Abstract: A chemical sensing field effect transistor device is disclosed. The device can include a control gate structure interfacing a control side of a semiconductor channel region, a source region, and a drain region. The control gate structure can comprise a control gate dielectric and a control gate electrode. The device can include a sensing gate structure interfacing the semiconductor channel region, the source region, and the drain region at a sensing side of the semiconductor channel region opposite the control gate structure. The sensing gate structure can comprise a sensing gate dielectric, and a sensing gate electrode. The device can include a functional layer interfacing the sensing gate electrode opposite the sensing gate dielectric. The functional layer can have an exposed interface surface. The functional layer can be capable of binding with a target analyte material sufficient to create a measurable change in conductivity across the semiconductor channel region.

Abstract: High-quality non-stoichiometric NiOx nanoparticles are synthesized by a facile chemical precipitation method. The NiOx film can function as an effective p-type semiconductor or hole transport layer (HTL) without any post-treatments, while offering wide temperature applicability from room-temperature to 150° C. For demonstrating the potential applications, high efficiency is achieved in organic solar cells using NiOx HTL. Better performance in NiOx based organic light emitting diodes is obtained as compared to devices using PEDOT:PSS. The solution-processed NiOx semiconductors at room temperature can favor a wide-range of applications of large-area and flexible optoelectronics.

Abstract: An electronic device includes: a flexible substrate, a device portion supported on the flexible substrate, and a driver circuit portion; and a flexible tube having a water vapor transmission rate of less than 10?3 g/(m2·24 h) and an oxygen transmission rate of less than 10?2 ml/(m2·24 h·MPa), wherein: the flexible tube forms a first seal structure and a second seal structure at both ends thereof, and has a sealed space therein; a part of the flexible substrate and the device portion are inside the sealed space; and a rest of the flexible substrate, other than the part, is outside the sealed space.

Abstract: The present invention provides a display backplane and a manufacturing method thereof, as well as a display device. The display backplane comprising: a substrate; an array of organic light emitting elements and an array of transistors for driving and controlling the array of organic light emitting elements formed on the substrate; and a heat insulation layer formed between the array of organic light emitting elements and the array of transistors, wherein the heat insulation layer is provided with a heat insulation layer via hole, through which the array of transistors is connected with the array of organic light emitting elements. The display backplane provided in the present invention can reduce the conduction of heat generated by the array of organic light emitting elements during lighting to the array of transistors, thus avoiding problems caused thereby such as uneven display.

Abstract: An organic electroluminescent device, a method for preparing an organic electroluminescent device, and a display panel are disclosed. The organic electroluminescent device comprises a conductive layer formed by transparent magnetic conductive particles which are mixed in the sealing layer and stacked on a surface of the first transparent electrode layer. The conductive layer increases the conductive performance while not increasing the thickness of the first transparent electrode layer, thereby avoiding decrease of the light transmittance caused by increase of the thickness of the first transparent electrode layer, and avoiding the problem of voltage drop due to poor conductivity of the first transparent electrode layer, so as to improve the display effect and use stability of the organic electroluminescent device.

Abstract: A display panel including an EL panel unit, a CF panel unit, and a sealing resin layer. In the EL panel, a surface of a sealing layer has a non-flat surface as a whole in a Z-axis direction, with recess portions at light-emitting areas corresponding to regions between banks and protrusion portions at non-light-emitting areas corresponding to tops of the banks. D2<0.90×D1 and S>{(0.90×D1)?D2}×W are satisfied, where D1 (D1(R), D1(G), D1(B)) denotes a distance between the EL panel unit and the CF panel unit at a first recess portion, D2 denotes a distance between the EL panel unit and the CF panel unit at a protrusion portion, W denotes a width of a top of the protrusion portion, and S denotes a cross-sectional area of a second recess portion.

Abstract: An organic light-emitting diode display panel includes a lower substrate; an upper substrate; and an organic light-emitting diode structure formed between the lower substrate and the upper substrate. A side of the organic light-emitting diode structure facing towards the upper substrate is a light output side, and the upper substrate is a strengthened glass plate, subjected to a strengthening processing, which serves as a protective glass plate as an outermost layer of the organic light-emitting diode display panel.

