Abstract: A hydraulic expansion chuck includes a basic body, an expansion bush which is received in the basic body and defines a reception space for a tool to be clamped, and a pressure chamber which is delimited between the expansion bush and the basic body. A securing pin is provided, which extends through the basic body and the expansion bush into the reception space. A method for producing a hydraulic expansion chuck is disclosed. First, a basic body is provided with a blind hole, into which an internal thread is cut. Then, an expansion bush is soldered into the basic body. Finally, an orifice is made at the bottom of the blind hole and extends through the material of the expansion bush into a tool reception space which is delimited in the expansion bush.

Abstract: A chuck for a chiseling power tool has a holding sleeve that is arranged concentrically with respect to a working axis and that serves to receive one shank end of a tool having a locking groove. A locking element protrudes partially into the holding sleeve so as to engage with the locking groove. A sliding block guides the locking element, whereby the sliding block has a section that is wound helically around the working axis.

Abstract: Provided is a holder device that uses a pressure medium suitable for gripping a long and thin grasped object, the device eliminating need for a small-diameter machining for a device body and allowing use of a material suitable for sleeve deformation at a portion where a pressure chamber is formed. A holder device capable of deforming in a radial direction for fastening a grasped object 7 through a function of a pressure medium, includes a device body 2, a sleeve 3 disposed at a leading end of the device body 2 for gripping the grasped object 7, a pressure chamber 8 formed circumferentially in the sleeve 3, and a support portion 9 provided continuously from the device body 2 for forming the pressure chamber 8 together with the sleeve 3.

Abstract: For enabling accurate and efficient cutting work on a narrow area, in a hydraulic chuck configured such that a pressurization fluid pressurized by a push member (8b) is fed through a pressurization passage (8) to a pressurization chamber (6) to reduce a diameter of an elastic deformable part (2b), the hydraulic chuck includes a body (1) having a flange accommodating part (5a) opening at a small-diameter portion at a tip end of the body and a sleeve accommodating part (5b) opening in a bottom face of the flange accommodating part (5a), and a sleeve (2) having a hole (2a) in which a gripped object is inserted, the sleeve being engageable and insertable with/to the sleeve accommodating part (5b) from a leading end side of the flange accommodating part (5a), the sleeve (2) forming the pressurization chamber (6) reserving therein an amount of the pressurization fluid between this sleeve (2) and the sleeve accommodating part (5b), the sleeve (2) having a flange (7) engageable with the flange accommodating part (5a)

Abstract: A power tool accessory includes a shank member having a first hardness. A conically-shaped body is coupled to the shank member and includes a series of stepped shoulders that increase in diameter from a tip portion to a base portion. A flute extends substantially from the tip portion to the base portion, with cutting edges defined at the intersection of the flute and the shoulders. The body has a second hardness greater than the first hardness.

Abstract: A remote cutter head and a system therefore which can operate in confined spaces are provided. The remote cutting system including a cutter assembly driven by a fluid source, a pushrod hose coupling the cutter assembly to the fluid source, a control assembly detachably secured to the pushrod hose, and a monitor assembly coupled to at least one camera. The monitor assembly provides video images of the cutter assembly and cutter assembly surroundings. The cutting head including a fluid-driven gearmotor, the gearmotor including a two-piece housing, bearings, a pressure balanced gearmotor cavity, and two rotating members provided in the pressure balanced gearmotor cavity, one of the rotating members protruding from the cutting head. High-pressure fluid provided to the cutting head turns the two rotating members to drive a cutting bit attached to the rotating member protruding from the cutting head. Also provided is a cutting bit.

Abstract: A milling disc is formed as a generally circular disc having a center axis and including an outer peripheral surface provided with a number of cutting edges, a first side having a bearing surface around the center axis, and attachment means arranged to interact with mating attachment means of a rotatable mounting shaft to allow rotary preventing attachment of the milling disc to the rotatable shaft and forcing of the bearing surface towards a mounting surface at an end surface of the shaft. The milling disc is provided with at least one flushing fluid channel having a confined cross-section and extending within the milling disc from an inlet opening in its bearing surface to at least one outlet opening in its peripheral surface. There is also provided a rotatable mounting shaft for the rotatable attachment of such a milling disc.

