Abstract: The present application discloses a method of fabricating an organic thin film transistor comprising providing a substrate; forming a patterned interface modification layer on the substrate; and forming an organic semiconductor layer on a side of the interface modification layer distal to the substrate, wherein the patterned interface modification layer having a pattern of micro structure.

Abstract: An organic electroluminescent element includes a plurality of light-emitting units that are provided between a cathode and an anode and include a light-emitting layer made of at least an organic compound. In the organic electroluminescent element, white light obtained by light emission of the plurality of light-emitting units has a light emission spectrum (S) that is continuous over a wavelength range of at least 380 to 780 nm. The light emission spectrum (S) includes one peak wavelength (p1) in a red wavelength range R of 600 to 780 nm, at least one or two peak wavelengths (px, py) in a green wavelength range (G) of 490 to 600 nm, and two peak wavelengths (p2, p3) in a blue wavelength range B of 380 to 490 nm.

Abstract: A display device in the present invention includes a display panel (320) which is provided with a display screen, a T-substrate (350) which is arranged in a predetermined range narrower than the display panel (320) at the back side of the display panel (320), first flexible printed circuit substrates (450) which extend downward from the upper end of the display panel (320) and are connected to the T-substrate (350), and second flexible printed circuit substrates (460) which extend upward from the lower end of the display panel (320) and are connected to the T-substrate (350) in order to achieve more reduction in thickness when the display panel and the circuit substrate are arranged together.

Abstract: Provided are: a transparent electrode which exhibits excellent resistance to high temperature and high humidity, while having surface smoothness; a method for producing this transparent electrode; and an electronic device which has improved reliability by using this transparent electrode. A transparent electrode is configured to comprise a metal thin wire pattern that is formed on one main surface of a transparent substrate using metal nanoparticles and a metal oxide layer that has a surface roughness of 5 nm or less and is formed on the main surface of the transparent substrate so as to cover the surface of the metal thin wire pattern.

Abstract: A window member includes a cover glass including a transmission area configured to pass a light therethrough and a bezel area surrounding the transmission area; a bottom layer arranged in the bezel area and having a color; an inorganic layer between the cover glass and the bottom layer; a pattern layer in the bezel area and contacting the cover glass; and a resin layer covering the pattern layer, at least a portion of the resin layer contacting the cover glass.

Abstract: A foldable display device includes a display panel, a polarizing member on the display panel, a window on the polarizing member, a first adhesive member between the display panel and the polarizing member, and a second adhesive member between the polarizing member and the window. In a first state, the display panel, the polarizing member, the window, the first adhesive member, and the second adhesive member are bent along a bending axis such that the window is closer to the bending axis than the display panel is. The first and second adhesive members have a storage modulus in a range of about 5×104 Pa to about 5×105 Pa at about ?25° C. The second adhesive member has a storage modulus in a range of about 4.5×104 Pa to about 6.5×104 Pa at about 60° C. The first adhesive member has a stress-relaxation ratio greater than about 40 and less than about 50.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes a first substrate corresponding to an active area, and a sealing area surrounding the active area, a second substrate facing the first substrate, a display portion in the active area, a sealing member in the sealing area between the first substrate and the second substrate, and a guide mark on one surface of the second substrate in an area where the sealing member and the second substrate overlap each other.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method of packaging an OLED apparatus, an OLED packaging apparatus and a display device, and relates to the field of the OLED. The method includes steps: forming a first inorganic thin film layer on an OLED to be packaged; forming a groove on a surface of the first inorganic thin film layer; forming a second organic thin film layer within the groove; and forming a third inorganic thin film layer covering the first inorganic thin film layer and the second organic thin film layer.

Abstract: An organic EL light-emitting device including: a light-emitting layer capable of generating light; a light-scattering structure capable of scattering the light; a first light-scattering layer containing first light-scattering particles having an average particle diameter of 0.1 ?m to 2 ?m and a first binder; and a concavo-convex structure in a streak array pattern, the light emitting layer, the light-scattering structure, the first light-scattering layer, and the concavo-convex structure being disposed in this order, wherein a mean free path L1 of light scattering in the first light-scattering layer and a thickness D1 of the first light-scattering layer satisfy D1/L1<15.

