Abstract: The present invention relates to a system for conducting the identification and quantification of micro-organisms, e.g., bacteria in biological samples. More particularly, the invention relates to a system comprising a disposable cartridge and an optical cup or cuvette having a tapered surface; wherein the walls are angled to allow for better coating and better striations of the light, an optics system including an optical reader and a thermal controller; an optical analyzer; a cooling system; and an improved spectrometer. The system may utilize the disposable cartridge in the sample processor and the optical cup or cuvette in the optical analyzer.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a device for monitoring a light source of an optical sensor designed for determining a measured value of a measured parameter in a medium, including at least one light source for transmitting light along an optical path through a measuring chamber fillable with the medium, wherein the light source is associated with a receiver for receiving reception light, and at least one monitoring unit associated with the light source, with a sensory unit for monitoring the light source, wherein the monitoring unit receives transmission light, and wherein the sensory unit points in the direction of the optical path and receives light from the direction opposite the optical path. The present disclosure also relates to the use of such a device in an analyzer.

Abstract: Gas detector devices, systems, and methods using a Golay cell are described herein. One device includes a microphone having a front surface with an sound collecting aperture for receiving sound, a substrate, a gas cavity formed in the substrate such that the gas cavity is in gas communication with the sound collecting aperture and the front surface forms a side surface of the gas cavity, and a window abutting the substrate to form a side surface of the gas cavity.

Abstract: According to one aspect, the invention relates to a device (100) for remote polarimetric characterisation of a sample (S). It comprises a source (10) for emitting at least one incident light wave at at least one first wavelength (?E); a monomode optical fibre (30) in which the incident light wave is intended to propagate; a polarisation state generator (PSG) arranged on the proximal side of the optical fibre; a reflector (40) intended to be arranged on the distal side of the optical fibre; a polarisation state analyser (PSA) arranged on the proximal side of the optical fibre and allowing, for each probe state of the incident wave generated by the polarisation state generator, the polarisation of the light wave obtained after propagation of the incident wave in the optical fibre (30), reflection from the distal side of the optical fibre and reverse propagation in the optical fibre (30), to be analysed.

Abstract: A light source and a method for its use in an optical sensor are provided, the light source including a resistively heated element. The light source includes a power circuit configured to provide a pulse width modulated voltage to the resistively heated element, the pulse width modulated voltage including: a duty cycle with a first voltage; and a pulse period including a period with a second voltage, wherein: the duty cycle, the first voltage, and the pulse period are selected so that the resistively heated element is heated to a first temperature; and the first temperature is selected to emit black body radiation in a continuum spectral range. Also provided is an optical sensor for determining a chemical composition including a light source as above.

Abstract: A controller of an optical measurement apparatus causes, in a condition that a rotational speed of a rotary body is controlled so that the speed is a specified value, a light source to generate light having a constant intensity and apply the light to an irradiation region, and acquires first timing information based on a change with time of an intensity of reflected light or transmitted light that is output from a second detection unit receiving the reflected light or transmitted light of the applied light. The controller causes the light source to periodically generate pulsed light in accordance with the first timing information and apply the pulsed light to the irradiation region, and acquires second timing information based on a result which is output from the first detection unit whose measurement is periodically enabled in accordance with the first timing information.

Abstract: A sensor for detecting concentration of a component in a breath sample including a gas sampling cell having an inlet, an outlet, a light source, a first light detector, a sampling channel configured to receive gas samples from the inlet; the sampling channel defining a light path between said light source and said first light detector; and a volume occupying material located within the sampling channel, the volume occupying material having an absorption coefficient for mid-infra-red light below 0.5 cm?1 at room temperature.

Abstract: A bolometric detector including an absorption membrane, for converting an incident electromagnetic radiation into heat; and a reflector, for reflecting to the absorption membrane part of the incident electromagnetic radiation having passed there through, is provided. The bolometric detector includes a non-metallic layer, situated between the absorption membrane and the reflector, having a series of index jumps, so as to form a network resonating at a wavelength of interest ?0; the mean pitch of the network is less than ?0; and the optical distance between the absorption membrane and the reflector is substantially equal to a multiple of ?0/2.

