Abstract: A laminated porous film includes: a porous base material layer containing polyolefin as a main component; a filler layer containing inorganic particles as a main component; and a resin layer containing, as a main component, resin particles having a median diameter (D50) of greater than 1 ?m.

Abstract: A lithium battery cell structure is provided. A first-electrode conduction portion and a second-electrode conduction portion that are exposed outward are respectively provided on two sides of a soft package lithium battery inside the metal housing. The first-electrode conduction portions are respectively electrically connected and fixed to a first-electrode conductive sheet, and the first-electrode conductive sheet is electrically connected and fixed to a housing conductive sheet that is connected to the metal housing. The second-electrode conduction portions are respectively electrically connected and fixed to a second-electrode conductive sheet, and an other end of the second-electrode conductive sheet is electrically connected and fixed to the second electrode end.

Abstract: A secondary battery and a method for manufacturing a secondary battery, the battery including a case having an internal space; an electrode assembly in the case, the electrode assembly including a first electrode plate, a second electrode plate, and a separator; a cap plate coupled with the case and sealing the case; and an electrode terminal part passing through the cap plate, the electrode terminal part including electrode terminals and a terminal plate, wherein the electrode terminal and the terminal plate are made of different materials are coupled to each other by riveting.

Abstract: A secondary battery, including an electrode assembly; a case accommodating the electrode assembly; a cap plate sealing the case; at least one electrode terminal including a terminal plate on the cap plate and a terminal pin passing through the cap plate and the terminal plate and electrically connected to the electrode assembly; and at least one groove on a top surface of the terminal plate; a top portion of the terminal pin is bent for insertion into the at least one groove.

Abstract: Disclosed is a secondary battery that may include an electrode assembly; a case to accommodate the electrode assembly; a cap plate to seal the case; and at least one electrode terminal connected to the electrode assembly and passing through the cap plate, wherein the electrode terminal includes a terminal plate positioned on the cap plate and a terminal pin passing through the cap plate and the terminal plate, the terminal plate includes at least two rivet grooves having a predetermined depth from a top surface of the terminal plate, and the terminal pin includes at least two stepped portions protruding from a side surface of the terminal pin to correspond to the at least two rivet grooves.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to a battery holder configured to receive a plurality of batteries and prevent an improper electrical connection that results from an incorrect arrangement of the plurality of batteries. In an aspect of the present disclosure, one or more tabs is included on a battery cover to prevent the improper electrical connection of one or more batteries that have been incorrectly inserted and arranged in a battery compartment of the battery holder. The one or more tabs of the present disclosure prevent coupling of the batteries, and thus prevent any current from being drawn from the batteries, when the batteries have been incorrectly arranged within the battery compartment. Furthermore, the one or more tabs do not interfere with the proper electrical connection that results from a correct arrangement of the plurality of batteries within the battery compartment.

Abstract: A secondary battery includes a diaphragm which is disposed on a current path between a current collector plate connected to a wound electrode group in a battery container and an external terminal, deforms when an internal pressure of the battery container increases, and breaks the current path. The diaphragm has a convex portion which protrudes to the current collector plate. The current collector plate has a through-hole into which the convex portion is inserted. An inner wall portion of the through-hole and a side wall portion of the convex portion facing each other are welded.

Abstract: A rechargeable battery according to an exemplary embodiment may include: an electrode assembly including an electrode provided with a coated region and an uncoated region tab at opposite sides of a separator and configured to be spirally wound; an insulating case to accommodate and electrically insulate the electrode assembly; a case to accommodate the insulating case; and a cap plate including an electrolyte injection opening for injecting an electrolyte solution and combined with an opening of the case, wherein the insulating case may include: an internal electrolyte injection opening corresponding to the electrolyte injection opening; a pillar around the internal electrolyte injection opening protruding toward an inner side of the cap plate; and a valve flap that rotates via a hinge, induces injection of the electrolyte solution, and prevents backflow of the electrolyte solution.

Abstract: A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery includes: a positive electrode that includes a positive electrode active material layer; a negative electrode that includes a negative electrode active material layer; and a nonaqueous electrolytic solution. When a void volume of the positive electrode active material layer per battery capacity is represented by ? (cm3/Ah), and when a void volume of the negative electrode active material layer per battery capacity is represented by ? (cm3/Ah), the following conditions are satisfied: 1.00???2.20; ??(1) 2.17???3.27; and ??(2) ?<?.