Abstract: The present invention provides new hybrid materials (30) comprising titanate nanoparticles (1), surfactants (2) and a polymeric matrix (3) as defined in the claims. The hybrid materials have superior optical properties and may be in the form of a thin film or in the form of micro lenses. The invention further provides for intermediate goods and devices comprising such hybrid materials, and for starting materials to obtain such hybrid materials. The invention also provides for processes of manufacturing said starting materials, said hybrid materials, said intermediate goods, for the use of said starting materials, said hybrid materials, and said intermediate goods.

Abstract: An organic electroluminescence device according of the invention includes an anode, a cathode, and at least a first emitting layer and a second emitting layer interposed between the anode and the cathode. The first emitting layer includes a first host material and a first dopant material. The second emitting layer includes a second host material, a third host material and a second dopant material.

Abstract: Discloses is a packaging equipment, a method for using the same, and a computer readable storage medium. The packaging equipment includes a movable mechanism and a package assembly, and the movable mechanism is configured to drive the package assembly to move along a predetermined path. The package assembly includes a first rotating mechanism and a first functional module disposed along a first axis, a second functional module is disposed on the first rotating mechanism, and the first rotating mechanism is configured to drive the second functional module to rotate around the first axis.

Abstract: A manufacturing method of a display device is provided. The manufacturing method includes: forming a first electrode over a substrate; forming an organic layer over the first electrode; and forming a second electrode over the organic layer by sputtering a target including a conductive oxide with a light-transmitting property. A mask is arranged between the organic layer and the target when the second electrode is formed. The mask has periodically arranged through holes with a maximum width equal to or larger than 0.1 ?m and equal to or smaller than 3 ?m.

Abstract: A flexible micro-battery construction which can be contorted in three dimensions while maintaining operation and providing biocompatibility and useful power necessary for small medical and other devices is provided.

Abstract: Provided is a battery module mounting tray that may dampen impacts and vibrations, which may occur during the transportation of a battery module, by including a bracket to fix a side of the battery module. A battery module mounting tray includes: a bottom plate configured to support a plurality of battery modules to be seated thereon; and a bracket located on the bottom plate to fix the plurality of battery modules, and the bracket includes a first support unit to support a first side of the plurality of battery modules, a second support unit bent from both ends of the first support unit to support a portion of a side adjacent to the first side and located at an outermost side, and a third support unit extending away from a central region of the first support unit to support between the plurality of battery modules.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a battery module and a battery pack. The battery module, having a plurality of battery cells, includes a unit module stack configured to have a structure in which a plurality of unit modules, each of which has a structure in which the battery cells are mounted to a cartridge, are stacked in a vertical direction on the basis of a ground, an upper end plate and a lower end plate for supporting an upper end and a lower end of the unit module stack, respectively, the upper end plate being provided with first fastening holes, the lower end plate being provided with second fastening holes, and a module housing provided with third fastening holes communicating with the second fastening holes, wherein first fastening members and second fastening members are inserted and fastened into the first fastening holes, the second fastening holes, and the third fastening holes.

Abstract: A battery module includes a plurality of battery blocks. Each battery block includes: a cell assembly including a plurality of cells; a block holder for holding the cell assembly; and a metal plate. The plurality of cells are held in the block holder while the positive electrodes and negative electrodes of the cells are aligned. A projection or the metal plate is disposed outside the block holder. The tip of the projection of one of adjacent battery blocks is in contact with the metal plate of the other.

Abstract: A first battery block includes a plurality of cells held in a first battery holder. A second battery block includes a plurality of cells held in a second battery holder. In a plan view from the longitudinal direction of the cells, the first battery holder and the second battery holder are disposed so as to be adjacent to each other. The first line formed by interconnecting the center points of the cells disposed on the second battery holder side, of the plurality of cells held in the first battery holder, is parallel with the second line formed by interconnecting the center points of the cells disposed on the first battery holder side, of the plurality of cells held in the second battery holder.

Abstract: The present invention relates a battery tray where rechargeable batteries are received. According to one aspect of the present invention, a battery tray where a plurality of rechargeable batteries are received is provided. The battery tray includes: a first support wall and a second support wall that are disposed facing each other; a third support wall and a fourth support wall disposed facing each other, which connect an end of the first support wall and an end of the second support wall to each other; and a partition connected to an inner side of the third support wall and an inner side of the fourth support wall, wherein a first interior undercut is provided in the first support wall, a second interior undercut is provided in the second support wall, and the first interior undercut and the second interior undercut are asymmetrically disposed with reference to the partition.