Abstract: A cutting tool and cutter body assembly, including a disk-shaped cutter body and a plurality of support pads removably retained therein, the cutter body having an axis of rotation, two opposing end surfaces and a body peripheral surface extending therebetween. Each support pad intersects one of two annular-shaped planes equidistantly offset from opposite sides of a median plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation, and the cutter body intersects neither of the two annular-shaped planes. Each support pad is configured to make operative contact with a machined surface of a workpiece perpendicular to the axis of rotation. Each support pad has opposing upper and lower surfaces and a pad peripheral surface extending therebetween, the pad peripheral surface having an upper portion intersecting the upper surface, and the upper portion exhibiting N-fold rotational symmetry about a pad axis non-perpendicular to the lower surface.

Abstract: Electrodes, components, apparatuses, and methods for electrochemical machining (ECM) are disclosed. ECM may be employed to provide burr-free or substantially burr-free ECM of electrically-conductive workpieces (e.g. shrouds). As one non-limiting example, the electrically-conductive workpiece may be a shroud that is used as an electrical component in electronics boards. While the ECM components, apparatuses, and methods disclosed herein reduce burrs, ECM can provide imprecise machining and cause stray erosions to occur in the machined electrically-conductive workpiece. In this regard, the electrodes, components, apparatuses, and methods for ECM disclosed herein provide features that allow for precise machining of the machined electrically-conductive workpiece and also allow avoidance of stray erosions in the machined electrically-conductive workpiece.

Abstract: An electrical discharge machining method includes a step in which a pipe electrode is arranged such that the axis line of the pipe electrode faces the depth direction of the throughholes, the pipe electrode is moved relative to the workpiece, and a sloped section is formed; a step in which a straight section connected to the sloped section is formed; and a step in which the pipe electrode is arranged such that the axis line is vertical relative to the inside wall surface of the sloped section, the pipe electrode is moved relative to the workpiece, and the inside wall surface is machined.

Abstract: A method of forming a metal bonding layer includes forming first and second bonding metal layers on one surfaces of first and second bonding objects, respectively. The second bonding object is disposed on the first bonding object such that the first bonding metal layer and the second bonding metal layer face each other. A eutectic metal bonding layer is formed through a reaction between the first and second bonding metal layers. At least one of the first bonding metal layer and the second bonding metal layer includes an oxidation prevention layer formed on an upper surface thereof. The oxidation prevention layer is formed of a metal having an oxidation reactivity lower than an oxidation reactivity of the bonding metal layer on the upper surface which the oxidation prevention layer is disposed.

Abstract: In a vacuum soldering apparatus and a control method thereof, in order to prevent flux scattering or solder scattering when voids are defoamed and/or deaerated from molten solder by evacuating a chamber to a target degree of vacuum as well as in order to be able to perform brief evacuation, an evaluation control of a pump is performed. The evaluation control of the pump is performed in which the plural evacuation control properties (#1 through #4) with the gradients ? plotting the degrees of vacuum (pressure P) in relation to evacuation time (time t) when a chamber is evacuated by a predetermined pump output, are previously prepared; and the control are changed from evacuation control property of small pump output to evacuation control property of large pump output based on the initially set gradient ? in the evacuation control property.

Abstract: A magnetic field is generated in a workpiece in a direction orthogonal to the joining direction, and as a result of the Lorentz force resulting from the magnetic field and the current between the plasma torch and the workpiece, the front tip side of the arc is bent forward in the direction of advancement of the plasma torch and welding is performed. The magnetic field strength of the welded part is adjusted by changing the relative positions of the plasma torch and a butting portion of the workpiece.

Abstract: Embodiments of a welding system including a controller adapted to implement a lockout mechanism are provided. The controller may be adapted to selectively activate a learn mode and a use mode of a component of the welding system. When the learn mode is activated, the controller receives an allowable data set and stores the allowable data set to memory. When the use mode is activated, the controller receives an operational data set, references the allowable data set to check if the operational data set is allowable, logs the operational data set and enables the component of the welding system to operate when the operational data set is allowable, and disables the component of the welding system when the operational data set is not allowable.

Abstract: Systems and methods for affecting an appearance of a deposited weld bead by modulating one or more welding parameters. For example, an electrode negative portion of a welding output current may be modulated to affect the appearance of a deposited weld bead. Furthermore, a wire feed speed of a welding electrode may be synergistically modulated with an electrode negative portion of a welding output current to affect a deposited weld bead appearance. Two or more welding processes may be interleaved with each other at a specified modulation frequency to affect a deposited weld bead appearance. One or more welding parameters may be modulated based on a welding travel speed to provide a consistent appearance of a deposited weld bead.

