Abstract: Methods and systems for generating heat and/or nitrogen gas in subterranean operations, pipelines, and other related operations are provided. In one embodiment, the methods comprise: providing a treatment composition comprising a carrier fluid, a delayed acid generating component, a first reactant, and a second reactant, wherein the first and second reactants are selected for being capable of reacting in an exothermic chemical reaction or a chemical reaction that produces nitrogen gas; and introducing the treatment composition into at least a portion of a conduit, container, or subterranean formation.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to a composition and method of fracturing a formation penetrated by a well-bore. The composition and method comprises providing a fracturing fluid that is carbon dioxide (CO2) with at least one friction reducing polymer that is a fluoropolymer dissolved in the CO2 at a concentration of about 0.001 to 0.4 weight percent.

Abstract: A fracturing fluid comprising: a base fluid, wherein the base fluid comprises water; proppant; and an additive, wherein the additive: (i) is a cross-linkable polymer, wherein the polymer is a polysaccharide comprising a backbone and pendant functional groups, wherein the polysaccharide is derivatized by substituting one or more of the pendant functional groups with furan; (ii) is a viscosifying agent; and (iii) is a curable resin for consolidating the proppant. A method of fracturing a subterranean formation comprising: introducing the fracturing fluid into the subterranean formation; and creating or enhancing one or more fractures in the subterranean formation.

Abstract: A method of producing particles comprising: (A) providing a plurality of particle cores, wherein the cores have at least a first property; (B) partially or fully coating the outer surface of the cores with a substance, wherein the substance has a second property, and wherein the second property is different from the first property; and (C) reducing the particle size of the coated particles, wherein the core is exposed after the step of reducing. A method of using particles comprising: introducing a treatment fluid into an area to be treated, wherein the treatment fluid comprises: (i) a base fluid; and (ii) the particles.

Abstract: Methods and compositions for treating proppant and/or formation sand to enhance proppant pack conductivity, control fines migration, and stabilize formation sand during the well production are provided. In one embodiment, the method comprises: introducing a fines migration control agent into a fluid comprising a base fluid and a plurality of proppants, wherein the fines migration control agent comprises a core group capable of attaching to the proppant and at least one end group connected to the core group capable of capturing fines; mixing the fines migration control agent with the fluid to form a proppant slurry; and injecting the proppant slurry into a wellbore penetrating at least a portion of a subterranean formation.

Abstract: Cements, such as alkali activated binder, may be used as coatings on proppants, such as sand, to improve the strength thereof. The resulting chemically bonded phosphate ceramic (CBPC) coated proppants show increased compressive strength between about 60 to about 130 MPa, as well as produced fines of lower than about 10 wt % at 10,000 psi closure stress.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a phosphor, and particularly to an oxynitride phosphor, a manufacturing method therefor, and a light emitting device package using same. The present invention may provide an oxynitride phosphor which is represented by chemical formula 1 below, and which has a monoclinic crystalline structure.

Abstract: Provided are a transparent fluorescent sialon ceramic having fluorescence and optical transparency; and a method of producing the same. Such a transparent fluorescent sialon ceramic includes a sialon phosphor which contains a matrix formed of a silicon nitride compound represented by the formula Mx(Si,Ai)y(N,O)z (here, M represents at least one selected from the group consisting of Li, alkaline earth metals, and rare earth metals, 0?x/z<3, and 0<y/z<1) and a luminescent center element.

Abstract: There is provided a method for selectively removing a plurality of target objects by using a stripping solution without causing damage to an underlying material, the target objects including a resist used as a mask material for dry etching and a transformed layer and a deposited film formed during the dry etching, the stripping solution including a first composition, a second composition, and a third composition, and the method including continuously changing the composition of the stripping solution from the first composition to the second composition and then from the second composition to the third composition.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a liquid-crystalline medium based on a mixture of polar compounds having negative dielectric anisotropy (??), which is distinguished by the fact that it has a value for the ratio ?1/?n2 in the range 6-45 with a clearing point of >60° C. and a ?? of ??2.3. Media of this type are particularly suitable for electro-optical displays having active-matrix addressing based on the ECB, PA LCD, FFS or IPS effect.