Abstract: A motor vehicle battery includes multiple battery modules arranged in a row adjacent each other, each said multiple battery modules comprising a plug connection, a voltage tap and a bus connection integrated in the plug connection, and a control circuit coupled with the bus connection, and multiple galvanic battery cells, each of said multiple galvanic battery cells being connected witch each other by the plug connection; and a connection device configured as a single plugin module and comprising a battery management system, wherein the connection device is plugged onto all plug connections of the multiple battery modules and connects the voltage taps of all battery modules with a high-voltage battery connection and connects the bus connections of all battery modules with the battery management system.

Abstract: The invention relates to a carrier assembly (1) for carrying and holding components for battery cells of a battery module, in particular for an electric vehicle, said carrier assembly comprising a non-conductive main body (2) and a plurality of electrical connection elements (3) for electrically connecting the battery cells to one another, said electrical connection elements (3) being arranged on the main body (2). According to the invention, the carrier assembly (1) comprises a venting channel (4) for the discharge of gas being emitted from the battery cells, and at least one cell-monitoring unit (5) for monitoring at least one battery cell. The invention also relates to a battery module comprising a carrier assembly (1) according to the invention.

Abstract: A battery module includes a housing configured to receive a plurality of electrochemical cells, a skeletal frame coupled with the housing, and a framework disposed proximate to the skeletal frame. Moreover, the framework is substantially aligned with the skeletal frame and configured to transfer a force applied to the framework to the skeletal frame.

Abstract: Provided is a means for beneficially solving the problems of increasing separator productivity and further improving adhesion between an electrode and a separator in electrolysis solution while ensuring battery characteristics. A composition for non-aqueous secondary battery functional layer is provided that contains non-conductive inorganic particles and organic particles, wherein a difference in density between the non-conductive inorganic particles and the organic particles (non-conductive inorganic particles' density—organic particles' density) is 1.5 g/cm3 or more, and the organic particles each have a core-shell structure having a core and a shell that partially covers an outer surface of the core, wherein the core is made of polymer having a degree of swelling in electrolysis solution of 5 times to 30 times, and the shell is made of polymer having a degree of swelling in electrolysis solution of greater than 1 time to 4 times.

Abstract: A separator which includes a covering layer in which a fine framework of polyolefin resin is coated with a glass layer and an exposed layer in which the polyolefin resin is exposed is provided. A battery is provided having a cathode and an anode, an electrolyte, and a separator where the separator has the covering layer in which the fine framework of polyolefin resin is coated with the glass layer and a method for manufacturing a separator including the step of coating a fine framework of polyolefin resin with the glass layer by applying a precursor containing viscous liquid product which contains only polysilazane compound or a mixture of viscous liquid product which contains only polysilazane compound with polycarbosilazane compound to the polyolefin resin and placing the precursor applied polyolefin resin in a water bath to dry.

Abstract: A spacer includes: a first projection being in contact with the battery cell; a second projection being in contact with the battery cell; a third projection adjacent to the first projection, and being in contact with the battery cell; a first inclined portion connecting the first projection and the third projection; a fourth projection adjacent to the second projection, and being in contact with the battery cell; a second inclined portion connecting the second projection and the fourth projection; and a fifth projection and a sixth projection being out of contact with the battery cells between the third projection and the fourth projection. When the battery cells expand, the fifth and the sixth projections come into contact with the battery cells.

Abstract: A hollow core secondary battery, including: an electrode assembly comprising a pair of electrode plates and a separator disposed between the pair of electrode plates; an outer container in which the electrode assembly is received; an inner container inserted into a central portion of the electrode assembly, the inner container being hollow; a first terminal assembly assembled at a top portion of the outer container, the first terminal assembly into which a top end portion of the inner container is inserted; and a second terminal assembly assembled at a bottom portion of the outer container, the second terminal assembly having a central portion into which a bottom end portion of the inner container is inserted.

