Abstract: An electro-optical apparatus has an element substrate that is provided with a mirror and a sealing member which seals the mirror, and the sealing member includes a light-transmitting cover which faces the mirror opposite from the element substrate. An infrared cut filter is laminated on the light-transmitting cover.

Abstract: A four-piece optical lens for capturing image and a four-piece optical module for capturing image are provided. In order from an object side to an image side, the optical lens along the optical axis includes a first lens with refractive power; a second lens with refractive power; a third lens with refractive power; and a fourth lens with positive refractive power; and at least one of the image-side surface and object-side surface of each of the four lens elements are aspheric. The optical lens can increase aperture value and improve the imagining quality for use in compact cameras.

Abstract: A four-piece optical lens for capturing image and a four-piece optical module for capturing image are provided. In order from an object side to an image side, the optical lens along the optical axis includes a first lens with refractive power; a second lens with refractive power; a third lens with refractive power; and a fourth lens with positive refractive power; and at least one of the image-side surface and object-side surface of each of the four lens elements are aspheric. The optical lens can increase aperture value and improve the imagining quality for use in compact cameras.

Abstract: An imaging lens includes a first lens having negative refractive power; a second lens having positive refractive power; a third lens having positive refractive power; and a fourth lens, arranged in this order from an object side to an image plane side. The second lens is arranged to face the third lens. The first lens has a focal length f1 and the fourth lens has an Abbe's number ?d4 so that the specific conditional expressions are satisfied.

Abstract: A photographing optical lens assembly includes, in order from an object side to an image side, a first lens element, a second lens element, a third lens element, a fourth lens element and a fifth lens element. The first lens element with negative refractive power has a concave image-side surface. The second lens element with negative refractive power has a concave image-side surface. The third lens element has positive refractive power. The fourth lens element with positive refractive power has a convex image-side surface, wherein two surfaces of the fourth lens element are both aspheric. The fifth lens element with negative refractive power has a concave object-side surface and a convex image-side surface, wherein two surfaces of the fifth lens element are both aspheric.

Abstract: An optical imaging system includes a first lens, a second lens, a third lens, a fourth lens, and a fifth lens having an inflection point formed on an image-side surface thereof. The first to fifth lenses are sequentially disposed from an object side to an imaging plane. The optical imaging system satisfies TTL/(ImgH*2)<0.65, where TTL is a distance from an object-side surface of the first lens to the imaging plane, and ImgH*2 is a diagonal length of the imaging plane.

Abstract: There is provided an optical imaging system includes a first lens, a second lens, a third lens, a fourth lens, and a fifth lens. The first lens includes a convex object-side surface and a concave image-side surface. The second lens includes a concave object-side surface and a concave image-side surface. The third lens includes a concave object-side surface. The fourth lens includes a concave object-side surface. The fifth lens includes a concave object-side surface and a concave image-side surface. The first to fifth lenses are sequentially disposed from an object side toward an imaging plane.

Abstract: An optical imaging lens includes first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth lens elements arranged in order from the object side to the image side. The first lens element has an image-side surface with a concave part in a vicinity of its periphery, the second lens element has an image-side surface with a concave part in a vicinity of the optical axis, the third lens element has positive refractive power, the fourth lens element has an object-side surface with a convex part in a vicinity of its periphery, the fifth lens element has an object-side surface with a concave part in a vicinity of the optical axis, the sixth lens element has an image-side surface with a concave part in a vicinity of the optical axis. The second lens element has negative refractive power. The sixth lens element has positive refractive power.

Abstract: An optical imaging system includes a first lens having a positive refractive power, an object-side surface wherein an object-side surface of the first lens is convex and an image-side surface of the first lens is concave, a second lens having a negative refractive power, wherein an image-side surface of the second lens is concave, a third lens having a negative refractive power, a fourth lens having a positive refractive power, and a fifth lens having a negative refractive power, wherein the first to fifth lenses are sequentially disposed from an object side toward an imaging plane.

Abstract: An imaging lens assembly is provided in the present disclosure. The imaging lens assembly includes a first lens with positive refractive power, a second lens with negative refractive power, a third lens with negative refractive power, a fourth lens with positive refractive power, and a fifth lens with negative refractive power. The first lens, the second lens, the third lens, the fourth lens, the fifth lens and the sixth lens are arranged in sequence from the object side to the image side, and satisfy conditions provided in the present disclosure.