Abstract: The present invention provides a mixture including a compound that has a mesogenic group and satisfying an expression represented by Expression (1): 1.0?YI/?n?50.0??Expression (1) wherein YI represents a yellowness index of the mixture and ?n represents a refractive index anisotropy of the compound having a mesogenic group. In a case of producing an optical anisotropic body constituted by a composition prepared by using the compound, repellence hardly occurs, and the mixture exhibits excellent alignment properties in a case of using the optical anisotropic body. Furthermore, a composition that contains the mixture and an optical anisotropic body that uses the composition are provided.

Abstract: The present invention concerns an arrangement for the recycling of carbon and hydrocarbon compounds from organic input material through pyrolysis treatment, comprising: a reactor (1) comprising a chamber (110) that is limited by a jacket (111) and upper and lower end-wall sections (112, 113), in which chamber input material (M) in fragmented form is intended to be introduced, gas inlet means (120) for the supply of heated inert gas (101) to the input material, whereby the gas inlet means (120) is connected in a manner that transfers gas to a gas emission source (102) through inlet pipes (104, 129, 187.1, 187.

Abstract: A method for the treatment of polymeric and/or organic waste using a heat-resistant process container provided with a valve and filled with prepared waste and which is closed in a gas-tight manner. The container is moved with the waste into a process furnace for thermal treatment. The waste is degassed therein via the valve during the thermal treatment, and immediately after degassing, the heated process container is moved from the process furnace into a cooling chamber in which the residual heat is removed from the process container and stored in a thermal storage. After cooling, the process container is removed from the cooling chamber and the contents of the process container are emptied into a separating device.

Abstract: A system and process for converting plastics and other heavy hydrocarbon solids into retail petroleum products are provided. The plastics are processed by melting, pyrolysis, vapourization, and selective condensation, whereby final in-spec petroleum products are produced. The system provides a reactor for subjecting the plastics to pyrolysis and cracking hydrocarbons in the plastics to produce a plastics vapour comprising hydrocarbon substituents; one or more separation vessels for separating the plastics vapour into hydrocarbon substitutents based on boiling points of the hydrocarbon substituents; one or more condensers for condensing the hydrocarbon substituents into one or more petroleum products; and means for collecting the one or more petroleum products. Fuels generated during the process can be recycled for use upstream in the process.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method for producing a sewage sludge-derived bio-heavy oil and the bio-heavy oil produced by the method, the method including breaking organic materials included in the sewage sludge into small molecules and removing oxygen at the same time using a supercritical state alcohol as a solvent and reaction medium, thereby effectively providing a bio-heavy oil with low oxygen content and high energy content.

Abstract: The invention relates to a feed mixture for use in a process for producing hydrocarbons under increased pressure and temperature conditions, where the feed mixture comprises one or more carbonaceous feedstocks and water, where further a texturing agent has been added to the feed mixture, the texturing agent being adapted to stabilize the feed mixture to prevent separation and further to maintain the feed mixture as a homogenous mixture during a pressurization. Further the invention relates to processes for manufacturing such feed mixture.

Abstract: A method of depolymerizing coal includes preparing a high temperature depolymerizing medium consisting of heavy hydrocarbon oils and mixing it with coal to form a mixture, performing an optional first distillation at a temperature below 250° C. to recover naphthalene, heating the mixture to a temperature between 350° C. and 450° C. to create a digested coal, centrifuging the digested coal to remove ash and obtain a centrate, and distillation of the centrate into separate fractions. The high temperature depolymerizing medium may be a heavy hydrocarbon with a hydrogen to carbon (H/C) ratio higher than 7.0% and may include liquids chosen from the group consisting of: coal tar distillate, decant oil, anthracene oil, and heavy aromatic oils. The high temperature depolymerizing medium may be blended with an oil, preferably with H/C ratio higher than 10.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to thermal conversion of ketoacids, including methods for increasing the molecular weight of ketoacids, the method including the steps of providing in a reactor a feedstock comprising at least one ketoacid. The feedstock is then subjected to one or more C-C-coupling reaction(s) by heating the feedstock to temperature of 200-500° C. in the absence of a catalyst.