Abstract: A positive electrode contains a first active material and a second active material. The first active material and the second active material each contain a lithium composite oxide containing at least manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and cobalt (Co) as transition metals. The first active material has a particulate shape. An average porosity V1 in a particle of the first active material satisfies 10[%]?V1?30[%]. An average particle diameter D1 of the first active material satisfies 6 [?m]?D1?20 [?m]. The second active material has a particulate shape. An average porosity V2 in a particle of the second active material satisfies 0[%]?V2?10[%]. An average particle diameter D2 of the second active material satisfies 1 [?m]?D2?6 [?m].

Abstract: The present invention is a negative electrode material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, including negative electrode active material particles composed of a silicon compound (SiOx, where 0.5?x?1.6) containing a lithium compound, the negative electrode active material particles being coated with a coating containing at least two of a substance having two or more hydroxyl groups per molecule, phosphoryl fluoride, lithium carbonate, and a hydrocarbon that exhibits a positive ion spectrum CyH2 (1?y?3 and 2?z?5) when subjected to TOF-SIMS. There can be provided a negative electrode material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery including a negative electrode using this negative electrode material, and a method of producing negative electrode active material particles that can increase the battery capacity and improve the cycle performance and initial charge and discharge performance.

Abstract: A positive electrode active material includes: a lithium complex oxide expressed by chemical formula (1); a highly thermal conductive compound; and graphene or multilayer graphene. LixM1yM21-yO2??(1) In the formula (1), M1 is at least one metal selected from Ni, Co, and Mn, M2 is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Al, Fe, Ti, Cr, Mg, Cu, Ga, Zn, Sn, B, V, Ca, and Sr, and x and y are numbers such that 0.05?x?1.2 and 0.3?y?1.

Abstract: The present invention provides a lithium metal powder protected by a substantially continuous layer of a polymer. Such a substantially continuous polymer layer provides improved protection such as compared to typical CO2-passivation.

Abstract: A method is provided for forming a metal battery electrode with a pyrolyzed coating. The method provides a metallorganic compound of metal (Me) and materials such as carbon (C), sulfur (S), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), and combinations of the above-listed materials, expressed as MeXCYNZSXXOYY, where Me is a metal such as tin (Sn), antimony (Sb), or lead (Pb), or a metal alloy. The method heats the metallorganic compound, and as a result of the heating, decomposes materials in the metallorganic compound. In one aspect, decomposing the materials in the metallorganic compound includes forming a chemical reaction between the Me particles and the materials. An electrode is formed of Me particles coated by the materials. In another aspect, the Me particles coated with a material such as a carbide, a nitride, a sulfide, or combinations of the above-listed materials.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for producing graphene-silicon nanowire hybrid material, comprising: (A) preparing a catalyst metal-coated mixture mass, which includes mixing graphene sheets with micron or sub-micron scaled silicon particles to form a mixture and depositing a nano-scaled catalytic metal onto surfaces of the graphene sheets and/or silicon particles; and (B) exposing the catalyst metal-coated mixture mass to a high temperature environment (preferably from 300° C. to 2,000° C., more preferably from 400° C. to 1,500° C., and most preferably from 500° C. to 1,200° C.) for a period of time sufficient to enable a catalytic metal-catalyzed growth of multiple silicon nanowires using the silicon particles as a feed material to form the graphene-silicon nanowire hybrid material composition. An optional etching or separating procedure may be conducted to remove catalytic metal or graphene from the Si nanowires.

Abstract: Provided herein, is a lithium-ion secondary battery having desirable charge and discharge cycle characteristics. The negative electrode active material as a constituent material of the negative electrode mixture layer has a flat surface in at least a part of its surface. This can improve the charge and discharge cycle characteristics.

Abstract: Disclosed are functionalized Group IVA particles, methods of preparing the Group IVA particles, and methods of using the Group IVA particles. The Group IVA particles may be passivated with at least one layer of material covering at least a portion of the particle. The layer of material may be a covalently bonded non-dielectric layer of material. The Group IVA particles may be used in various technologies, including lithium ion batteries and photovoltaic cells.