Abstract: A six-piece wide-angle lens module includes, from an object side to an image side, a first lens group, an aperture and a second lens group. The first lens group consists of a negative first lens, a negative second lens and a positive third lens, each lens having an object side surface facing the object side and an image side surface facing the image side, the first lens is a meniscus lens having a convex object side surface, the second lens has a concave image side surface, the third lens has a convex object side surface. The second lens group consists of a positive fourth lens, a negative fifth lens and a positive sixth lens, the fourth lens is a biconvex lens, the fifth lens has a concave image side surface, the sixth lens has a convex object side surface, the second lens group has a positive focal length.

Abstract: An imaging lens includes a first lens group and a second lens group, arranged in this order from an object side to an image plane side. The first lens group includes a first lens having positive refractive power, a second lens having positive refractive power, and a third lens having at least one aspheric surface, arranged with a space in between. The second lens group includes a fourth lens having positive refractive power and at least one aspheric surface, a fifth lens having two aspheric surfaces, and a sixth lens having two aspheric surfaces, arranged with a space in between. The sixth lens is formed in a shape so that a curvature radius of the surface thereof on the image plane side is negative near an optical axis thereof.

Abstract: An imaging lens includes a first lens group and a second lens group, arranged in this order from an object side to an image plane side. The first lens group includes a first lens having positive refractive power, a second lens, and a third lens having at least one aspheric surface, arranged with a space in between. The second lens group includes a fourth lens having at least one aspheric surface, a fifth lens having negative refractive power and two aspheric surfaces, and a sixth lens having two aspheric surfaces, arranged with a space in between. The second lens is formed in a shape so that a curvature radius of a surface on the image plane side is negative near an optical axis. The sixth lens is formed in a shape so that a curvature radius of the surface on the image plane side is negative near an optical axis.

Abstract: A zoom lens system includes a first lens group of negative refractive power and a second lens group of positive refractive power. The first lens group includes a first lens of negative refractive power, and the second lens group is disposed between the first lens group and a reduced side and includes in order from a magnified side to the reduced side a second lens of positive refractive power, a third lens of positive refractive power, a fourth lens of negative refractive power, and a fifth lens of positive refractive power. At least one of the first lens to the fifth lens is an aspherical lens having at least one aspherical surface.

Abstract: A detection device for specimens includes an image sensor, a light-guiding structure, and a carrier. The image sensor includes a sensing area and a non-sensing area around the sensing area. The light-guiding structure is disposed on the image sensor. The light-guiding structure includes a central guiding portion, a reflection layer, and first guiding portions. The central guiding portion is located over the sensing area. The reflection layer is disposed on the image sensor and includes channels located over the non-sensing area. The first guiding portions are located in the channels, and connected to the central guiding portion and a side surface of the light-guiding structure. The carrier is disposed on the light-guiding structure, and has wells located over the sensing area. Each of the wells is configured to receive a specimen.

Abstract: Provided is a laser scanning microscope including a scanning unit that scans laser light emitted from a light source two-dimensionally across a specimen, a light-detecting unit that detects light coming from the specimen, an information-acquiring unit that acquires information about an observation mode, and a control unit that controls the scanning unit based on the information acquired by the information-acquiring unit. The scanning unit includes a galvanometer scanner and a resonant scanner that are alternately operable. The control unit controls the scanning unit to deactivate the resonant scanner if the information acquired by the information-acquiring unit indicates an observation mode in which the galvanometer scanner is used alone and to maintain the resonant scanner in an active state if the information acquired by the information-acquiring unit indicates an observation mode in which the galvanometer scanner and the resonant scanner are alternately used.

Abstract: The specification relates to a microscopy system. The microscopy system includes a first laser emitting a first laser pulse, the first laser pulse being a pump beam; a second laser emitting a second laser pulse, the second laser pulse being a probe beam; time delay components for delaying the probe beam, wherein the time delay components delay the probe beam by 0.3 ps to 5 ns relative to the pump beam; an optical device for combining the pump beam and the delayed probe beam into a combined laser pulse, the combined laser pulse having a reduced focal spot size; a galvanometer scanning system for delivering the combined laser pulse to a focal spot in a focal plane, wherein the reduced focal spot size of the combined laser pulse initiates a stimulated emission of a targeted molecule, the stimulated emission having dipole-like backscatter, and a detector for detecting the dipole-like backscatter.