Abstract: A gas concentration measurement device includes a waveguide including an entrance and an exit, a rotating member, first and second band pass filters on the rotating member and on a pair of planes that intersect each other, and a rotational driver. The rotating member is rotated by the rotational driver so that the first and second band pass filters are selectively located at a transmitting position. When a portion of the rotating member, the first band pass filter, or the second band pass filter, the portion having a maximum radius of gyration around a rotating shaft, is defined as a maximum radius portion, and when a rotation locus obtained by imaginarily rotating the maximum radius portion around the rotating shaft in a view along the rotating shaft is defined as a reference circle, the exit is located in the reference circle.

Abstract: A gas concentration measurement device measures a gas concentration based on an absorbance of sample gas in a region between a light source that emits infrared light and a detector that detects the infrared light. The gas concentration measurement device includes a rotating member, first and second band pass filters on the rotating member, and a rotational driver. The first and second band pass filters are located on a pair of planes that intersect each other. The rotational driver rotates the rotating member around the rotating shaft to switch between a first state, in which the infrared light from the light source is transmitted through the first band pass filter, and a second state, in which the infrared light from the light source is transmitted through the second band pass filter.

Abstract: A thermal infrared sensor for gas measurement including a sensing element. The sensing element includes a thermal detection layer that outputs an electric signal based on a temperature change, a light-receiving surface electrode disposed on a light-receiving surface of the thermal detection layer, and a back electrode disposed on the thermal detection layer opposite the light-receiving surface electrode. The light-receiving surface electrode has a periodic structure configured to selectively absorb infrared light having an absorption wavelength of a sample gas.

Abstract: In a sensor device for determining ambient conditions of a vehicle, in particular a motor vehicle, comprising at least one transmitter for emitting electromagnetic radiation, in particular infrared radiation, comprising at least three receivers for receiving electromagnetic radiation, in particular infrared radiation, wherein at least one transmitter is assigned to at least one receiver for determining precipitation on at least one glass surface, in particular the windscreen of the motor vehicle, and wherein at least three receivers are aligned for receiving electromagnetic radiation from different angular regions, it is provided as essential to the invention that the spatial receiving regions of at least one first and at least one second receiver are aligned substantially horizontally, that the spatial receiving region of at least one third receiver is aligned substantially upwards.

Abstract: A gas concentration measurement device includes a light source that emits infrared light, a detector that detects the infrared light through a band pass filter, and a waveguide including a wave-guiding portion that includes a tubular inner peripheral surface, an entrance that introduces the infrared light from the light source to the wave-guiding portion, and an exit that guides the infrared light that passes through the wave-guiding portion toward the detector. A portion or the entirety of the inner peripheral surface of the wave-guiding portion includes a tapered region that includes a cross section that decreases along a direction extending from the entrance to the exit. The waveguide reflects the infrared light that enters the wave-guiding portion to reduce energy of the infrared light that is obliquely incident on the band pass filter.

Abstract: An instrument and a method for measuring the characteristics of particles in a sample. The instrument comprises a light source operable to provide a light beam and defining an illumination axis; a sample cell placed on the illumination axis; a scattered light detector positioned to receive scattered light along a detection path from a sample in the sample cell, the scattered light produced by the interaction of the light beam with the sample; and a filter changer positioned between the sample cell and the scattered light detector. The filter changer comprises at least one optical filter and an actuator.

Abstract: A luminescent Ir(III) complex is used to develop a label-free G-quadruplex-based assay for lead ions in liquid or solution. In particular, the present invention describes method for monitoring lead ion concentration in water.

Abstract: A luminescent Ir(III) complex it used to develop a label-free G-quadruplex-based assay for lead ions in a liquid or aqueous solution. In particular, the present invention describes method for monitoring lead ion concentration in water.

Abstract: The present disclosure pertains to the use of intense, narrow-linewidth surface, chemically-switchable ultraviolet photoluminescence from radiative recombination of the two-dimensional electron liquid with photo-excited holes in complex oxide heterostructures, such as LaAlO3/SrTiO3 (LAO/STO). Such photoluminescence from the interface between the upper and lower layers can be suppressed and restored reversibly under oxidizing and reducing conditions, respectively, as induced by chemisorption and reversal of chemisorption on the exposed surface of the heterostructure's upper member. Making use of this chemically-switchable ultraviolet photoluminescence, the present disclosure provides, inter alia, systems for detection of a chemical species, methods for determining the absence or presence of a chemical species in a sample, optoelectronic devices, and methods for producing optoelectronic devices.