Abstract: In one example, a system for a flow cell for a flow battery, comprising: a first flow field; and a polymeric frame, comprising: a top face; a bottom face, opposite the top face; a first side; a second side, opposite the first side; a first electrolyte inlet located on the top face and the first side of the polymeric frame; a first electrolyte outlet located on the top face and the second side of the polymeric frame; a first electrolyte inlet flow path located within the polymeric frame and coupled to the first electrolyte inlet; and a first electrolyte outlet flow path located within the polymeric frame and coupled to the first electrolyte outlet. In this way, shunt currents may be minimized by increasing the length and/or reducing the cross-sectional area of the electrolyte inlet and electrolyte outlet flow paths.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and a system for supplying lithium to an electrode plate. The method includes: compositing a first substrate and a first lithium strip to form a first composite lithium strip, and forming an obstruction using a second substrate between the first lithium strip and a composting device, compositing the first composite lithium strip and an electrode plate to be supplied with lithium to form a lithium supplied composite electrode plate, during the compositing process, the first substrate in the first composite lithium strip is located at a side away from the electrode plate to be supplied with lithium, peeling and reeling the first substrate from the lithium supplied composite electrode plate, to form a lithium supplied electrode plate.

Abstract: A nano graphene-enhanced particulate for use as a lithium-ion battery anode active material, wherein the particulate is formed of a single sheet of graphene or a plurality of graphene sheets and a plurality of fine anode active material particles with a size smaller than 10 ?m. The graphene sheets and the particles are mutually bonded or agglomerated into the particulate with at least a graphene sheet embracing the anode active material particles. The amount of graphene is at least 0.01% by weight and the amount of the anode active material is at least 0.1% by weight, all based on the total weight of the particulate. A lithium-ion battery having an anode containing these graphene-enhanced particulates exhibits a stable charge and discharge cycling response, a high specific capacity per unit mass, a high first-cycle efficiency, a high capacity per electrode volume, and a long cycle life.

Abstract: A particulate material is provided consisting of a plurality of porous particles comprising an electroactive material selected from silicon, germanium or a mixture thereof (especially a silicon-aluminium alloy), wherein the porous particles have a D50 particle diameter in the range of 0.5 to 7 ?m, an intra-particle porosity between 50 and 90%, and a pore diameter distribution having at least one peak in the range of 30 to 400 nm as determined by mercury porosimetry. Also provided are electrodes (especially anodes) and electrode compositions comprising the particulate material, a rechargeable metal-ion battery (especially a Li-ion battery) comprising the particulate material, and a process for the preparation of the particulate material. It is suggested that the claimed particulate material can be repeatedly lithiated without fracturing, allows easy access to the electrolyte and can be easily dispersed in an electrode slurry.

Abstract: In one aspect, the invention relates to a method of synthesizing a nannoparticle/porous graphene composite, including dispersing porous graphene structures into a solvent to form a dispersion of the porous graphene structures therein, adding precursors of nanoparticles into the dispersion of the porous graphene structures in the solvent to form a precursor mixture, and treating the precursor mixture to form a nannoparticle/porous graphene composite. The composite is formed such that the nanoparticles are uniformly distributed in pores of the graphene structures. The composite is very useful as electrode materials in electrochemical devices, in which efficient ions and electron transports are required.

Abstract: In order to provide a negative electrode material for a lithium-ion secondary battery that achieves both of high capacity and rapid charge/discharge performance, a nano-carbon composite is used as the negative electrode material. The nano-carbon composite 7 includes: low-crystallinity carbon 1; a composite in which a mixture of silicon oxide 2 containing silicon nanoparticles 3 and fibrous carbon 4 are partially or entirely coated with a carbon coating 5; and carbon nanohorn aggregates 6 supported on a surface of the composite.

Abstract: Provided are: superior coated lithium-nickel composite oxide particles which have an environmental stability that enables suppression of the occurrence of impurities due to absorption of moisture or carbon dioxide, which have high adhesion that prevents a coating layer from readily separating, and which have lithium ion conductivity; and a method for producing such particles. Provided is a method for producing coated lithium-nickel composite oxide particles, the method being characterized by contacting a cyclic siloxane with the surfaces of nickel-based lithium-nickel composite oxide particles to form surface coats. The particles have high adhesion to a coating layer and as a compound can suppress the permeation of moisture and carbon dioxide, and also have lithium ion conductivity. It is therefore possible to provide coated lithium-nickel composite oxide particles that are excellent for use in lithium ion cells.