Abstract: A resistance welding method for welding a stack of three or more workpieces. The method includes the steps of holding a first welding tip in abutment against a first outermost workpiece, holding a second welding tip in abutment against a second outermost workpiece, and holding a pressing member in abutment against the first outermost workpiece. The method also includes the steps of gripping the stacked assembly with the first welding tip, the second welding tip, and the pressing member and passing an electric current between the first welding electrode and the second welding electrode.

Abstract: A welding system includes an inductor on an output of a welding power supply. The power supply may be of the type including an engine and a generator for producing power, with power conversion circuitry conditioning the power to a form suitable for a stick welding application. The inductor has an inductance sufficient for storing energy for maintaining a welding arc with XX10 electrodes, such as on the order of 700 mH. The inductor may have a particular structure, such as one designed around T and L shaped core elements.

Abstract: A cartridge assembly for a tool includes a cartridge body or casing that contains a conductor. A conductor is connected to a pulse generator or source of stored charge that is discharged to vaporize the conductor and create an electro-hydraulic or electro-magnetic shockwave that is used to impact or pulse weld two parts together.

Abstract: Providing a rotary tool for friction stir spot-welding, which makes it possible to join together two aluminum members superposed on each other, with a high degree of joint strength. The rotary tool has a probe which is provided in a central part of a distal end portion of a cylindrical tool body so as to extend coaxially with the tool body and which has a stepped structure consisting of an intermediate probe and a central probe which extend coaxially with each other. Distal end faces of the tool body and the intermediate probe respectively give a first shoulder surface and a second shoulder surface which are gradually recessed in a radially inward direction and connected to proximal portions of the respective intermediate and central probes.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for joining two essentially metal sheet-type workpieces. In said method. the edge regions of the workpieces to be joined are placed at a distance from one another, at least one wire-shaped filler material is introduced into a zone between the edge regions before or during the joining process, and edge regions and the filler material are then heated to a predefined joining temperature by at least one first frictional element that moves in relation to the edge regions and the filler material, are subjected to a certain contact pressure, and are joined while being deformed.

Abstract: A device for solid state joining of light metals like aluminum is described. The device utilizes the principle of continuous extrusion to add a string of filler metal into a groove separating the components to be joined, and shear deformation for surface oxide removal in the groove. The device comprises a rotating drive spindle (13) terminated in a drive spindle head (14). A groove with the shape of a circular arc constituting an extrusion chamber (16) is machined in the outer surface (15) of the drive spindle head (14), the extrusion chamber (16) being limited radially outwards by a stationary annular metal shoe (17) surrounding the drive spindle head (14), the extrusion chamber (16) being terminated by an integrated (fixed) or replaceable abutment member (18) for diverting aluminum from its circular movement in the extrusion chamber (16) through a die orifice (19).

Abstract: A method for detecting drilling progress in laser drilling is provided. The method includes sensing a process condition during the drilling of an airfoil, and sensing a change in the process condition indicative of a breakthrough of a laser from the laser drill through a near wall of the airfoil. The method additionally includes continuing to sense the process condition subsequent to the sensed change in the process condition to improve the accuracy of the breakthrough detection.

Abstract: A device for cutting hair is disclosed that includes a laser beam generator (2) and a polarisation controller (6) configured to polarise the laser beam (10) and substantially align the polarisation of the laser beam with a longitudinal axis of a hair to be cut. Also disclosed is a method of cutting hair using a laser beam to cut hair. The method including generating and polarising the laser beam to substantially align the polarisation of the laser beam with a longitudinal axis of a hair to be cut.

Abstract: A method for treating a Cu thin sheet is provided. The method comprises the steps of: supplying a slurry in which a diffusion bonding aid (DBA), such as Ni powder, and a reinforcing material (RM), such as a carbide base metal compound, are dispersed in a solvent to a predetermined portion on a Cu or Cu base alloy thin sheet, drying the supplied slurry, and applying a laser to induce melting, solidification, and fixation, so as to form a buildup layer. In the method, the weight ratio of DBA to RM is specified to be 80:20 to 50:50, and the median diameters D50 of both DBA and RM employed fall within 0.1 to 100 ?m, the median diameter D50 of DBA is larger than the median diameter D50 of RM, and both the distribution ratio D90/D10 of DBA and the distribution ratio D90/D10 of RM are 4.0 or less.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a precoated steel plate is provided. The method includes coating a steel plate by dipping the steel plate in a molten bath to obtain a precoat upon the steel plate. The precoat consists of an intermetallic alloy layer and a metal alloy layer, the intermetallic alloy layer is topped by the metal alloy layer. On at least one face of the plate, the metal alloy layer is removed in an area at a periphery of the plate using a laser beam, while at least part of the intermetallic alloy layer is left in the area. The step of removing includes measuring a characteristic of the laser or an area where the metal alloy area is to be removed to obtain a measured value, comparing the measured value with a reference value and stopping a removal operation to leave the at least part of the intermetallic alloy in place as function of the comparing step. Additional methods are also provided.