Abstract: The invention discloses the use of Raman spectroscopy to analyze one or more process streams (5) of a urea synthesis production plant, where urea is synthesised from ammonia and carbon dioxide at high pressure (100-300 bar) and high temperature (50-250° C.). The radiation generated by the Raman scattering is analyzed to determine the concentration of components such as urea, ammonia and carbon dioxide in the process streams (5). A logic system implemented in a plant control unit (1) generates signals to target plant actuators to optimize the operation.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a composite film structure, the method includes determining a desired morphology for a metallic layer of the composite film structure, selecting a first metal substrate based on the determining, transferring a graphene layer onto the first metal substrate, depositing the metallic layer on the graphene layer to achieve the desired morphology, and removing the first metal substrate from the graphene and the deposited metallic layer to form the composite film structure. A surface energy difference between the first metal substrate and the deposited metallic layer results in the desired morphology of the metallic layer.

Abstract: A portable device for colorimetric or fluorometric analysis comprises a linear array of optically-responsive chemical sensing elements; an image sensor in optical communication with the linear array for determining a spectral response of the optically-responsive chemical sensing elements, where the image sensor comprises at least one light emission source; and electronics connected to the image sensor for analyzing spectral response data. A method of conducting colorimetric or fluorometric analysis comprises exposing a linear array of optically-responsive chemical sensing elements to a fluid comprising an analyte; impinging light on the linear array and detecting a spectral response of the chemical sensing elements; and determining an exposed color of each of the chemical sensing elements.

Abstract: A blood glucose meter (component measurement apparatus) includes a measurement chip, and an apparatus main body including an insertion hole. The measurement chip includes a pair of plate pieces, a spacer arranged between the pair of plate pieces, and a cavity that can retain blood. A pair of wall portions of the insertion hole, facing each other at a measurement unit and in the vicinity of the measurement unit, is separated from each other with a width smaller than a thickness of the measurement chip in a lamination direction. The spacer elastically deforms by a state in which the pair of plate pieces is pressed by the pair of wall portions and defines a width of the cavity.

Abstract: This invention relates to a tape product, and method of manufacturing the product, which incorporates a gas sensing pigment that causes the tape to change color upon exposure to gases such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide. The gas sensing pigment is compounded together with a silicone rubber to produce a self-fusing silicone tape which may be applied in a variety of industrial environments where hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide gas leakage is a concern. The tape may be colored to enhance visibility and/or to indicate which hazardous gas it is intended to detect. The tape may be fiber reinforced with carbon fiber to increase its longitudinal strength for industrial applications. Periodic perforations across the width of the tape may be added to facilitate the tearing or cutting of convenient lengths of the tape.

Abstract: To increase the illumination efficiency by facilitating the change of the incident angle of illumination light with a narrow illumination width according to an inspection object and enabling an illumination region to be effectively irradiated with light, provided is a defect inspection method for obliquely irradiating a sample mounted on a table that is moving continuously in one direction with illumination light, collecting scattered light from the sample obliquely irradiated with the illumination light, detecting an image of the surface of the sample formed by the scattered light, processing a signal obtained by detecting the image formed by the scattered light, and extracting a defect candidate, wherein the oblique irradiation of the light is implemented by linearly collecting light emitted from a light source, and obliquely projecting the collected light onto the surface of the sample, thereby illuminating a linear region on the surface of the sample.

Abstract: To detect an infinitesimal defect, highly precisely measure the dimensions of the detect, a detect inspection device is configured to comprise: a irradiation unit which irradiate light in a linear region on a surface of a sample; a detection unit which detect light from the linear region; and a signal processing unit which processes a signal obtained by detecting light and detecting a defect. The detection unit includes: an optical assembly which diffuses the light from the sample in one direction and forms an image in a direction orthogonal to the one direction; and a detection assembly having an array sensor in which detection pixels are positioned two-dimensionally, which detects the light diffused in the one direction and imaged in the direction orthogonal to the one direction, adds output signals of each of the detection pixels aligned in the direction in which the light is diffused, and outputs same.

Abstract: A test container for checking container inspection machines, which inspection machines are suitable for examining at least a first category of containers for the presence of foreign bodies, with a man body in which a liquid is disposed, with a mouth via which the liquid is able to be introduced into the container, with a first closure by means of which the container is closed, wherein a foreign body which can be detected by the inspection machine is disposed in the container is provided. The container and/or the liquid disposed therein has a further substance or for example a transmitting device which can be detected by a user and/or by a detection device in order thus to distinguish the test container per se from another container of the category to be inspected.