Abstract: An image correction method is provided in which, in order to capture images, a scanning beam is guided over an object plane by a beam-directing element, and at detection times a brightness value of a detection signal of an object location scanned at the respective detection time is detected in the object plane, wherein actual positions of the beam-directing element and the positions of the object locations which are associated with the actual positions are known at every detection time. A pixel array with known positions of each pixel of the pixel array is defined in the object plane, a number of pixels adjacent to the object location is acquired, and the brightness value which is detected at an object location is assigned proportionally to the adjacent pixels of the object location as brightness value portions. Also provided is a microscope designed to carry out the image correction method.

Abstract: A microscope system as an optical microscope system for observing a specimen includes: an imaging optical system that forms an image of transmitted light or reflected light from the specimen; an illumination light source that illuminates illumination light on the specimen; an illumination optical system that has a first spatial light modulation element, which changes intensity distribution of the illumination light at a conjugate position of a pupil of the imaging optical system, and illuminates light, which is originated from the illumination light source, on the specimen; an image sensor that detects light through the imaging optical system; and a calculation section that calculates the intensity distribution of the illumination light appropriate for observation of the specimen on the basis of the intensity distribution of the illumination light formed by the first spatial light modulation element and output data detected by the image sensor.

Abstract: A wavelength variable interference filter includes a fixed reflection film, a movable reflection film, and an actuator that changes a gap between the films. A wavelength of output light is first wavelength ??. A center wavelength in a target wavelength region is measurement center wavelength ?0. A peak center wavelength in reflection characteristics of the movable reflection film is first center wavelength ?1. A peak center wavelength in reflection characteristics of the fixed reflection film is second center wavelength ?2. The gap between the films when light of the first wavelength ?? is transmitted is d?(?1, ?2). When a pair of optical films face each other, a center wavelength in reflection characteristics of the pair is the measurement center wavelength ?0, and the light of the first wavelength ?? is outputted, the gap between the pair of optical films is d?(?0, ?0). Further, d?(?1, ?2)<d?(?0, ?0).

Abstract: Disclosed herein are devices and methods to generate a drive signal to actuate a MEMS mirror system. A controller can generate the drive signal to comprise a modified square wave voltage waveform comprising a tri-stated portion, an attenuated portion, or a tri-stated and an attenuated portion to suppress a number of harmonics in a response of the MEMS mirror system to the drive signal.

Abstract: An optical scanning actuator (1) includes an optical fiber (2) having a tip (2a) supported to allow vibration and includes a piezoelectric element (4) that generates a driving force by expanding and contracting in the direction of the optical axis of the optical fiber (2), the driving force driving the tip (2a) of the optical fiber (2) in a direction perpendicular to the optical axis. The optical scanning actuator (1) has rotational asymmetry or two-fold rotational symmetry about the optical axis of the optical fiber (2), and the resonance direction of the tip (2a) of the optical fiber (2) and the direction of the driving force of the piezoelectric element (4) are substantially parallel.

Abstract: Electro-mechanical designs for MEMS scanning mirrors are described. In various embodiments, a driving coil may be situated on a reflective portion of a MEMS mirror. In some embodiments, a sensing coil may be situated partially or entirely on an outer frame portion of the MEMS mirror. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Abstract: An optical assembly (1) includes an optical element (2), a mount (3) configured to hold the optical element (2), and a plurality of fastening elements (12) with fastening areas (14) configured to fasten the optical element (2) to the mount (3). The fastening elements (12) bridge an interstice (11) between the optical element (2) and the mount (3), and a purge device (15) produces at least one purge gas flow (16) in the region of the optical element (2) such that the purge gas flow flows around the fastening areas (14) of the fastening elements (12).

Abstract: Disclosed herein are devices and methods to provide an appodized holographic combiner lens having a varying reflectivity profile. In particular, a lens to reflect light from a number of input pupils to a number of exit pupils may be provided, where the lens reflects incident light in varying levels based on where on the lens the light is incident.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are devices and methods to provide multiple eyeboxes from multiple input pupils. In particular, a projection system can direct light from multiple input pupils to a holographic optical element. The light of each of the input pupils having light beams of different wavelengths. The holographic optical element reflects at least part of the light of the multiple input pupils to form an array of exit pupils.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electric reflective plate device, which includes a rotary shaft, a reflective plate, a shaft set and a motor module. By the composition of above structure, the flip angle of the reflective plate may be adjusted by the motor module, and the previous flip angle may be memorized every time when the reflective plate is opened, so that the reflective plate may be quickly flipped to a desired angle, to thereby conveniently use a head-up display.