Abstract: Process for producing a line of weakness in a cover element comprising at least one slit. This slit is produced through a plurality of machining cycles in which a pulsed laser beam is guided in each instance over the cover element along an imaginary line so that the energy of the laser pulses is introduced into the cover element. The slits are produced in two segments. More energy is introduced over the machining cycles in the first, comparatively short segments than in the second, comparatively long segments. The residual wall below the slits decreases with each machining cycle until the first residual wall segment thickness in the first segment is so small that energy portions transmit through the first residual wall segment and are detected by a sensor arrangement arranged downstream. Accordingly, the first residual wall segment thickness is detected, and inferences can be drawn from this about the second residual wall segment thickness.

Abstract: A manufacturing method of a metal mask including a plurality of pattern openings includes forming a first depression portion by radiating a first laser beam focused on a plane beyond a subject under processing, and then forming the plurality of pattern openings at a bottom part of the first depression portion by radiating a second laser beam focused on the bottom part of the first depression portion. Because the energy of the second laser beam is less than the first laser beam, manufacturing time of the mask is reduced while the sidewalls of the pattern opening are smooth and may be inclined, to allow for a better deposition of organic emission material onto a large display.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides compositions and methods for forming three-dimensional structures atop substrates. These structures may be formed and processed so as to braze together two substrates. The structures may be controllably formed in three dimensions so as to accommodate virtually any substrate geometry or configuration. The structures may also be disposed so as to maintain spacing between two surfaces.

Abstract: A method for welding a plurality of aluminum to aluminum welds and a plurality of steel to steel welds using the same welder includes providing a resistance spot welder with a pair of weld electrodes having an electrode face radius of curvature in the range between 20 mm and 40 mm. The series of aluminum to aluminum welds is first made, and then, after completing the aluminum to aluminum welds, the series of steel to steel welds are made. After completing the steel to steel welds the weld electrodes are cleaned by an abrasive to remove any buildup or contamination of aluminum on the electrodes. In the event the electrodes have mushroomed, then dressing of the electrodes is provided and then the abrasive cleaning is performed to restore the surface texture.

Abstract: An anisotropic conductive adhesive in which high thermal dissipation is provided. Conductive particles and solder particles are dispersed in a binder. In a thermally compressed LED device manufactured using this anisotropic conductive adhesive, terminals of the LED device are electrically connected to terminals of a substrate via particles and the terminals of the LED device and the terminals of the substrate are solder bonded.

Abstract: A spot welding apparatus may include a fixed welding machine coupled to a fixing frame having a mounting portion mounted on an arm of a robot, a guide plate mounted on the fixing frame, one or more moving welding machines mounted to be selectively and slidingly movable along a longitudinal direction of the guide plate, and an operating unit configured to selectively move the moving welding machine.

Abstract: Remanufacturing a used cylinder liner includes receiving a used cylinder liner having a fillet relieved of residual compressive stress via service in an engine, and compressing a material substrate of the cylinder liner forming a fatigue sensitive fillet, such that a non-uniform profile of the fillet is reshaped via plastic deformation of the material substrate. Residual compressive stress is restored to the fillet at least in part via the plastic deformation. A mask and used cylinder liner assembly for processing the used cylinder liner during remanufacturing is also disclosed.

Abstract: The invention concerns a filtration device comprising a manifold providing fluid connection and mechanical connection comprising a clamping plate movably mounted relative to the manifold and adapted to compress at least one cassette against the manifold, means for driving and guiding the clamping plate comprising a rod extending between the manifold and the plate, an actuator provided with a body and a member moveable relative to the body, which member is adapted to move through a predetermined travel between an extended position and a retracted position, the body being carried by the manifold, and the member carrying the rod and driving the plate via the rod to a clamped position in which the member is in an intermediate retracted position in which it has moved through a shorter travel than the predetermined travel relative to its extended position.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are disclosed for installing a hanger clip. The apparatus may include a tool head that may be placed on the end of a pole. The tool head may include a channel for receiving the hanger and a passage that intersect with the channel and allows a wire to be threaded through the tool head and hanger. The method may involve positioning the hanger in the tool head such that the hanger is releasably engaged by a catch on the head. The wire is then threaded through the tool head and hanger so that opposing portions of the wire extend from the tool head. The hanger is then mounted to a support and released from the catch. Thereafter, the wire twisted about itself by rotating the tool head while moving the tool head downward to draw out the ends of the wire from the tool head.