Abstract: A process is presented for the removal of contaminants like sulfur compounds from hydrocarbons. The sulfur compounds are removed from hydrocarbons that may be a feed to cracking units. A feed stream is treated with a clinoptilolite or a barium exchanged zeolite adsorbent to effectively remove carbon disulfides from the feed hydrocarbon. The adsorbent may be regenerated by a hydrogen stream, a hydrocarbon stream or a mixture thereof.

Abstract: A system for desalting a crude oil stream includes vessel that has an interior piping structure that releases wash water into a crude oil flow within the vessel. The piping structure, which may have more than one level, has a plurality of spray nozzles for dispersing or releasing the wash water into the flowing crude oil stream. The spray nozzles may be located on a same side or opposite sides of the piping structure. Where multiple levels are used, the number of spray nozzles on each level may be the same as or different than the number of spray nozzles on other levels. The pressure drop through each spray nozzle is preferably no greater than 300 psi and the nozzles preferably deliver a dilution water droplet preferably no larger than 300 microns in diameter. A mixing valve, static mixer, or both can be placed downstream of the vessel.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a process for pretreatment of viscous hydrocarbon sludge and subsequent process for removal bound water thereby either opting for a total reflux of solvent till achieving till achieving a boiling point of the solvent. The present invention further discloses a process for pretreatment of non-viscous hydrocarbon sludge and subsequent process for removal bound water thereby opting for a complete reflux of solvent till a maximum temperature of 99° C. when the solvent has a boiling point distinctly below 99° C. The present invention further discloses a process for treatment of non-viscous sludge thereby opting for complete reflux of solvent either till boiling point of solvent or till boiling point of solvent when the boiling point of solvent is distinctly lower than boiling point of hydrocarbons present in the non-viscous sludge.

Abstract: To provide a catalyst having hydrotreatment (hydrogenation, desulfurization and denitrification) performance that is equal to or superior to the prior art, as a hydrotreating catalyst for hydrocarbon oils, and a hydrotreating process for hydrocarbon oils using the catalyst. The catalyst comprises 10 to 40 mass % of at least one element of Group 6 of the Periodic Table, 0.5 to 15 mass % of at least one element of Groups 8 to 10 of the Periodic Table based on the oxide catalysts, and a 0.05- to 3-fold amount of an organic additive with respect to the total number of moles of the elements of Group 6 and Groups 8 to 10 of the Periodic Table, added to an inorganic porous support composed mainly of silica-alumina that comprises an oxide of a metal of Group 2 of the Periodic Table.

Abstract: A gasifier system for reducing the particle size of non-gas byproducts of the gasification process. The gasifier system generally includes a grinder that permits uninterrupted syngas flow during gasification of biomass that contains high amounts of silica and/or salts. The described system and method incorporates a grinder that breaks apart the resultant non-gas byproducts into finer particles that may be flushed out of a gasifier using the syngas stream. The particles may then be easily separated from the gas stream in a separator and collected in a char or waste bin for removal/disposal.

Abstract: A gasification system includes a countercurrent type heat exchanger that includes a low-temperature side flow channel through which a gasification feedstock flows, and a high-temperature side flow channel to which treated water in a supercritical state is introduced. The treated water raises a temperature of the gasification feedstock by exchanging heat with the gasification feedstock. The system further includes a reactor that gasifies the gasification feedstock, whose temperature has been raised by the countercurrent type heat exchanger, by heating and pressurizing the gasification feedstock to be in a supercritical state. The reactor discharges the gasification feedstock as treated water in the supercritical state. The system further includes a treated water flow channel that introduces, to the countercurrent type heat exchanger, the treated water that has been discharged from the reactor, and a feedstock introduction port that introduces the feedstock to the low-temperature side flow channel.