Abstract: In an optical near eye display system, a monolithic three-dimensional optical microstructure is formed by a waveguide substrate with at least one DOE having grating regions that integrate the functions of in-coupling of incident light into the waveguide, exit pupil expansion in one or two directions, and out-coupling of light from the waveguide within a single optical element. An in-coupling region of the DOE couples the incident light into the waveguide and to a beam steering and out-coupling region. The beam steering and out-coupling region provides exit pupil expansion and couples light out of the waveguide. The beam steering and out-coupling region of the DOE can be configured with a two-dimensional (2D) grating that is periodic in two directions.

Abstract: A near eye optical display system comprising a waveguide and diffractive optical elements (DOEs) for in-coupling, exit pupil expansion, and out-coupling reduces the transmission of stray light in the system using a doubly-periodic surface relief microstructure that combines a guided-mode resonant filter with Bragg reflectance. Such resonant grating filter may be configured with grooves and/or ridges of different widths that are located on the waveguide that have respective sub-periods that match Bragg reflectance periods for particular wavelengths. The interaction of the sub-periods gives rise to a photonic band gap effect in which the resonant grating's effective refractive index is modulated to increase angular sensitivity and wavelength bandwidth of the resonant grating filter. The sub-periods define an overall period (i.e., a super period) for the resonant grating filter by which incident light is coupled into the waveguide, guided, and then coupled out of the waveguide at the side of incidence.

Abstract: A wearable 3D augmented reality display and method, which may include 3D integral imaging optics.

Abstract: Head mounted displays having lens movement assemblies and associated systems and methods are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, a head mounted display system includes a display housing surrounding one or more display devices, a first lens and a second lens. An input device on the display housing includes a control member moveable between a first position and a second position. A lens movement assembly is operatively coupled to the input device and the first and second lenses, and is configured to move the first lens relative to the second lens in response to movement of the control member between the first position and the second position.

Abstract: A head-mounted device including a main body, a projection device and a beam combiner is provided. The main body has an upper shade portion and a lower shade portion, wherein the upper shade portion and the lower shade portion have an opening defined therebetween. The projection device is disposed within the lower shade portion and adapted to generate a projection beam, and the projection beam is adapted to be transmitted from the lower shade portion to the opening. The beam combiner is connected to the upper shade portion and located in the opening, wherein the beam combiner is located at a transmission path of the projection beam to be adapted to reflect the projection beam into the main body.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are devices and methods to provide a display including a projection system and a removable lenses including a holographic optical element to receive light and reflect the light to an exit pupil. Each of the removable lenses may comprise a holographic optical element in a different position of the lens to change the position of the exit pupil. The projection system may project an image onto the holographic optical element to project the image to the exit pupil.

Abstract: A head mount display device including a housing comprising a closed, front side and a back side having an opening, a pair of optic modules arranged horizontally and a head fixing unit configured to fix the housing to a user's head is provided. Each of the optic modules includes a display provided in the housing; a barrel comprising one side arranged in the housing and the other side exposed outside the housing via the opening; a lens fixed to the barrel; a focus adjuster configured to adjust a distance between the barrel and the display; and a horizontal adjusting unit configured to guide horizontal movement of the optic module, and the focus adjuster and the horizontal adjusting unit provided in one of the optic modules is operable independently from the focus adjuster and the horizontal adjusting unit provided in the other optic module.

Abstract: Indication systems for the drivers of vehicles and cars include a data display device that combines two optical systems of the image display—the virtual image display system and the real image display system. The display device may be configured to provide a maximum of displayed information and to ensure safe driving, by controlling the level of details and the content of the data displayed for the vehicle driver, depending on the speed, and by choosing the optical system of data display to minimize the accident risk. Image quality and safe driving may be improved due to the combination of two systems and control of the level of detail of displayed data.