Abstract: The secondary battery includes a cathode, an anode, and an electrolytic solution. The anode includes an anode current collector and an anode active material layer that includes an anode active material, and is provided on the anode current collector, a surface of the anode active material being covered with one or more coatings containing one or both of polyvinylidene fluoride and a copolymer of polyvinylidene fluoride.

Abstract: To provide excellent lithium-nickel composite oxide particles which have high environmental stability and are thus capable of suppressing generation of impurities due to absorption of moisture and a carbon dioxide gas, while being prevented from easy separation of a coating film because of high adhesion thereof and having lithium ion conductivity. Coated lithium-nickel composite oxide particles, which are obtained by coating the surfaces of lithium-nickel composite oxide particles with a predetermined coating material, have electrical conductivity and ion conductivity and are capable of suppressing permeation of moisture and a carbon dioxide gas. Consequently, the present invention is able to provide coated lithium-nickel composite oxide particles for positive electrode active materials of lithium ion batteries, which is excellent for use in lithium ion batteries.

Abstract: A porous silicon composition, a porous alloy composition, or a porous silicon containing cermet composition, as defined herein. A method of making: the porous silicon composition; the porous alloy composition, or the porous silicon containing cermet composition, as defined herein. Also disclosed is an electrode, and an energy storage device incorporating the electrode and at least one of the disclosed compositions, as defined herein.

Abstract: A lithium composite metallic oxide expressed by: LiaNibCocMndDeOf (where 0.2?“a”?1.5, “b”+“c”+“d”+“e”=1, 0<“e”<1, “D” is at least one of the following elements: Fe, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ca, Mg, Zr, S, Si, Na, K, Al, Ti, P, Ga, Ge, V, Mo, Nb, W, La, Hf and Rf, and 1.7?“f”?2.1), and including: a high manganese portion, which is made of a metallic oxide including Ni, Co and Mn at least and of which the composition ratio between Ni, Co and Mn is expressed by Ni:Co:Mn=g:h:i (note that “g”+“h”+“i”=1, 0<“g”<1, 0<“h”<“c”, and “d”<“i”<1), in a superficial layer thereof; and a metallic oxidation portion in an outermost superficial layer of the high manganese portion.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of carbon-coating a secondary battery active material and a second battery active material produced by the method. The method of producing a carbon-coated battery active material involves mixing a carbon precursor with liquid carbon dioxide to produce a coating solution comprising a carbon material, coating a battery active material with the carbon material by applying the coating solution to the battery active material, and sintering the coated battery active material to obtain the carbon-coated battery active material.

Abstract: To provide a carbonaceous material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery anode that yields an anode for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery having excellent input/output characteristics, and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery having high discharge capacity per unit volume, and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery and a vehicle comprising this non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery anode. The carbonaceous material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery anode of the present invention has a number average particle size of from 0.1 to 2.0 ?m, a value of a number average particle size divided by a volume average particle size of not greater than 0.3, an average interlayer spacing d002 of an (002) plane determined by X-ray diffraction of from 0.340 to 0.390 nm, and an atomic ratio (H/C) of hydrogen and carbon of not greater than 0.10.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a novel positive electrode which is produced using a rubber being an inexpensive material and is capable of enhancing a charge and discharge capacity and cyclability of a lithium-ion secondary battery, and the lithium-ion secondary battery composed of the positive electrode. In the lithium-ion secondary battery, the positive electrode comprises a current collector and an electrode layer formed on a surface of the current collector, the electrode layer comprises an active material, an electrically-conductive additive and a thermosetting resin binder subjected to thermosetting, and the active material comprises a sulfur-based positive-electrode active material prepared by heat-treating a starting material comprising a rubber and sulfur under a non-oxidizing atmosphere.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrical storage device binder composition that can produce an electrode that achieves improved charge-discharge characteristics. The composition includes a polymer (A) and a liquid medium (B), and further includes particles having a particle size of 10 to 50 micrometers in a number of 1,000 to 100,000 per mL.