Abstract: A method for marking a petroleum hydrocarbon or a liquid biologically derived fuel by adding to the petroleum hydrocarbon or liquid biologically derived fuel a compound having formula C{Ph(R1)i(OR2)j}2{Ph(R3)m}{OR4)n}{Ph(R5)o(OR6)p}, wherein Ph represents a benzene ring, R1, R3 and R5 independently are C1-C18 alkyl or C4-C18 heteroalkyl; R2, R4 and R6 independently are C1-C18 alkyl or C4-C18 heteroalkyl, i, j, m, n, o and p independently are zero, one or two. Each compound having formula C{Ph(R1)i(OR2)j}2{Ph(R3)m(OR4)n}{Ph(R5)o(0R6)p} is present at a level from 0.01 ppm to 20 ppm.

Abstract: An emulsifying dispersant includes, as the main component, vesicles formed from an amphiphilic substance capable of self-assembly or an emulsifying dispersant comprising single particles of a biopolymer as the main component. The particles made from amphiphilic substances capable of self-assembly are used. The amphiphilic substances are selected from among polyoxyethylene-hydrogenated castor oil derivatives wherein the average number of added ethylene oxide molecule is 5 to 15, dialkyldimethyl-ammonium halides wherein the chain length of the alkyl or alkenyl is 8 to 22, and phospholipids or phospholipid derivatives. According to the invention a three-phase structure composed of an aqueous phase, an emulsifying dispersant phase and an oil phase is formed on the surface of an emulsion to give an emulsion (such as emulsion fuel) excellent in thermal stability and long-term stability.

Abstract: An emulsifying dispersant includes, as the main component, vesicles formed from an amphiphilic substance capable of self-assembly or an emulsifying dispersant comprising single particles of a biopolymer as the main component. The particles made from amphiphilic substances capable of self-assembly are used. The amphiphilic substances are selected from among polyoxyethylene-hydrogenated castor oil derivatives wherein the average number of added ethylene oxide molecule is 5 to 15, dialkyldimethyl-ammonium halides wherein the chain length of the alkyl or alkenyl is 8 to 22, and phospholipids or phospholipid derivatives. According to the invention a three-phase structure composed of an aqueous phase, an emulsifying dispersant phase and an oil phase is formed on the surface of an emulsion to give an emulsion (such as emulsion fuel) excellent in thermal stability and long-term stability.

Abstract: A fertilizer/soil conditioner or a fuel source material is formed by processing animal waste by-products through the use of a rotary biomass dryer system. The animal waste by-product includes without limitation manure obtained from cattle or swine; feed lot bedding, poultry litter, a digestate of animal waste by-products obtained from an anaerobic digester, municipal waste, waste meat renderings, waste meat, or a mixture thereof. The processed material may comprise a higher amount of ash and a lower amount of volatile material than the animal waste by-product. The processed material may be stored as a powder or processed into pellets, logs, pucks, briquettes or another convenient shape form.

Abstract: The invention relates to the use of engineered fuel feedstocks to control the emission of sulfur-based, chlorine-based, nitrogen-based, or mercury-based pollutants, such as SO2, SO3, H2SO4, NO, NO2, HCl, and Hg that are generated during the combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal. Disclosed are novel engineered fuel feedstocks, feedstocks produced by the described processes, methods of making the fuel feedstocks, methods of producing energy from the fuel feedstocks, and methods of generating electricity from the fuel feedstocks.

Abstract: The present invention is a polymer having structural units, units of formula I, units of formula II and units of either formula IIIa or formula IIIb: The polymer improves the low-temperature properties of fuel oils from petroleum sources and especially from vegetable or animal sources.

Abstract: Provided herein are estolide compositions having high oxidative stability, said compositions comprising at least one compound of formula: in which n is an integer equal to or greater than 0; m is an integer equal to or greater than 1; R1, independently for each occurrence, is selected from optionally substituted alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched; R2 is selected from hydrogen and optionally substituted alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched; and R3 and R4, independently for each occurrence, are selected from optionally substituted alkyl that is saturated or unsaturated, and branched or unbranched. Also provided herein are uses for the compositions and methods of preparing the same.