Abstract: An illumination optical unit for projection lithography guides illumination light toward an object field and has a mirror array including a multiplicity of individual mirrors which are tiltable independently. A condenser optical unit transfers an arrangement plane of the mirror array into a pupil plane of the illumination optical unit. An optical hollow waveguide component of the illumination optical unit is upstream of the mirror array in the beam path of the illumination light and homogenizes and stabilizes an illumination light beam incident on the mirror array. An input coupling optical unit is upstream of the hollow waveguide component and couples an incident illumination light beam into the hollow waveguide component. A relay optical unit images a beam exit surface of the hollow waveguide component onto the mirror array. The illumination optical unit is insensitive to light source instabilities.

Abstract: Light rays from an image A are made to enter one or more retroreflective bodies formed by first and second light-reflective surfaces 13 and 14 and third light-reflective surfaces 15, the first and second light-reflective surfaces 13 and 14 each being orthogonal to one another and formed in a right-triangle-wave pattern in cross section, the third light-reflective surfaces 15 being orthogonal to each of corresponding ones of the first and second light-reflective surfaces 13 and 14, a direction of each of one or more reflected lights from the one or more retroreflective bodies is further turned in a different direction on a corresponding one of fourth light-reflective surfaces 16, and an image B is formed at a different position.

Abstract: A reticle for use in a firearm scope that compensates for the trajectory of a bullet, allowing the shooter to accurately engage the target despite the target's distance from the shooter. The reticle uses a number of trajectory arcs and distance markings that correspond to the target's size and distance to provide the shooter with an accurate aiming of the target. Once the outer edges of the target aligns with the trajectory arcs the target is ready to be engaged. Distance markings, windage markings, and reticle illumination provide for further accuracy of the shot. A milling tree integral to the reticle provides for a quick determination of the target's distance, particularly in instances when the target is not intended to be engaged.

Abstract: [Problem] To make it possible to prevent vibrations or the like from causing focus or zoom slippage or the like in a lens that is mounted to a camera body that is used in a fixed location outdoors for many years for security purposes or is used inside a building that is subject to a variety of variations, such as a camera that is used for quality-checking purposes or the like at a production site in a factory. [Solution] The lens barrel (1) in this invention has the following: a fixed tube section (10) that is mounted to a camera body (B); a movable tube section (20) that is movably screwed to the fixed tube section (10); and a nut member (12) that, screwed to the movable tube section (20), is energized towards top end (10b) of the fixed tube section (10). The nut member (12) acts as a double nut, making it possible to inhibit rotation of the fixed tube section (10) and the movable tube section (20) relative to each other, preventing focus or zoom slippage or the like.

Abstract: A set of eyeglass lens semifinished products is provided and is composed of at least three series of eyeglass lens semifinished products having spherical or rotationally symmetric aspherical front surfaces. The series of eyeglass lens semifinished products differ in pairs in the base material of the series. Each of the series includes at least three types of eyeglass lens semifinished products which differ in pairs and the front surface shapes. The front surface shapes of the at least three types are identical on a central partial surface within the actual surface refractive power range of the front surface of the series in relation to a standard index of refraction of 1.53 between 3.2 D and 6.7 D.

Abstract: A method and system for treating Presbyopia and pre-Presbyopia are provided that do not compromise the wearer's intermediate or distance vision. The system is a lens and a lens series, wherein the power profiles of the lenses are tailored to provide an amount of positive ADD power in the near vision zone that is slightly less than that which is normally required for near vision accommodation, while also providing an amount of negative spherical aberration in the peripheral optical zone. The dynamic ocular factors of the wearer's eye work in conjunction with the positive ADD power provided by the central optical zone and with the effective ADD gained from the negative spherical aberration provided by the peripheral optical zone to induce a minimally discernible amount of blur that is tuned to maximize the wearer's depth of focus.

Abstract: Methods and systems for manufacturing a wavefront-guided scleral lens prosthetic device customized for an eye of a patient include obtaining a first scleral lens prosthetic device with a central optic zone configured to vault over the eye's cornea and a peripheral haptic zone configured to align with the eye's sclera, collecting measurements of any offset and/or rotation of the first scleral lens prosthetic device relative to the eye's pupil and of any aberrations, particularly higher-order aberrations, generating a wavefront-guided profile from the measurements, and fabricating a second scleral lens prosthetic device with the profile on a surface of a central optic zone configured to vault over the eye's cornea and a peripheral haptic zone customized to align with the eye's sclera.

