging face pivotable about a pivot to enable engaging face to move from a first position whereby the engaging face is closer to the contact face and a second position whereby the engaging face is further from the contact face.

Abstract: Disclosed are various examples and embodiments of systems, devices, components and methods configured to detect a location of a source of at least one cardiac rhythm disorder in a patient's heart. In some embodiments, electrogram signals are acquired from inside a patient's heart, and subsequently normalized, adjusted and/or filtered, followed by generating a two-dimensional spatial map, grid or representation of the electrode positions, processing the amplitude-adjusted and filtered electrogram signals to generate a plurality of three-dimensional electrogram surfaces corresponding at least partially to the 2D map, one surface being generated for each or selected discrete times, and processing the plurality of three-dimensional electrogram surfaces through time to generate a velocity vector map corresponding at least partially to the 2D map.