Abstract: A communication method and device in an unlicensed band are provided. The device transmits a reservation signal for reserving a resource reservation period (RRP) which is to occupy a wireless channel for data transmission in an idle channel. The device transmits a data packet during the RRP.

Abstract: A dual wavelength Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) system, embedded in a network element, includes a first OTDR source for wavelength ?1; a second OTDR source for wavelength ?2; an OTDR measurement subsystem adapted to measure backscatter signals ?1_BACK, ?2_BACK associated with the wavelength ?1 and the wavelength ?2; and one or more ports connecting the first OTDR source, the second OTDR source, and the OTDR measurement subsystem to one or more fiber pairs; wherein wavelength ?1 and wavelength ?2 are each outside of one or more signal bands with traffic-bearing channels, thereby enabling operation in-service with the traffic-bearing channels.

Abstract: A system for testing reflections within a data transmission signal includes a data transmission line configured to transmit the signal in a downstream direction, and a test probe configured to electrically contact a contact point on the transmission line and measure a magnitude of a frequency response of the signal therein. The system further includes a spectrum capturing device in operable contact with the test probe, and configured to collect and arrange data of frequency response magnitudes measured by the test probe. The data transmission line includes at least a first impedance mismatch corresponding to a first reflection point along the transmission line, and the spectrum capturing device is configured to determine a severity of the first reflection based on a comparison of a first voltage V1 with a second voltage V2, where V1 represents a DC term, and where V2 represents a reflected energy of a subsequent impulse.

Abstract: Systems and methods for adaptive and automated traffic engineering of data transport services may include learning the demand between devices and data paths based on application workloads, prediction of traffic demand and paths based on the workload history, provisioning and management of data paths (i.e. network links) based on the predicted demand, and real-time monitoring and data flow adaptation. Systems and methods for adaptive and automated traffic engineering of data transport services may also include learning the variation of traffic (data flow in the network) on various links (data paths) of the network topology using historical data (e.g. a minute, an hour, a day, or a week of data), predicting the data flow pattern for a time interval, and provisioning the services to steer data to meet the application requirements and other network wide goals (e.g., load balancing).

Abstract: A method for driving a light source includes the following steps: a. providing a code to be transmitted by the light source; b. converting the code into a sequence of different current levels, which current levels are maintained for a predetermined period of time; and c. providing the sequence of different current levels to the light source such that the light source emits light at different intensity levels, where driving the light source is carried out using a set-point update rate having a set-point update period, and where transitions between the different current levels take more than one set-point update period.

Abstract: A positioning system by visible light includes at least one luminaire, at least one positioning transceiver and a server. The luminaire is disposed at a specific position and has a first identification code, and emits the first identification code in a selected signal form. Each positioning transceiver has a second identification code, and further includes a receiving device and a wireless transceiver. The receiving device movably receives the first identification and demodulates the first identification code. The wireless transceiver transmits the first and the second identification codes to a receiving terminal. The server is coupled to the at least one positioning transceiver via the receiving terminal, and obtains the first and the second identification codes so as to position the at least one positioning transceiver in a space defined by the at least one luminaire.

Abstract: A light source emits a modulated light, and a radio-frequency transceiver disposed therewith emits a radio-frequency signal. A mobile device may receive either or both signals and determine its position based thereon. The light and radio-frequency sources may be disposed in node in a network of said sources, and the nodes may communicate via the radio-frequency transceivers.

Abstract: A system includes first signal processing circuitry to transmit a signal including a plurality of data streams over a link. The first signal processing circuitry generates a plurality of composite data streams by overlaying at least one first data signal of the plurality of data signals in a first data layer with at least one second data signal of the plurality of data signals in a second data layer. Second circuitry processes the plurality of composite data streams to associate with each of the plurality of composite data streams a function to provide minimization of a time-bandwidth product of the plurality of composite data streams to enable transmission of each of the plurality of composite data streams on the link at a same time.

Abstract: An injection locked transmitter for an optical communication network includes a master seed laser source input substantially confined to a single longitudinal mode, an input data stream, and a laser injected modulator including at least one slave laser having a resonator frequency that is injection locked to a frequency of the single longitudinal mode of the master seed laser source. The laser injected modulator is configured to receive the master seed laser source input and the input data stream, and output a laser modulated data stream.

Abstract: In an asynchronous optical modulation system, a drive circuit may generate a plurality of dither tones in accordance with a predetermined dither frequency ratio. Based on the components of the dither frequency ratio, the optical modulation system may be configured to determine a feedback signal magnitude component that is independent of the delay ? and a feedback signal sign component that is also independent of the delay ?. A feedback signal that is independent of the delay ? can then be reconstructed based on the feedback signal magnitude component and the feedback signal sign component.