Abstract: The present invention provides an energy storage device comprising a cathode region or other element. The device has a major active region comprising a plurality of first active regions spatially disposed within the cathode region. The major active region expands or contracts from a first volume to a second volume during a period of a charge and discharge. The device has a catholyte material spatially confined within a spatial region of the cathode region and spatially disposed within spatial regions not occupied by the first active regions. In an example, the catholyte material comprises a lithium, germanium, phosphorous, and sulfur (“LGPS”) containing material configured in a polycrystalline state. The device has an oxygen species configured within the LGPS containing material, the oxygen species having a ratio to the sulfur species of 1:2 and less to form a LGPSO material.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are functionalized Group IVA particles, methods of preparing the Group IVA particles, and methods of using the Group IVA particles. The Group IVA particles may be passivated with at least one layer of material covering at least a portion of the particle. The layer of material may be a covalently bonded non-dielectric layer of material. The Group IVA particles may be used in various technologies, including lithium ion batteries and photovoltaic cells.

Abstract: In some examples, a fuel cell comprising an anode; an electrolyte; cathode barrier layer; and a nickelate composite cathode separated from the electrolyte by the cathode barrier layer; and a cathode current collector layer. The nickelate composite cathode includes a nickelate compound and an ionic conductive material, and the nickelate compound comprises at least one of Pr2NiO4, Nd2NiO4, (PruNdv)2NiO4, (PruNdv)3Ni2O7, (PruNdv)4Ni3O10, or (PruNdvMw)2NiO4, where M is an alkaline earth metal doped on an A—site of Pr and Nd. The ionic conductive material comprises a first co-doped ceria with a general formula of (AxBy)Ce1-x-yO2, where A and B of the first co-doped ceria are rare earth metals. The cathode barrier layer comprises a second co-doped ceria with a general formula (AxBy)Ce1-x-yO2, where at least one of A or B of the second co-doped ceria is Pr or Nd.

Abstract: An electrode includes a proton conducting electrolyte phase, an electronic conducting phase, and a metal or metal alloy catalyst in contact with each of the phases. The electronic conducting phase is infiltrated with the proton conducting electrolyte phase such that the phases form a solid nanocomposite with bulk electronic conductivity.

Abstract: The present invention provides a catalyst for a solid polymer fuel cell, having excellent initial activity and good durability and a production method thereof. The present invention is a catalyst for a solid polymer fuel cell, including catalyst particles composed of platinum or a platinum alloy supported on a carbon powder carrier, the catalyst having sulfo groups (—SO3H) at least on the catalyst particles, and the catalyst further having a fluorine compound having a C—F bond supported at least on the catalyst particles. It is preferred in the catalyst of the present invention that sulfur content is 800 ppm or more and 5000 ppm or less based on the mass of the whole catalyst and the amount of the fluorine compound is 3 mass % or more and 24 mass % or less based on the mass of the whole catalyst.

Abstract: A carbon-based material (32) includes graphite or amorphous carbon particles. The carbon-based material further includes: nonmetal atoms with which one of the graphite and the amorphous carbon particles is doped, the nonmetal atoms being at least one kind selected from the group consisting of nitrogen atoms, boron atoms, sulfur atoms, and phosphorus atoms; and metal atoms with which one of the graphite and the amorphous carbon particles is doped. A distance between the metal atoms and the nonmetal atoms is 1.4 ? or less.

Abstract: A bipolar plate for a fuel cell includes an anode side and a cathode side, wherein in a top view onto the anode side or cathode side: operating medium flow fields include an anode gas flow field situated on the anode side, a cathode gas flow field situated on the cathode side, and an internal coolant flow field, a first supply area and a second supply area situated on diametrically opposite sections of the bipolar plate lateral to the operating medium flow fields, supply ports situated in the first and second supply areas as through openings, an anode gas port for supplying or removing the anode gas, a cathode gas port for supplying or removing the cathode gas, and a coolant port for supplying or removing the coolant, the anode gas port being situated within a supply area between the cathode gas port and the coolant port, and the bipolar plate including or being made of a carbon-based electrically conductive material.