Abstract: Measuring equipment for a crimp connection comprises a signal processing unit (150), a ranging sensor arrangement (100) based on using optical radiation, and a moving mechanism (102) that moves a formed crimp connection (104) and the ranging sensor arrangement (100) in relation to each other. The ranging sensor arrangement (100) measures the distance between the ranging sensor arrangement (100) and crimp connection (104) while the ranging sensor arrangement (100) and moving mechanism (102) are moved in relation to each other. The signal processing unit (150) generates surface profile data on the basis of the measured distances, uses the surface profile data of the crimp connection (104) to determine the quality of the crimp connection (104), and displays data related to the crimp connection (104).

Abstract: In a conductive film, a method of evaluating a pattern in the conductive film, and a display device, thin metal lines of at least one wiring portion of two wiring portions is formed in a wiring pattern where the opening portions, of which angles are maintained and pitches are made to be irregular with respect to rhomboid shapes of a regular rhomboid wiring pattern, have parallelogram shapes. In frequencies of the moirés that are equal to or less than a frequency threshold value and are calculated for each color from two peak frequencies and two peak intensities of 2DFFT spectra of image data of the wiring patterns of the two wiring portions and luminance image data of pixel array patterns of the respective colors at the time of lighting up for each single color, the wiring patterns of the two wiring portions are formed such that an indicator of evaluation of moirés is equal to or less than an evaluation threshold value.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring a semiconductor device includes a beam irradiating unit configured to irradiate a first beam to a semiconductor substrate, a stage configured to receive the semiconductor substrate thereon and which is configured to rotate toward a central axis, which is perpendicular to a horizontal plane lying in the same plane with the semiconductor substrate, by a first angle to the horizontal plane and a second angle that is different from the first angle, a detector configured to receive a second beam generated by reflecting the first beam to the semiconductor substrate at the first angle and to receive a third beam generated by reflecting the first beam to the semiconductor substrate at the second angle, and an arithmetic operation unit configured to generate a 3D image of the semiconductor substrate using the second beam and the third beam received by the detector.

Abstract: A palm-size portable ?NMR relaxometer system for performing multi-step multi-sample chemical/biological assays, comprising a PCB having a CMOS ?NMR transceiver and a DMF device integrated thereon. A portable magnet has an inner gap configured to at least partially receive the DMF device. The DMF device comprises a platform of electrodes including a sensing site and receives one or more samples for analysis at an electrode and automatically transports the one or more samples on individual paths sequentially to the sensing site, for performing sensing on each sample sequentially. A Butterfly coil disposed on the PCB and underneath the DMF device and is at least partially received in the inner gap. The Butterfly coil excites the sample at the ?NMR sensing site by transducing a magnetic field produced at the sensing site to an electrical signal which is processed by the CMOS ?NMR transceiver to produce an analytical signal.

Abstract: A portable modular NMR-DMF system for performing chemical/biological assays. The system comprises a PCB having an NMR electronic circuit thereon, wherein the NMR electronic circuit includes a figure-8 shaped RF coil generating a plane-parallel magnetic field. A planar DMF chip comprises a platform comprising an array of electrodes, the array of electrodes including a sensing site located under the figure-8 shaped RF coil. A portable magnet is disposed parallel to the DMF chip and the RF coil. The array of electrodes is configured to receive a sample under detection, move the sample along the array, mix the sample with a probe in the form of at least one droplet with target-specific nanoparticles, and move the mixed sample to the sensing site. A magnetic field corresponding to the mixed sample under detection is produced at the sensing site. The figure-8 shaped RF coil acts to transduce the magnetic field produced at the sensing site to a voltage signal.

Abstract: A MEMS cassette for insertion into a DSC calorimeter and a DSC calorimeter using MEMS cassettes to conduct DSC experiments. The MEMS cassette includes a chip configured to conduct DSC reactions of a sample and reference to derive information regarding the sample.

Abstract: Provided is a biochemical test chip including an insulating substrate, an electrode unit, a first insulating septum, a reactive layer, a second insulating septum, and a color-changing layer. The electrode unit is located on the insulating substrate. The first insulating septum is located on the electrode unit and has an opening. The opening exposes a portion of the electrode unit. The reactive layer is located in the opening. The second insulating septum is located on the first insulating septum. The color-changing layer is located at least on a region outside the reactive layer. The color of the color-changing layer is changed with a change in an environmental factor.

Abstract: The present application relates to biosensors and methods for detecting and/or quantifying a target substrate. The biosensors comprise an electrode with a surface layer of tris-ruthenium bipyridine2+ complex modified graphene oxide and at least one enzyme linked to the surface layer.