Abstract: A display panel includes: a substrate including a first substrate layer which includes a glass material and a second substrate layer contacting the first substrate layer and which includes a polymer material; a thin film transistor disposed on the substrate; and a light emitting element disposed on the thin film transistor.

Abstract: Due to insufficient moisture inside a panel it may take a long time for a screening. An organic EL display device includes a light emitting region including a lower electrode, an organic EL layer, and an upper electrode, a barrier film formed so as to cover the light emitting region, and a moisture retaining film which is formed on the barrier film and is moisture retentive.

Abstract: A flexible display device and method of manufacturing the same are disclosed. In one aspect, the flexible display device includes a flexible substrate including a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface and a display unit over the first surface of the flexible substrate. The flexible display device also includes a first barrier layer over the second surface of the flexible substrate and a first material layer between the first barrier layer and the flexible substrate, wherein the first material layer includes metal. The flexible display device can be more easily manufactured and resistant to external moisture permeation.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for providing working substrates for the deposition of various photonic and electronic devices, in particular for organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) used for lighting and displays, where these substrates incorporate structural elements that improve the performance of these devices. These elements include nanoscale and microscale relief (3D) patterns on one or both sides of the substrate that are beneficial in controlling light and electrical properties of these devices by, for example, improving light output efficiency and uniformity. The present disclosure describes batch and roll-to-roll (R2R) techniques that allow these performance enhancing substrates to be efficiently formed, and at a much lower cost than can be achieved using prior art. Although one particular application relates to OLED lighting, such substrates can be used to enhance the performance of other devices, including flexible displays, touch screens, energy harvesting cells, sensors, and the like.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an OLED display device and its manufacturing method. The OLED display device includes an organic light-emitting layer and a plurality of elements arranged one on another at a light-exiting side of the organic light-emitting layer. At least one transparent light extraction layer is arranged between the elements, and/or between the organic light-emitting layer and the element adjacent to the organic light-emitting layer, and/or at a light-exiting surface of the element farthest away from the organic light-emitting layer. A refractive index of the organic light-emitting layer and/or a refractive index of the element adjacent to the light extraction layer, and a refractive index of the light extraction layer decrease successively in a light emergent direction, and the refractive index of the light extraction layer is greater than a refractive index of air.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides novel light emitting devices including AMOLED displays, based on transparent OLED architecture, where a laminated nanostructured light extraction film can produce axial and integrated optical gains as well as improved angular luminance and color. Generally, the transparent AMOLED displays with laminated sub-micron extractors include: (a) an extractor on a transparent substrate for light outcoupling on both sides of the transparent device; or (b) an extractor on a reflective film for providing light outcoupling off the bottom side of the bottom-emitting (BE) AMOLED; or (c) an extractor on a light absorbing film for providing outcoupling off the bottom side of the BE AMOLED combined with improved ambient contrast.

Abstract: A vertical-type organic light-emitting transistor for reducing the off-state leakage current to improve the current and on-off ratio includes a gate electrode, a lower semiconductor layer disposed on the gate electrode, a source electrode disposed on the lower semiconductor layer, and a source insulation film disposed on the source electrode and covering top and sides of the source electrode, wherein the lower semiconductor layer is configured such that an electric charge is injected into the lower semiconductor layer from the source electrode when voltage is applied to the gate electrode.

Abstract: As a result of miniaturization of a pixel region associated with an improvement in definition and an increase in a substrate size associated with an increase in area, defects due to precision, bending, and the like of a mask used at the time of evaporation have become issues. A partition including portions with different thicknesses over a pixel electrode (also referred to as a first electrode) in a display region and in the vicinity of a pixel electrode layer is formed, without increasing the number of steps, by using a photomask or a reticle provided with an auxiliary pattern having a light intensity reduction function made of a diffraction grating pattern or a semi-transmissive film.

Abstract: Provided is an organic light emitting diodes (OLED) and method of manufacturing the OLED. The OLED includes: a substrate; a light scattering layer having an uneven shape on the substrate; a transparent electrode film provided directly on and in contact with the light scattering layer; an organic light emitting layer on the transparent electrode film; and an electrode on the organic light emitting layer. The method of manufacturing the OLED includes: disposing a light scattering layer on a substrate; providing a transparent electrode film on the light scattering layer; and transferring the transparent electrode film to be directly on and in contact with the light scattering layer.