Abstract: The present invention provides a refrigerating machine oil comprising a polyvinylether having a structural unit represented by the following formula (1): wherein R1, R2, and R3 may be the same or different from each other and each represent a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group, R4 represents a divalent hydrocarbon group or an ethereal oxygen-containing divalent hydrocarbon group, R5 represents a hydrocarbon group, m represents an integer of 0 or more, and in the case where m is 2 or more, a plurality of R4 may be the same or different from each other, a number average molecular weight Mn is 500 or more and 2000 or less, a ratio of a weight average molecular weight Mw to a number average molecular weight Mn, Mw/Mn, is 1.10 or more and 1.25 or less, and the refrigerating machine oil is used with a mildly flammable hydrofluorocarbon refrigerant.

Abstract: A dispersant includes the reaction product of an amine and at least one equivalent of glycidyl ether where the amine is selected from a group consisting of aminoethylpiperazine, bis(2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)amine, 4,4?-methylenebiscyclohexylamine, m-xylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, and triethylenetetramine and where the glycidyl ether has the structure (A), where R is selected from aromatic carbon chains, non-aromatic carbon chains and polyalkylene glycol groups. The dispersant is useful in a lubricant with a base oil for increasing soot dispersibility of the lubricant.

Abstract: The invention provides a lubricant composition comprising an oil of lubricating viscosity and 0.01 wt % to 15 wt % of a (thio)phosphoric acid salt of an N-hydrocarbyl-substituted gamma-(?-) or delta-amino(thio)ester. The invention further relates to a method of lubricating a mechanical device with the lubricant composition.

Abstract: A coating composition for a lubricating coating film includes: (A) a phenolic resin (B) an epoxy resin having an epoxy equivalent weight of 600 to 4000; and (C) at least one type of solid lubricant. The epoxy equivalent weight is generally defined by the number average molecular weight per the number of epoxy groups in a single molecule. The coating composition has a weight ratio of component (A) to the total weight of component (A) and component (B) of at least 50 weight %. A lubricating coating film, formed from the coating composition, has a high level of flexibility on surfaces of various base materials.

Abstract: The invention provides a method of lubricating an internal combustion engine equipped with a centrifugal oil mist separator, wherein the lubricant contains 0.1 wt % to 8 wt % soot resulting from operation of the engine, and wherein the lubricant composition comprises an oil of lubricating viscosity, and 0.2 wt % to 3 wt % of a soot dispersing additive, wherein the soot dispersing additive comprises a polymer chain having a number average molecular weight of 500 to 20,000, and wherein the soot dispersing additive has a shear stability index of 0 to 20.

Abstract: A lubricant additive concentrate containing 30 to 80 mass % oil of lubricating viscosity and from 20 to 70 mass % of additive; wherein from 30 to 90 mass % of the additive is (i) hybrid overbased colloidal detergent derived from sulfonate surfactant and hydroxybenzoate surfactant; and (ii) polyalkenyl succinimide dispersant derived from a polyalkene having a number average molecular weight (Mn) of from 1300 to 2500 daltons, and wherein the mass ratio of polyalkenyl succinimide dispersant (ii) to hybrid overbased colloidal detergent (i) in the lubricant additive is from 25:1 to 1:1.

Abstract: The invention provides a lubricant composition comprising an oil of lubricating viscosity and 0.01 wt % to 15 wt % of a protic acid salt of an N-hydrocarbyl-substituted gamma- (?-) or delta- (?-)amino(thio)ester. The invention further relates to a method of lubricating a mechanical device with the lubricant composition.

Abstract: A lubricating composition comprises an amide and at least one additive. The amide is the reaction product of a secondary, branched amine and a carboxylic acid. The carboxylic acid may be a monocarboxylic acid or a dicarboxylic acid, including dimer acid. The amide is hydrolytically stable, and may be used to increase the hydrolytic stability of the lubricant composition. Alternatively, the amide may be used to increase the additive solubility or detergency of the lubricant composition.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to new and optimized processes for the preparation of micro- and nano-scale capsules containing lubricant chemical additives. The present disclosure also relates to micro- and nano-scale capsules prepared by such processes, which are useful in a variety of applications, including automotive lubricants, diesel lubricants, industrial lubricants, metal-working lubricants, coolants, and process fluids. Micro- and nano-scale capsules prepared as described herein have the required properties that such capsules need to exhibit in order to function effectively and meet the requirements imposed by engine lubrication conditions. The microcapsules may be dispersed in a lubricating oil such that the lubricant exhibits improved stability and anti-wear performance, thereby improving engine fuel efficiency and performance.