Abstract: Provided is an anode active material for energy storage devices capable of electrochemically inserting and extracting lithium ions and production method thereof, an electrode structure including the active material and flake graphite, and an energy storage device using the electrode structure as an anode. The anode active material includes secondary particles that are aggregates of 10-300 nm primary particles containing silicon as a main component. The primary particles each include, as a surface layer, a composite metal oxide layer containing at least one or more metal elements selected from at least Al, Zr, Mg, Ca, and La and Li.

Abstract: Provided is a lithium secondary battery containing a cathode active material capable of preventing decreases in power and cycle life occurring at the time of adding a sulfur based additive used in order to improve high-temperature storage characteristics to an electrolyte.

Abstract: A positive electrode active material for a lithium ion battery includes a coating layer comprising amorphous carbon on a surface of a positive electrode active material, wherein the amorphous carbon is derived from carbon contained in an oxazine resin, a ratio of a peak intensity of a G band to a peak intensity of a D band is 1.0 or greater when the amorphous carbon is measured by Raman spectroscopy, an average film thickness of the coating layer is 100 nm or less, and a coefficient of variation (CV value) of a film thickness of the coating layer is 10% or less.

Abstract: Alloy powder for electrodes includes first hydrogen-absorbing alloy particles having a spherical core portion, and non-spherical second hydrogen-absorbing alloy particles. The average particle diameter of the first hydrogen-absorbing alloy is 50 ?m or less. The content of the first hydrogen-absorbing alloy is less than 30 vol %.

Abstract: A silicon material useful as a negative electrode active material is provided. The silicon material has a band gap within a range of greater than 1.1 eV and not greater than 1.7 eV. A secondary battery in which this silicon material is used as a negative electrode active material has improved initial efficiency.

Abstract: A nano silicon material having reduced amounts of oxygen (O) and chlorine (Cl) contained therein is provided. The nano silicon material contains fluorine (F) and nano-sized silicon crystallites. Generation of a layer in which oxygen (O) and chlorine (Cl) are present is suppressed due to the presence of fluorine (F), so that a decrease in the moving speed of lithium ions is suppressed. In addition, due to the presence of fluorine (F), the concentrations of oxygen (O) and chlorine (Cl) are reduced, so that reaction thereof with lithium ions is suppressed.

Abstract: A negative electrode active material having improved electron conductivity is provided. A reaction between an acid and a copper-containing calcium silicide represented by CaCuxSiy is caused, and a heat treatment is performed in a non-oxidizing atmosphere on the reaction product, to obtain a copper-containing silicon material. The copper-containing silicon material contains Si and copper in an amorphous phase, and fine copper silicide is uniformly deposited within the amorphous phase. Thus, electron conductivity improves. Therefore, a secondary battery in which the negative electrode active material is used as a negative electrode has improved rate characteristics and also has an increased charge/discharge capacity.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a novel surface-modified carbonaceous particulate material having a hydrophilic non-graphitic carbon coating. The material can for example be produced by CVD-coating of a carbonaceous particulate material such as graphite followed by an oxidation treatment under defined conditions. The resulting material exhibits a more hydrophilic surface compared to an unmodified CVD-coated carbon material, which is desirable in many applications, such as when used as an active material in the negative electrode of lithium ion batteries or in a polymer composite material.

Abstract: A positive active material for a rechargeable lithium battery including a lithium metal compound and a phosphorus (P)-containing compound on the surface of the lithium metal compound. A content of phosphorus (P) of the phosphorus-containing compound is about 0.1 atom % to about 10 atom % based on the total amount of elements on the surface of the positive active material. A method of preparing the same and rechargeable lithium battery including the same are also provided.

Abstract: A lithium ion battery includes an anode and a cathode. The cathode includes a lithium, manganese, nickel, and oxygen containing compound. An electrolyte is disposed between the anode and the cathode. A protective layer is deposited between the cathode and the electrolyte. The protective layer includes pure lithium phosphorus oxynitride and variations that include metal dopants such as Fe, Ti, Ni, V, Cr, Cu, and Co. A method for making a cathode and a method for operating a battery are also disclosed.