Abstract: An illustrative example system includes at least one fuel cell that is configured to generate electricity based on an electrochemical reaction. The fuel cell includes an exhaust. A heat pump includes an evaporator, a condenser, a compressor, and an expansion valve. A coolant loop is external to the at least one fuel cell. The coolant loop has a first portion associated with the exhaust such that heat from the exhaust increases a temperature of coolant fluid in the first portion. The coolant loop has a second portion downstream of the first portion. The second portion of the coolant loop is associated with the evaporator such that heat from the coolant fluid in the second portion increases the temperature of the evaporator.

Abstract: The invention relates to an arrangement and a method for the controlled discharge of an energy store using redox shuttle additives and to the use of redox shuttle additives for the controlled discharge of an energy store. The energy store arrangement comprises a storage container with a redox shuttle additive which is dispensed into the electrolytes of the energy store upon triggering a dispensing device such that the energy store is partly or completely discharged, wherein the redox shuttle additive is oxidized on the cathode and reduced on the anode. The redox shuttle additive has a redox potential which is less than or equal to the potential of the partially or completely discharged cathode and greater than or equal to the potential of the partially or completely discharged anode.

Abstract: A humidifier for a fuel cell includes a connection hose part connected to an air inlet of a fuel cell stack. A humidifier port part is coupled to an inner peripheral surface of the connection hose part and connects the connection hose part to an air outlet of a humidifier housing. A condensate collection part is coupled to an upper portion of the humidifier port part so that a condensate collection space is defined between an outer peripheral surface of the condensate collection part and the inner peripheral surface of the connection hose part.

Abstract: A fuel cell stack includes a stack body, a stack casing, and an exhaust duct. The stack body includes a first end, a second end, a bottom, a top, a side, and a downwardly inclined portion. The top has a substantially flat portion with an end point. The side extends between the top and the bottom and between the first end and the second end. The downwardly inclined portion connects the end point of the substantially flat portion and the side. The stack casing accommodates the stack body. The stack casing includes an upper wall and a side wall. The side wall is opposite to the side of the stack body. The exhaust duct is connected to the upper wall of the stack casing. The exhaust duct has an opening on the upper wall. The opening is arranged between the end point and the side wall.

Abstract: In order to provide means to improve an operating ratio and the like of a fuel cell while keeping using a gas meter and a gas leakage detection system popularly used by a general household, a fuel cell system of the disclosure herein including a fuel cell module configured to generate power by using gas supplied via a gas meter and a controller configured to control the power generation of the fuel cell module, wherein the controller, when detecting for a first predetermined period of time that the gas is not supplied to anything else other than the fuel cell module, controls to stop the power generation of the fuel cell module for a second predetermined period of time.

Abstract: A fuel cell system supplies anode gas and cathode gas to a fuel cell and causes the fuel cell to generate power according to a load. The fuel cell system includes a supply passage configured to supply the anode gas to the fuel cell, a pressure control valve that provided in the supply passage and configured to adjust a pressure of the anode gas supplied to the fuel cell, and a discharge passage configured to discharge the anode gas from the fuel cell. The fuel cell system includes an ejector that provided in the supply passage configured to suck the anode gas discharged to the discharge passage and circulate the anode gas to the fuel cell by the anode gas supplied from the pressure control valve, and a control unit configured to pulsate the pressure of the anode gas supplied to the ejector.

Abstract: A solid oxide fuel cell system includes at least a solid oxide fuel cell that generates, through an electrochemical reaction, electric power from anode gas and cathode gas containing oxygen, a combustor that burns anode off-gas and cathode off-gas both discharged from the solid oxide fuel cell, and that produces exhaust gas, a purifier that is heated by heat of the exhaust gas produced by the combustor, and that includes a purification catalyst to remove substances to be cleaned up, those substances being contained in the exhaust gas, and a controller. The controller raises the temperature of the purifier to 300° C. or higher for a predetermined time.

Abstract: An electrode includes a proton conducting electrolyte phase, an electronic conducting phase, and a metal catalyst, metal alloy catalyst, or metal oxide catalyst in contact with each of the phases. The electronic conducting phase is infiltrated with the proton conducting electrolyte phase such that the phases form a solid nanocomposite with bulk electronic conductivity.

Abstract: A compound including a cation of the following structure is provided (1), wherein Q is selected from the group consisting of polymer residues and substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, and R is H or a polymer residue. A membrane including the above cation, and electrochemical devices employing this membrane, are also provided.