Abstract: The present disclosure is related to the field of energy storage devices, and particularly a lithium-ion battery flexible packaging material and a lithium-ion battery using the same. The flexible packaging material comprises a substrate layer, a first bonding layer, a metal foil layer, an anti-corrosion treatment layer, a second bonding layer and a sealing layer arranged in sequence from the outside to the inside, wherein the anti-corrosion treatment layer is composed of at least one of a nickel layer, a nickel alloy layer, a copper layer and a copper alloy layer, and is plated on the metal foil layer. The lithium ion battery comprises a naked cell, an electrolyte and a packaging bag, wherein the packaging bag packages the naked cell and the electrolyte and is made of the lithium-ion battery flexible packing material.

Abstract: An assembled battery has a battery block configured by stacking a plurality of single batteries, and fixing components fixing the plurality of the single batteries. The fixing components include a pair of end plates disposed at both ends in a stacked direction of the plurality of the single batteries, and a metal band making the plurality of the single batteries in a compressed state by coupling end parts of the pair of the end plates each other. Each of the pair of the end plates has a peripheral part and a central part. The pair of the end plates respectively contact both end single batteries located at both ends in the stacked direction at the peripheral parts, and are respectively separated from both end single batteries at the central parts.

Abstract: A battery pack includes a battery pack housing and an array of pouch cells disposed in the pack housing. The battery pack also includes a force generating assembly disposed in the battery pack housing. The force generating assembly is configured to apply a force to the array of cells along a first direction corresponding to a row of cells, and a force to the array of cells along a second direction corresponding to a column of cells. The forces result in a weld-free, direct electrical connection being formed between a first pair of adjacent cells within a row, and the second force results in a weld-free, direct electrical connection being formed between a second pair of adjacent cells within a column.

Abstract: A filling device (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4) for filling battery devices (BV) with battery cells (4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5), in particular lithium-ion battery cells, comprising a retaining device (2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4) with a fixing device (3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4) for fixing battery cells (4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5), and a filling nozzle suitable for connecting to battery devices (BV) and for filling battery devices (BV) with battery cells, wherein the retaining device comprises a cooling device (5) that is suitable for cooling the retaining device and the battery cells.

Abstract: A rechargeable battery module includes unit cells that are arranged in a first direction, a bus bar that electrically connects the unit cells, a pair of end plates that are spaced apart from each other along the first direction at opposite ends of the unit cells to support the unit cells, and at least one side plate between the pair of end plates and connected to the pair of end plates, the at least one side plate extending along the unit cells and spaced apart from the unit cells a predetermined distance, wherein the side plate includes a stepped portion facing the unit cells.

Abstract: A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery representing an embodiment of a sealed battery of the present invention includes a bottomed cylindrical exterior case (15), a sealing member (20), a cylindrical wound electrode assembly (14) including a positive electrode plate (11) and a negative electrode plate (12) wound together via a separator (13), and an electrolyte. The cylindrical wound electrode assembly (14) and the electrolyte are accommodated in the exterior case (15). An open end of the exterior case (15) is crimped together with the sealing member (20) via an insulating gasket (21) so as to form a seal. The sealing member (20) includes a valving element (23) having a thin and fragile portion (22) and a support element (25) having an opening (24). The support element (25) is disposed on an outer side of the valving element (23), and a portion of the valving element (23) is exposed to an outside environment along the inner periphery of the opening (24) in the support element (25).

Abstract: Provided is an energy storage apparatus includes: at least one energy storage device; and a spacer disposed adjacently to the energy storage device, the spacer being configured to form a ventilation passage which allows cooling air to pass therethrough between the spacer and the energy storage device, wherein the spacer has an opposedly facing portion which opposedly faces a spacer disposed adjacently to the spacer with the energy storage device sandwiched therebetween at a position which faces the ventilation passage and is disposed adjacently to the energy storage device in a flow direction of the cooling air in the ventilation passage, one opposedly facing portion of a pair of opposedly facing portions which opposedly faces each other of the spacers disposed on both sides of the energy storage device has an extending portion extending toward the other opposedly facing portion of the pair of opposedly facing portions, and the extending portion is brought into contact with the other opposedly facing portion.