Abstract: Disclosed are compositions and methods for the electrochemical detection of enzymes, such as enzymes that are indicative of disease, disorders, or pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, or other disorders. These methods can be used in point-of-care diagnostic assays for the detection of disease, disorder, or pathogen (e.g., to identify the strain of pathogen infecting a patient in a healthcare setting). The electrochemical methods described herein can also be used to assess the susceptibility of a pathogen to an antipathogen drug. Also provided are probes suitable for use in conjunction with the methods described herein.

Abstract: A sensor for the detection of an analyte in a biological sample includes a substrate, a working electrode and counter electrode formed on a surface of the substrate, and a receptor functionalized or chemically functionalized to a surface of an exposed portion of the working electrode. The receptor can selectively bind to the analyte of interest and the analyte once bound is detectable by measuring the current flow between the working electrode and counter electrode.

Abstract: A purpose of this invention is to provide an electrode that is extremely preferably used for measuring a pH of a cell culture medium. This electrode is designed to be inserted into an insertion bore arranged on a container into which a sample solution as being a measuring object is put, and comprises an internal electrode, a storage that houses the internal electrode, a gelled or liquefied internal liquid that is filled into the storage so as to contact the internal electrode, and a sensor part that is electrically connected to the internal electrode through the internal liquid and arranged at a distal end surface of the storage as to detect a electric potential of the sample solution. The storage has a positioning surface for positioning the storage at a mounting position at which the inner wall surface of the container and the distal end surface of the storage are on the same plane.

Abstract: A system for detecting an analyte gas including a system housing having an inlet system, an electrochemical gas sensor within the housing and in fluid connection with the inlet system, the electrochemical sensor including a working electrode responsive to the analyte gas, and a control system in electrical connection with the working electrode. The control system is operative to bias the working electrode at a first potential at which the electrochemical gas sensor is responsive to the analyte gas and operative to bias the working electrode at a second potential, different from the first potential, at which the electrochemical gas sensor is sensitive to a driving force created in the vicinity of the inlet system to test at least one transport path of the system.

Abstract: Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide a gas sensor in an IOT. The gas sensor includes a substrate, a conductor disposed above the substrate, and a sensing film disposed over the conductor. The conductor has a top-view pattern including a plurality of openings, a minimal dimension of the opening being less than about 4 micrometer; and a perimeter enclosing the opening. Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method of manufacturing a gas sensor. The method includes receiving a substrate; forming a conductor, over the substrate; patterning the conductor to form a plurality of openings in the conductor by an etching operation, and forming a gas-sensing film over the conductor. The openings are arranged in a repeating pattern, and a minimal dimension of the opening being about 4 micrometer.

Abstract: A multiple gas detection device comprises: a first cell part provided with a first electrochemical cell; a second cell part provided with a second electrochemical cell; a third cell part provided with a third electrochemical cell; an inlet diffusion controller controlling diffusion of measured gas; and a measured gas chamber into which the measured gas flows through the inlet diffusion controller. The first cell part is configured to selectively detect a concentration of NOx or ammonia contained in measured gas in the measured gas chamber. The second cell part is configured to discharge oxygen contained in measured gas in the measured gas chamber and convert NO2 and ammonia contained in measured gas in the measured gas chamber to NO. The third cell part is configured to detect a concentration of NO contained in measured gas in the measured gas chamber.

Abstract: It may be desirable to sense the concentration of a gas in another gas. This measurement may be important to warn of impending danger. Gas sensors may be made in batches by a manual process, leading to large variations in sensor performance between batches and indeed between sensors in a batch. This means the sensors often need individual calibration before use. The present approach to sensor design can make use of integrated circuit manufacturing techniques to give rise to sensors with well-matched and reproducible characteristics.

Abstract: A semiconductor structure and a method for forming the same are provided. The semiconductor structure comprises a substrate, a gate structure over a first surface of the substrate, and a source region and a drain region in the substrate adjacent to the gate structure. The semiconductor structure further comprises a channel region interposing the source and drain regions and underlying the gate structure. The semiconductor structure further comprises a first layer over a second surface of the substrate opposite to the first surface, and a second layer over the first layer. The semiconductor structure further comprises a sensing film over the channel region and at least a portion of the first and second layers, and a well over the sensing film and cutting off the first layer and the second layer.