Abstract: A guide bush control device includes a guide bush motor that rotates and drives a guide bush; and a controller that controls driving of the guide bush motor, the guide bush control device controlling rotation of the guide bush by controlling the driving of the guide bush motor with the controller, wherein the controller includes a fixing unit that fixes the guide bush non-rotatably by exciting the guide bush motor in a rotation stop state.

Abstract: A machining device is provided with a machine tool, a pallet to which a workpiece is secured, a pallet changer configured to move and change the pallet, and a workpiece attaching unit configured to attach and detach the workpiece to and from the pallet. Further, the machining device is provided with a visual sensor configured to capture an image of the pallet, and contaminants that may possibly cause jamming as the workpiece is supplied to the pallet are detected from the image captured by the visual sensor. A workpiece supply operation for the pallet is suspended if the contaminants are detected.

Abstract: One embodiment includes display device configured to wirelessly receive a first position status from a positioning device; display a first work-tool working-axis leveling status based on the first position status; receive cut parameters; receive a cut-start indication; determine a first work-tool position status difference based on cut parameters and a second position status; present a position status correction indicator; determine that a third position status is within cut parameters; send a cut-start signal to the positioning device operable to actuate the first work-tool; determine a work-tool cut completion; and send a cut-end signal to the positioning device operable to de-actuate the first work-tool.

Abstract: The working head moving device adopted in the working apparatus for machining workpiece supported by the work setting section having the underside-abutting portion and the side-abutting portion can maintain proper machining conditions with adaptability to decrease in size of workpiece entailed by proceeding of machining, can perform machining on workpiece with high uniformity and precision, and can move the working head without causing damage to workpiece. There is provided the head moving system for moving the working head between the working-state position and the retracted-state position, and the head moving system has the trunnion support portion which allows the working head to rock about its oscillation axis perpendicular to the rotation axis of the rotary tool when the working head is pressed against workpiece in conformity with decrease of workpiece size entailed by proceeding of machining, thereby maintaining the angle of intersection of workpiece-contacted surface and the rotation axis invariant.

Abstract: Various particular embodiments include a method for controlling chemical mechanical polishing, including: polishing a semiconductor wafer in a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) tool; measuring a resistance of a resistive pathway through the semiconductor wafer while the semiconductor wafer is undergoing polishing in the CMP tool; and terminating the polishing of the semiconductor wafer when the measured resistance reaches a target resistance.

Abstract: A polishing method is used for polishing a film formed on a substrate by pressing the substrate against a polishing pad. The polishing method includes preparing, in advance, an algorithm for correction of polishing time from a relationship between a known amount of wear of the polishing pad or a known thickness of the polishing pad, and a polishing time and a polishing amount; setting a polishing target value for the film; and measuring an amount of wear of the polishing pad or a thickness of the polishing pad. The polishing method further includes determining an optimal polishing time for the polishing target value from the measured amount of wear of the polishing pad or the measured thickness of the polishing pad and from the algorithm; and polishing the film for the determined optimal polishing time.

Abstract: An abrasive article includes a body having abrasive grains contained within a bond material comprising a metal or metal alloy, wherein the body comprises a ratio of VAG/VBM of at least about 1.3, wherein VAG is the volume percent of abrasive grains within the total volume of the body and VBM is the volume percent of bond material within the total volume of the body.

Abstract: A method of applying particles to a backing having a make layer on one of the backing's opposed major surfaces. The method including the steps of: supporting the particles on a feeding member having a feeding surface such that the particles settle into one or more layers on the feeding surface; the feeding surface and the backing being arranged in a non-parallel manner; and translating the particles from the feeding surface to the backing and attaching the particles to the make layer by an electrostatic force.

Abstract: Embodiments generally relate to a clamp. In one embodiment, the clamp includes a bar, and a first jaw, movable along the bar and positioned on a first side of the bar. The clamp also includes a second jaw positioned on the bar on a second side of the bar, opposite the first side. The clamp also includes an actuator for moving the first jaw toward the second jaw for clamping one or more workpieces, and the actuator includes one or more drive plates operatively coupled to the bar when the first jaw is in a driving mode.