Abstract: A lithium-ion accumulator successively includes a first current collector; a negative electrode in contact with the first current collector; an electrode separator comprising an electrolyte, in contact with the negative electrode; a positive electrode in contact with the electrode separator; and a second current collector in contact with the positive electrode. The second current collector is made of aluminum covalently grafted with at least one phenyl aromatic group C6(Ri)5, in which formula: Ri designates R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 which are independently from one another selected from the group including: C(?O)O—Y+; SO3?Y+; CH2—SO3?Y+; NR3+X?; OH; PO3H?Y+; H; F; CnF2n+1; CnH2n+1; NO2; —O—CH2—O—; imidazole groups; and derivatives of imidazole groups; with Y?H, Na, K, Li, NR?4; X?F, Cl, Br, I; n being an integer in the range from 1 to 10; R?CmH2m+1; R??H, CmH2m+1 and mixtures thereof, m being an integer in the range from 1 to 10; at least two groups Ri being different from H.

Abstract: This invention discloses membrane electrode assemblies and fuel cells containing self-supporting catalyst layers and methods of generating electricity by operating such fuel cells. Self-supporting catalyst layers are used as the anode or cathode or both catalyst layers in fuel cells, most particularly as catalyst layers in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells. Membrane electrode assembly configurations comprising self-supporting catalyst layers in which adjacent gas diffusion layers are absent. The invention also involves membrane electrode assemblies and fuel cells containing self-supporting microporous layers and fuel cells containing such membrane electrode assemblies and methods of generating electricity by operating such fuel cells.

Abstract: Fuel cell catalyst layers and methods of making the same are disclosed. The fuel cell catalyst layer may include a catalyst substrate including a non-woven mat of carbon nanofibers, each having a surface portion and a bulk portion bounded by the surface portion. A plurality of catalyst particles may be included in the catalyst layer, at least a first portion of which are fully embedded within the bulk portion of each of the carbon nanofibers. The method may include spinning a composition including a base polymer, a solvent, and a catalyst precursor into a non-woven fiber mat having the catalyst precursor embedded therein. The mat may then be carbonized to form a carbon fiber substrate and the catalyst precursor may be reacted to form catalyst particles embedded in the substrate. Embedding the catalyst particles may anchor them within the substrate and inhibit them from migrating during fuel cell operation.

Abstract: An electrode catalyst for a fuel cell includes: a carbon support having a crystallite diameter of 2.0 nm to 3.5 nm at a carbon (002) plane, and having a specific surface area of 400 m2/g to 700 m2/g; and a catalyst metal containing platinum and a platinum alloy that are supported on the carbon support, and having a crystallite diameter of 2.7 nm to 5.0 nm at a platinum (220) plane. A ratio of a peak height of a spectrum of the platinum alloy in a form of an intermetallic compound with respect to a peak height of a spectrum of platinum is 0.03 to 0.08. The spectrum of the platinum alloy and the spectrum of platinum are measured through X-ray diffraction.

Abstract: In solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell stacks, increasing the height of support features in the transition regions and/or increasing the depth of the transition regions improves the flow of reactants therein and thus improves the sharing of flow in the channels in the reactant flow fields. The support feature height and transition region depth are increased so as to be out of plane with respect to the landings and channels in the reactant flow fields. The invention is suitable for cells employing metal flow field plates or plates in which no adhesives are employed in the transition regions.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a composite bipolar plate from a composition including at least one lamellar graphite and at least one thermoplastic polymer. This method includes dry sieving of the composition with a sieve for which the mesh diameter is less than or equal to 1,000 ?m, dry blending of the sieved composition, deposition of the blended composition in a mold, this mold preferably being pre-heated, molding by thermocompression of the blended composition with induction heating of the mold, and removal from the mold of the thermocompressed composition leading to the obtaining of the composite bipolar plate. A composite bipolar plate manufactured by this method, to the use of this composite bipolar plate as well as to a fuel cell including such a composite bipolar plate.

Abstract: The invention relates to a system and a method for eliminating reverse current decay in the fuel cells. According to the invention, the system comprises a fuel cell having an anode and a cathode; a fuel feed system for supplying the anode of the fuel cell with fuel and forming an anode system; a bypass line fitted in parallel and in flow connection with said anode system and capable of circulating fuel past the anode; an oxygen reduction unit; and a pressure unit for circulating gas in at least part of said anode system and said bypass line. The bypass line is adapted to receive and circulate a flow of hydrogen during a fuel cell shutdown in order to mix the hydrogen with any oxygen present in the anode system, and to remove the oxygen from the anode system in said oxygen reduction unit by catalytic conversion.