Abstract: Atomically layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) exhibit a significant potential to enable low-cost transistor biosensors that permit single-molecule-level quantification of biomolecules. Two different principles for operating such biosensors are presented. In one arrangement, antibody receptors are functionalized on an insulating layer deposited onto the channel of the transistor. The charge introduced through antigen-antibody binding is capacitively coupled with the channel and shifts the threshold voltage without significantly changing the transconductance. In another arrangement, antibodies are functionalized directly on the channel of the transistor. Antigen-antibody binding events mainly modulate the ON-state transconductance, which is attributed to the disordered potential formed in channel material.

Abstract: This invention concerns chemically-sensitive field effect transistors (FETs) are preferably fabricated using semiconductor fabrication methods on a semiconductor wafer, and in preferred embodiments, on top of an integrated circuit structure made using semiconductor fabrication methods. The instant chemically-sensitive FETs typically comprise a conductive source, a conductive drain, and a channel composed of a one-dimensional (1D) or two-dimensional (2D) transistor material, which channel extends from the source to the drain and is fabricated using semiconductor fabrication techniques on top of a wafer. Such chemically-sensitive FETs, preferably configured in independently addressable arrays, may be employed to detect a presence and/or concentration changes of various analyte types in chemical and/or biological samples, including nucleic acid hybridization and/or sequencing reactions.

Abstract: A fully automated high-precision capillary electrophoresis instrument, comprising an electrophoresis system, a sample injection flow path, and an automatic sampling flow path; the sampling flow path comprising a shunt waste bottle, which is connected to a four-way connector, a four-way sample injection valve and a buffer syringe pump; the automatic sampling flow path comprises a sampling needle, a sample tray, a cleaning tank, reagent bottles, a buffer tube, a six-channel liquid dispenser, and a syringe pump. The described capillary electrophoresis instrument has a fast sample injection speed, high accuracy, good reproducibility, and can be widely used in automated analysis of different substances by capillary electrophoresis.

Abstract: Method for electrophoretic separation using a separation gel arrangement with a gel member and one or more sample wells for receiving sample liquid to be separated, the sample wells being in fluidic contact with the gel member, the method comprising the steps: adding a sample liquid to be separated in one or more of the sample wells, applying an electric field over the gel member to drive an electrophoretic separation process, whereby sample constituents are drawn from the sample liquid in the sample well(s) into the gel member for separation, and when a removal criteria is met: discontinuing loading of sample constituents into the separation gel

Abstract: An analytical device for analysing ions is provided comprising a separator for separating ions according to a physico-chemical property and an interface comprising one or more ion guides. A quadrupole rod set mass filter is arranged downstream of the interface. A control system is arranged and adapted: (i) to transmit a first group of ions which emerges from the separator through the interface with a first transit time t1; and (ii) to transmit a second group of ions which subsequently emerges from the separator through the interface with a second different transit time t2.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide systems and methods for tagging and acoustically characterizing containers.

Abstract: Diagnostic systems including a pressure sensor, a determiner in communication with the pressure sensor, wherein the determiner is structured to estimate a sonic speed of a fuel based on identification of a fundamental oscillation frequency are disclosed. Also disclosed are diagnostic methods comprising receiving, by a pressure interpreter, a pressure signal, determining, by a determiner in communication with the pressure interpreter, a fundamental frequency of oscillation of the pressure signal, and determining, by the determiner, a sonic speed of a fuel based on the fundamental frequency of oscillation.

Abstract: A hydraulic apparatus includes a cylinder having an end wall and a piston. An ultrasonic assembly has components configured to operate as an ultrasonic transmitter and two ultrasonic receivers. At least each of the components configured to operate as the receivers is disposed in separate bores separated by a known distance in a direction toward the piston. A control circuit is configured to initiate generation of an ultrasonic wave and receive input signals indicative of reflection of the ultrasonic wave off of the piston. The control circuit is configured to provide an output signal indicative of a distance of the piston from the end wall accounting for acoustic characteristics of the hydraulic fluid as ascertained from changes in the time difference between receipt of the input signals from the components configured to operate as receivers.

Abstract: A method for classifying an emission includes generating a first acoustic profile at a first acoustic sensor; generating a second acoustic profile at a second acoustic sensor; comparing the first acoustic profile to a first reference acoustic profile to generate a first difference; comparing the second acoustic profile to a second reference acoustic profile to generate a second difference; and classifying the emission as one of a hazardous emission or a non-hazardous emission in response to the first difference and the second difference.