Abstract: A polymer electrolyte membrane for a fuel cell includes a cross-linking polymer in which a polyhedral oligomeric silsequioxane (POSS) is cross-linked with a hydrocarbon-based polymer and a membrane-electrode assembly for a fuel cell includes the polymer electrolyte membrane.

Abstract: Solid electrolytes, anodes and cathodes for SOFC. Doped BaCeO3 useful for solid electrolytes and anodes in SOFCs exhibiting chemical stability in the presence of CO2, water vapor or both and exhibiting proton conductivity sufficiently high for practical application. Proton-conducting metal oxides of formula Ba1?xSrxCe1?y1?y2?y3Zry1Gdy2Yy3O3?? where x, y1, y2, and y3 are numbers as follows: x is 0.4 to 0.6; y1 is 0.1-0.5; y2 is 0.05 to 0.15, y3 is 0.05 to 0.15, and cathode materials of formula II GdPrBaCo2?zFezO5+? where z is a number from 0 to 1, and ? is a number that varies such that the metal oxide compositions are charge neutral. Anodes, cathodes and solid electrolyte containing such materials. SOFC containing anodes, cathodes and solid electrolyte containing such materials.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an electrical energy storage apparatus which forms an interpenetrating, three dimensional structure. The structure may have a first non-planar channel filled with an anode material to form an anode, and a second non-planar channel adjacent the first non-planar channel filled with a cathode material to form a cathode. A third non-planar channel may be formed adjacent the first and second non-planar channels and filled with an electrolyte. The first, second and third channels are formed so as to be interpenetrating and form a spatially dense, three dimensional structure. A first current collector is in communication with the first non-planar channel and forms a first electrode, while a second current collector is in communication with the second non-planar channel and forms a second electrode. A separator layers separates the current collectors.

Abstract: A secondary battery is disclosed. In one aspect, the secondary battery includes an electrode assembly and a case comprising an accommodation region configured to accommodate the electrode assembly. The accommodation region has a first width in a center area thereof and a second width in opposing ends thereof, and wherein the second width is greater than the first width. When the case configured to accommodate the electrode assembly is formed, formation errors caused by concentration of stress such as tearing of a raw material or thickness deviations may be prevented.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a lithium ion battery includes: attaching a lid to a first main surface of a first substrate, the lid including a conductive coves element; forming a cavity between the lid and the first substrate; forming an anode comprising a component made of a semiconductor material at the first substrate; forming a cathode at the lid; and filling an electrolyte into the cavity.

Abstract: Articles, compositions, and methods involving ionically conductive compounds are provided. The disclosed ionically conductive compounds may be incorporated into an electrochemical cell (e.g., a lithium-sulfur electrochemical cell, a lithium-ion electrochemical cell, an intercalated-cathode based electrochemical cell) as, for example, a protective layer for an electrode, a solid electrolyte layer, and/or any other appropriate component within the electrochemical cell. In certain embodiments, electrode structures and/or methods for making electrode structures including a layer comprising an ionically conductive compound described herein are provided.

Abstract: An electrolyte solution capable of providing electrochemical devices whose internal resistance is less likely to increase even after repeated charge and discharge and whose cycle capacity retention ratio is high. The electrolyte solution contains a solvent, an electrolyte salt, and a phosphate in an amount of 0.001 to 15 mass % relative to the solvent and represented by the formula (1): (R11O)(R12O)PO2M, where R11, R12 and M are as defined herein.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a nonaqueous secondary battery includes: constructing a battery assembly with a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a nonaqueous electrolytic solution, the nonaqueous electrolytic solution containing a sulfonic acid compound having a triple bond; activating the battery assembly to decompose a portion of the sulfonic acid compound such that a percentage of the sulfonic acid compound is more than 0 mass % and 0.2 mass % or less with respect to 100 mass % of a total amount of the nonaqueous electrolytic solution; self-discharging the battery assembly to measure a voltage drop amount; and determining whether internal short-circuit occurs in the battery assembly based on the voltage drop amount.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell including at least one nitrogen-containing compound is disclosed. The at least one nitrogen-containing compound may form part of or be included in: an anode structure, a cathode structure, an electrolyte and/or a separator of the electrochemical cell. Also disclosed is a battery including the electrochemical cell.