Abstract: The disclosed technology relates to electrodes with a polyurethane based melt coating present in the electrode. When the electrode is used in an electrochemical cell, the polyurethane based melt coating acts as a separator in the cell. The disclosed technology includes integrated electrode assemblies that include (A) an electrode; and (B) a separator comprising an ionically conductive thermoplastic polyurethane composition; wherein the separator is melt coated onto the electrode. Also included are electro chemical cells made with these electrodes or integrated electrode assemblies, and processes of making the same.

Abstract: A battery separator for extending the cycle life of a battery has a separator and a conductive layer. The conductive layer is disposed upon the separator. The conductive layer is adapted to be in contact with the positive electrode of the battery thereby providing a new route of current to and from the positive electrode.

Abstract: To provide a lithium ion secondary battery that is less likely affected by vibration, shock, or the like. A stacked lithium ion secondary battery is characterized in that separators, which are stacked with positive and negative electrodes, are a flat bag or flat tube with at least one side of an outer periphery thereof intermittently heat-sealed; the heat-sealed side is provided with concave and convex portions made up of straight lines or curves or a combination of straight lines and curves; the outer periphery of the separator made with the concave and convex portions is positioned outside the outer periphery of the negative electrode along with the concave and convex portions; and the outer periphery of the negative electrode is positioned outside the outer periphery of the positive electrode housed in the bag-shape or tubular separator.

Abstract: A conductive element of a cable or a wire is formed of an improved aluminum-zirconium alloy. The aluminum-zirconium alloy further includes an inoculant. The aluminum-zirconium alloy exhibits excellent ultimate tensile strength values and resistance to heat. Bonding wires formed from an improved aluminum-zirconium alloy exhibiting certain ultimate tensile strength values, fatigue resistance and/or creep rates are also described. Methods of forming cables and wires are also further disclosed.

Abstract: A bus bar module includes: a plurality of linear conductors disposed in parallel at predetermined intervals; a belt-form flat conductor disposed adjacent to the linear conductors and extending in an axial direction of the linear conductors; and an insulating resin portion that integrally covers outer peripheral portions of the plurality of linear conductors and one side edge portion of the flat conductor, the one side edge portion being adjacent to the linear conductors. A tensile strength of the flat conductor and the insulating resin portion is not less than 50 N/mm2.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a connector for battery and a battery having the same. The connector includes: a terminal connecting part configured to be connected with an electrode terminal of the battery; an electrode core connecting part configured to be connected with a winding electrode core of the battery, and having a first connecting plate and a second connecting plate opposite to each other; and a transition part connected between the terminal connecting part and the electrode core connecting part, configured to be fitted within a gap between two tabs of two adjacent winding electrode cores, and having a shape matched with that of the gap.

Abstract: Provided is a battery in which collector foil is unlikely to break. In a lithium-ion secondary battery, as for a distance from a connection section between a positive electrode tab and the positive electrode terminal to a boundary section between applying and non-applying sections of positive-electrode active material in a direction perpendicular to a stacking direction, compared with a reference positive electrode having the boundary section that is located farthest to the connection section by straight-line distance, a layer of a positive electrode that is stacked in such a way as to be farthest from the reference positive electrode has a smaller distance from a boundary of the applying and non-applying sections of the positive-electrode active material to a connection section with the positive electrode tab in a direction perpendicular to a stacking direction.

Abstract: A battery module includes a hermetically sealed battery cell assembly. The battery cell assembly includes a housing and an electrochemical cell disposed in the housing. The battery cell assembly also includes a first battery terminal coupled to and extending away from the electrochemical cell and extending through a first opening in the housing. The first opening in the housing comprises a flange. The battery cell assembly further includes a sealing ring disposed around the flange to exert a compressive force for hermetically sealing the opening.

Abstract: A battery pack including a housing having a first housing portion and a second housing portion. The first housing portion is secured to the second housing portion and defines an interface for receiving a power tool. The battery pack also includes a frame received within the second housing portion, the frame including opening to secure a plurality of battery cells. The battery pack further includes a pair of battery cells of the plurality of battery cells stacked vertically in each of the openings. A wedge is positioned in each of the openings between the pair of battery cells. The battery pack also includes a printed circuit board positioned between the frame and the first housing portion.