Abstract: A twin clamp comprising a first individual clamp, having an inner first clamping jaw and an outer first clamping jaw, a second individual clamp, having an inner second clamping jaw and an outer second clamping jaw. The individual clamps are coupled to one another via a first mounted clamping lever and a second mounted clamping lever. The first clamping lever is connected to the inner first clamping jaw and to the outer first clamping jaw; the second clamping lever is connected to the inner second clamping jaw and to the outer second clamping jaw, and comprising a first spring which pushes apart the inner first clamping jaw and the outer first clamping jaw counter to force exerted by the first clamping lever, and a second spring, which pushes apart the inner second clamping jaw and the outer second clamping jaw counter to force exerted by the second clamping lever.

Abstract: A chuck is composed of a body (2), gripping jaws (10) provided on the body (2), and feed structures (20) disposed in containing chambers (4) of the body (2), and the feed structure (20) is composed of a cylindrical body (21) having a male screw portion (22) formed thereon, a first receiving body (27) fitted in one end side of the cylindrical body (21), a second receiving body (35) fitted in the other end side of the cylindrical body (21), an eccentric shaft (40) consisting of an base shaft portion (41) and an eccentric portion (42), an external gear (45) having a through hole (46) formed to extend from front to rear through an central portion thereof and having the eccentric portion (42) of the eccentric shaft (40) inserted in the through hole (46), an internal gear (50) having a teeth portion partially meshing with a part of a teeth portion of the external gear (45), a screw body (55) composed of a screw member (56) and a flange member (60), and a coupling body (65) disposed between the first receiving body

Abstract: A hand wrenching tool includes a first handle having a socket head at one end thereof configured to receive a collar of a fastener. A second handle is pivotally connected to the first handle and has a jaw at an end thereof. A collar engaging cam surface of the jaw pushes the collar into teeth of the socket as the first and second handles are pivoted towards one another, facilitating the removal of the collar from a threaded pin of the fastener as the hand wrenching tool is manually rotated.

Abstract: A dual purpose flip-out and T handle ratchet is able to be used in an L or modified L-handle orientation as well as a T handle orientation. The dual purpose flip-out and T handle includes a handle portion and a ratchet head and neck portion. The handle portion is coupled to the neck portion at a lockable hinge. The hinge allows the head and neck portion to rotate to an L or modified L-handle orientation or to a T handle orientation. When properly oriented the tool is able to be used to tighten or loosen objects such as screws or bolts.

Abstract: A tool to screw/unscrew a screwing element, having a module comprising a lever extending radially from and rotatable around a drive axis, a first transmission element rotatable around the drive axis by the lever, a transmission module comprising a second transmission element cooperating with the first element, a third transmission element rotatable around a screwing/unscrewing axis parallel to, and spaced from, the drive axis, a transmission system comprising an element transmitting the second element rotation to the third element, and an adapter with a fourth transmission element cooperating with the third element, and a cavity confirming to the screwing element. The tool includes a wedge with at least one rotatable adapter mounted thereon. The wedge comprises two support surfaces on planes parallel to the drive axis and disposed opposite one another to define a groove receiving an end of the transmission module on the third element side.

Abstract: A wrench tool comprises a tool rod and an operating rod. The tool rod is 7-shaped, and comprises a tool head part and a connecting rod part. The connecting rod part is provided with a hinge portion. The hinge portion is provided with a first hinge hole. One end of the operating rod is provided with a tool seat capable of accommodating the hinge portion. The tool seat is provided with a second hinge hole. The tool seat and the hinge portion are hinged together by a pin running through the first hinge hole and the second hinge hole. The wrench tool is simple in structure and flexible in use. Flattening and curling measures are applied to the tool rod, so as to reduce the weight of the tool rod and improve the strength of the tool rod.

Abstract: A torque tool includes an electrical machine drive system, an electronic controller and a gear system. The drive system includes a rotor and a stator. The rotor includes a pattern of regions of relatively high magnetic permeability interspersed with regions of relatively low magnetic permeability extending generally parallel to the motor shaft such that there is a plurality of magnetic poles distributed circumferentially around the motor shaft. The stator includes electrical windings dispersed in slots disposed around an inner surface of the stator, the slots extending generally parallel to the motor shaft such that, when current flows in the windings, a stator magnetic field generated by the current has the same number of magnetic poles as the rotor. The electronic controller is configured to control the current flow in the stator windings to cause the stator poles to rotate in synchronism with rotation of the motor.