Abstract: Embodiments disclosed herein include eyewear that has one or more laminates applied to a lens body. In some embodiments, the lens body is constructed from a substantially rigid material having a curved shape. The lens body can have any desired curvature, including, for example, cylindrical, spherical or toroidal. A laminate can include a substantially flexible substrate and one or more functional layers or coatings applied to the substrate. In addition, one or more functional layers or coatings can be applied directly to the lens body. In certain embodiments, a bonding layer bonds a laminate to a convex and/or concave surface of the lens body. Examples of functional layers or coatings that can be applied to a laminate include anti-reflection coatings, interference stacks, hard coatings, flash mirrors, anti-static coatings, anti-fog coatings, other functional layers, or a combination of functional layers.

Abstract: A wearable optical assembly can include: a first array of aligned prisms configured to direct light towards a first target region; and one or more first chromatic correction elements in series with the first array of aligned prisms, the one or more first chromatic correction elements being configured to compensate for color dispersion caused by the first array of aligned prisms.

Abstract: An apparatus for use with eyewear and a hearing aid, comprises a sleeve having a first open end, a second open end and a first length of an elastomeric material between the first open end and the second open end, the length of the material being commensurate with a second length of the housing of the hearing aid; the sleeve sized and configured to receive the housing of the hearing aid through one of the first open end and the second open end and the at least one temple of the eyewear. The eyewear is of the type that has a lens frame and at least one temple connected to the lens. The hearing aid is of the type that has an earphone connected to a housing for enclosing circuitry for powering the earphone and for processing electrical signals from the earphone.

Abstract: The invention relates to a mould (2) for manufacturing an ophthalmic lens or an ophthalmic lens blank called a puck (3), equipped with an insert (1), said mould comprising a first portion (2A) intended to mould the front face of the ophthalmic lens or puck, a second portion (2B) intended to mould the back face of the ophthalmic lens or puck and at least one third portion (2C) intended to mould a peripheral lateral face of the ophthalmic lens or puck. According to the invention, said mould (2) comprises at least one recess (2B1, 2B2, 2B3, 2B4) for positioning the insert (1), before and during the moulding.

Abstract: The present invention relates to light-emitting diode glasses, a control system for multiple light-emitting diode glasses, and a control method therefor. The light-emitting diode glasses according to the present invention comprise: a glasses frame comprising a pair of leg frames and a front frame which is connected to one end of each of the pair of leg frames and has a plurality of light-emitting diodes provided thereon; a memory unit which is provided on the glasses frame and has one or more items of first pattern data stored therein; a communication module for communicating one or more items of second pattern data with a control terminal unit; and a control unit, provided on the glasses frame, for controlling the operation of the light-emitting diodes so that the first pattern data or the second pattern data are displayed via the light-emitting diodes.

Abstract: An optical modulator is described. This optical modulator may be implemented using silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology. In particular, the optical modulator may include a carrier-accumulation-type micro-disk resonator fabricated using optical waveguides having a composite structure. Moreover, the composite structure may embed a metal-oxide semiconductor capacitor in the disk resonator. For example, the composite structure may include polysilicon disposed on an oxide layer, which is disposed on a silicon layer in an SOI platform. The optical modulator may have high modulation efficiency and high-speed operation. In addition, the optical modulator may have a compact footprint with low power consumption.

Abstract: A boundary surface (12S) which divides a rib (12) of a rib-slab type core (11) into a p-type semiconductor region (12a) and an n-type semiconductor region (12b) is constituted by a first flat surface (S1) serving as a junction surface of a first lateral p-n junction (J1), a second flat surface (S2) serving as a junction surface of a vertical p-n junction (J2), and a third flat surface (S3) serving as a junction surface of a second lateral p-n junction (J3).

Abstract: The present invention describes a planar waveguide-type integrated non-reciprocal polarization rotator. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the planar waveguide-type non-reciprocal 90° polarization rotator includes optical waveguide-type input and output ports, a reciprocal 45° polarization rotator based on an asymmetric optical waveguide structure, a non-reciprocal 45° polarization rotator based on an optical waveguide with a clad layer of magneto-optic material, and a phase compensator placed between the above reciprocal 45° polarization rotator and non-reciprocal 45° polarization rotator compensating the phase difference between two polarization modes.