Abstract: The self-powered device includes a control circuit supplied by a power supply source, and self-destruction unit configured to destroy the device by impairing the power supply source. The invention also relates to the corresponding self-destruction method.

Abstract: A battery cell includes: an electrode assembly; a pouch case accommodating the electrode assembly therein; and an electrode lead including an outer lead protruding to an outside of the pouch case and an inner lead disposed between the outer lead and the electrode assembly, accommodated in the pouch case, and cut by expansion force of the pouch case.

Abstract: A battery cell is provided that includes an electrode assembly and a pouch case that accommodates the electrode assembly therein. Additionally, an electrode lead including an outer lead that protrudes outside the pouch case is provided and an inner lead is disposed between the outer lead and the electrode assembly, accommodated in the pouch case, and cut by tension applied when the pouch case expands.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an electrical storage device that includes an electrode including a cutout part in which a terminal unit including no active material layer is provided. The electrical storage device is manufactured by forming an active material layer having a partially cut-out rectangular shape on a surface of a collector base material to form an electrode base material. The electrode base material is cut to form an electrode that includes a terminal unit formed from part of the electrode base material in which the active material layer is not provided.

Abstract: A method for electrochemical deposition of refined lithium metal to form a lithium anode in situ in a lithium (Li) ion battery comprising providing a fully lithiated cathode, providing a metal anode, providing a block copolymer electrolyte membrane between the cathode and the metal anode, and polarizing the cathode and the metal anode in the lithium ion battery to cause Li ions to migrate from the cathode through the block copolymer electrolyte and cause the electrochemical deposition to deposit refined lithium metal on the metal anode to form the lithium anode.

Abstract: A lithium ion secondary battery having excellent input characteristics and safety is provided. The lithium ion secondary battery includes an electrode group made up of a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a separator and an electrolytic solution provided in a battery container, the positive electrode has a current collector and a positive electrode composite applied to both surfaces of the current collector, the positive electrode composite contains layered lithium nickel manganese cobalt composite oxide as a positive electrode active material, an application quantity of the positive electrode composite to one surface is 110 to 170 g/m2, a density of the positive electrode composite is 2.5 to 2.8 g/cm3, the negative electrode has a current collector and a negative electrode composite applied to both surfaces of the current collector, and the negative electrode composite contains easily graphitizable carbon as a negative electrode active material.

Abstract: A battery is provided. The battery includes a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material layer provided on a positive electrode current collector; a negative electrode; and a separator at least including a porous film, wherein the porous film has a porosity ? [%] and an air permeability t [sec/100 cc] which satisfy formulae of: t=a×Ln(?)?4.02a+100 and ?1.87×1010×S?4.96?a??40 wherein S is the area density of the positive electrode active material layer [mg/cm2] and Ln is natural logarithm.

Abstract: A nanoporous tin is disclose, along with a method of fabrication thereof, the tin having a hierarchical nanoporous and mesoporous ligament morphology that exhibits long-term cyclability, particularly when used as anode material in Li-ion. One embodiment of the present technology is a fabrication method to directly produce nanoporous tin in powder form, rather than a monolithic piece of nanoporous metal, so that the NP-Sn powder can be directly integrated into composite electrodes using commercial battery electrode processing techniques.

Abstract: Methods of making high-energy cathode active materials for primary alkaline batteries are described. The primary batteries include a cathode having an alkali-deficient nickel(IV)-containing oxide including one or more metals such as Co, Mg, Al, Ca, Y, Mn, and/or non-metals such as B, Si, Ge or a combination of metal and/or non-metal atoms as dopants partially substituted for Ni and/or Li in the crystal lattice; an anode; a separator between the cathode and the anode; and an alkaline electrolyte solution.