Abstract: A lubricant contains alcohol initiated propylene oxide homopolymer, an oil soluble polyalkylene glycol other than the alcohol initiated propylene oxide homopolymer, and a calcium salt of dinonylnaphthalene sulphonate where the lubricant is further characterized by containing less than ten weight-percent of polyol esters based on total lubricant weight is useful as a lubricant for compressors.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a lubricant composition including an anti-wear additive and metal nanoparticles. The lubricant composition according to the disclosure has, simultaneously, good stability as well as good, long-lasting friction properties.

Abstract: The invention provides a method of lubricating an internal combustion engine equipped with a centrifugal oil mist separator, wherein the lubricant contains 0.1 wt % to 8 wt % soot resulting from operation of the engine, and wherein the lubricant composition comprises an oil of lubricating viscosity, and 0.2 wt % to 3 wt % of a soot dispersing additive having a shear stability index of 0 to 25, wherein the soot dispersing additive comprises a block copolymer comprising (i) a vinyl aromatic monomer block and (ii), a conjugated diene olefin monomer block.

Abstract: Perfume compositions having controlled spatio-temporal olfactory profiles are described. The disclosure also relates also to a method of measuring said spatial-temporal olfactory profiles of said compositions.

Abstract: The invention relates to the use of an alkaline aqueous composition comprising a) an amine oxide b) a nonionic surfactant, not being an amine oxide, and c) a cationic hydrotrope having the formula (I) where R=C6-C22 hydrocarbyl, R1 and R2 are independently C1-C4 alkyl, n is at least 12, and at most 25, and X? is an anion, e.g. halide or methylsulphate; for removal of dirt from hard surfaces. In particular the composition significantly reduces the amount of traffic film remaining on the surface after brushless vehicle cleaning as compared to presently applied formulation concepts. Further, the invention relates to certain such compositions and intermediates to make these.

Abstract: A cleaning composition for porcelain comprises abrasive material and a carrier, wherein the carrier is water-based. The abrasive material comprises pumice with a particle size distribution such that at least 35 percent of the particles fall are 250 to 750 microns and wherein the carrier comprises a biodegradable gum in an amount sufficient to act as a thickener and suspending agent for the pumice. The cleaning composition further comprises glycerin and further comprises between 30% and 60% by weight pumice. The cleaning composition further comprises between 0.8% and 2.5% biodegradable gum and a thickener selected from one or more members of the group consisting of guar gum, locust bean gum, tara gum, xanthan, carrageenan, gellan gum and vegetable gum.

Abstract: A hard surface cleaning composition, namely a bathroom cleaning composition, using partially neutralized citric acid salts and/or fully neutralized ethanolamine citrate salts are disclosed. The cleaning composition is unexpectedly safe to use, environmentally-friendly and efficacious for removal of soap scum and water hardness stains at mildly acidic and/or alkaline pHs. Methods of using the same are disclosed.

Abstract: A composition comprises a source of oxygen and a polyurethane for use in a treatment operation in cleaning a fabric material.

Abstract: The present invention concerns an automated dishwashing method comprising the steps of exposing dishware to an aqueous wash liquor comprising at least one lipase and a strong sequestering builder; completing at least one wash cycle; and optionally rinsing and drying the dishware; wherein the strong sequestering builder is a non-phosphorus builder. The invention further concerns an ADW detergent composition comprising lipase, a strong sequestering builder, use of the ADW composition and a rinse aid.

Abstract: A bacteria referred to here as Bacillus subtilis 6A-1 is provided, compositions thereof and processes for use of the bacteria, spores, cells, extracts and enzymes. The compositions which comprise the bacteria, spores, cells, extracts and/or enzymes are capable of degrading polysaccharides. Such compositions are capable of degrading cellulose, including plant-produced cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose. The bacteria produces at least two cellulose-degrading protein fractions. Cellulose degrading activity continues across pH2 to pH13.