Abstract: Disclosed is a porous carbon nanotube microsphere material and the preparation method and use thereof, a lithium metal-skeleton carbon composite and the preparation method thereof, a negative electrode of a secondary battery, a secondary battery, and a metal-skeleton carbon composite. The porous carbon nanotube microsphere material is spherical or spheroidal particles composed of carbon nanotubes. The spherical or spheroidal particles have an average diameter of 1 ?m to 100 ?m. A large number of nanoscale pores are composed of interlaced nanotubes inside the particle, and the pore size is 1 nm to 200 nm. The preparation method thereof comprises: mixing and dispersing carbon nanotubes and a solvent, and performing spray drying, to obtain the carbon nanotube microspheres. The lithium metal-skeleton carbon composite is obtained by uniformly mixing lithium metal in a melted state with a porous carbon material carrier and cooling.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are graphene-coated lithium manganese oxide spinels cathodes for high-performance batteries Li-ion batteries and methods for making thereof. A single-layer graphene coating is shown to significantly reduce manganese loss in the cathodes while concurrently promoting the formation of a well-defined solid electrolyte interphase layer.

Abstract: A lithium-ion secondary battery (100A) includes a positive electrode current collector (221A) and a positive electrode active material layer (223A) retained on the positive electrode current collector (221A). The positive electrode active material layer (223A) contains positive electrode active material particles, a conductive agent, and a binder. The positive electrode active material particles (610A) each include a shell portion (612) made of primary particles (800) of a layered lithium-transition metal oxide, a hollow portion (614) formed inside the shell portion (612), and a through-hole (616) penetrating through the shell portion (612). The primary particles (800) of the lithium-transition metal oxide have a major axis length of less than or equal to 0.8 ?m in average of the positive electrode active material layer (223A).

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an anode active material for a secondary battery, including: a composite particle including silicon and a first carbon; and carbon nanotube (CNTs) directly grown on a surface of the composite particle, in which the composite particle is a metal catalyst-free type for synthesizing carbon nanotubes, and a preparation method thereof. The present disclosure may provide a novel metal composite-based anode active material having excellent cycle life characteristics and high capacity of a battery.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a nonaqueous electrolyte battery is a provided. The nonaqueous electrolyte battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a nonaqueous electrolyte. The positive electrode includes a positive electrode layer. The positive electrode layer includes at least one olivine-type compound and a positive electrode binder. The negative electrode includes a negative electrode layer. The negative electrode layer includes at least one oxide and a negative electrode binder. The positive electrode binder and/or the negative electrode binder include at least one compound selected from the group consisting of a polyacrylic acid, a polyacrylate, and a copolymer thereof.

Abstract: A secondary battery includes a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material layer having a positive electrode active material, a negative electrode including a negative electrode active material layer having a negative electrode active material, and an electrolyte. The positive electrode active material contains at least either a lithium iron phosphate compound having an olivine structure or lithium-manganese composite oxide having a spinel structure. The negative electrode active material contains titanium-containing inorganic oxide. In the secondary battery, electrode areas of the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and first charge capacities and irreversible capacities per unit area of the positive electrode and the negative electrode satisfy predetermined formulas.

Abstract: A secondary battery includes a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material layer having a positive electrode active material, a negative electrode including a negative electrode active material layer having a negative electrode active material, and an electrolyte. The positive electrode active material contains either a lithium iron phosphate compound having an olivine structure or lithium-manganese composite oxide having a spinel structure. The negative electrode active material contains titanium-containing inorganic oxide. In the secondary battery, electrode areas of the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and first charge capacities and irreversible capacities per unit area of the positive electrode and the negative electrode satisfy predetermined formulas.

Abstract: Provided is a precursor of a positive electrode active material containing, in a reduced amount, impurities which do not contribute to a charge/discharge reaction but rather corrode a firing furnace and peripheral equipment and thus having excellent battery characteristics and safety, and production method thereof. A method for producing a precursor of a positive electrode active material for nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries having a hollow structure or porous structure includes obtaining the precursor by washing nickel-manganese composite hydroxide particles having a particular composition ratio and a pore structure in which pores are present within the particles with an aqueous carbonate solution having a carbonate concentration of 0.1 mol/L or more.

Abstract: A primary battery includes a cathode having an alkali-deficient nickel oxide including metals such as Ca, Mg, Al, Co, Y, Mn, and/or non-metals such as B, Si, Ge, or a combination of metal and/or non-metal atoms; a combination of metal atoms; an anode; a separator between the cathode and the anode; and an alkaline electrolyte.