Abstract: A system for converting digital data into a modulated optical signal, comprises an electrically controllable device having M actuating electrodes. The device provides an optical signal that is modulated in response to binary voltages applied to the actuating electrodes. The system also comprises a digital-to-digital converter that provides a mapping of input data words to binary actuation vectors of M bits and supplies the binary actuation vectors as M bits of binary actuation voltages to the M actuating electrodes, where M is larger than the number of bits in each input data word. The digital-to-digital converter is enabled to map each digital input data word to a binary actuation vector by selecting a binary actuation vector from a subset of binary actuation vectors available to represent each of the input data words.

Abstract: A device including a remote control of remote operation of the device is described. The remote control includes a key matrix and a microprocessor. The microprocessor processes key scan codes from the key matrix and converts the key scan codes to amplitude modulated remote control commands for transmission by a wireless transmitter. The device includes components so that a user can operate the device locally without a remote control. The components in the device that enable local operation of the device are comparable to components in the remote control that enable remote operation of the device so that a minimum of changes are required in the device to enable local operation of the device.

Abstract: An optical receiver includes an APD that converts an input optical signal into a current signal, a TIA that converts the current signal output from the APD into a voltage signal, an LIA that shapes a waveform of the voltage signal output from the TIA, an AOC having a time constant switching function, the AOC automatically compensating for an offset voltage between differential outputs from the TIA, and a convergence-state detection circuit that outputs, after detecting convergence completion of the automatic compensation in the AOC, to the AOC, a time constant switching control signal for switching a time constant from a high-speed time constant to a low-speed time constant.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is described for estimating a local oscillator frequency offset (LOFO) of a received optical signal in a coherent optical receiver.

Abstract: In a method and system for decoding a differential M-ary phase or quadrature amplitude modulated signal, the incoming signal is decoded according to a plurality of different decoding rules, wherein said plurality of decoding rules correspond to different values of a resulting frequency difference or mismatch between a signal frequency and a local oscillator reference frequency. The invention allows to increase a tolerance window for the maximal allowable frequency offset, and thus helps to speed up an initial locking process or to allow for equipment which has a lower tuning granularity.

Abstract: Various embodiments of the present disclosure provide a system and method for characterizing the radio frequency (RF) functionality of a vehicle remote keyless system (RKS) by separating and precisely characterizing the individual bits of the overall RKS system in an enclosed controlled environment. More specifically, this RKS characterization system includes an enclosed testing chamber for isolating the key fob from the vehicle, and a simulation control system that manipulates RF signals between the key fob and the vehicle for controlled RF signal analysis between the components. In certain embodiments, the RKS characterization system includes an automated process for actuating the key fob. Through this process, the RKS characterization system is able to separately identify the Key Fob Factor, the Vehicle Factor, and the Person Factor, of the vehicle RKS system.

Abstract: Describes a failures detection system (1) of a plurality of transmitting antennas of television and/or radio signals. The system includes a power divider (15) configured to receive a television and/or radio signal (STV) and from this generate a first plurality (si1, si2, SI3, SI4) of television and/or radio signals, and includes a plurality of directional couplers (10, 11, 12, 13) configured to receive the first plurality of television and/or radio signals and from these generate a corresponding second plurality (So1, So2, So3, So4) of television and/or radio signals. The plurality of directional couplers includes respective first power sensors (40) configured to generate a third plurality (spd1, spd2, spd3, spd4) of signals indicative of the direct power transmitted to the plurality of antennas and comprises respective second sensors of power (41) configured to generate a fourth plurality (spr1, spr2, spr3, spr4) of signals indicative of the reflected power from the plurality of antennas.

Abstract: A method and system are provided. The method includes receiving a signal strength corresponding to a long range wireless link established between a first directional wireless radio and a second wireless radio, the signal strength varying over time as the first directional wireless radio is aligned with a second wireless radio by an installer, and producing a sound indicator indicative of the signal strength. The sound indicator varies over time as the first directional wireless radio is aligned with the second wireless radio.

Abstract: According to one embodiment of the present invention, a method by which a fixed base station adjusts inter-cell interference in a wireless communication system comprises the steps of: receiving channel state information-reference signal (CSI-RS) configurations on an access link of each moving cell connected to the fixed base station; determining the CSI-RS configuration on a backhaul link of a first moving cell among the moving cells on the basis of the CSI-RS configurations on the access link; and providing, to the first moving cell, the CSI-RS configuration on the determined backhaul link, wherein the CSI-RS configuration on the determined backhaul link is for measuring, by the backhaul link of the first moving cell, the interference received from an access link of a second moving cell among the moving cells.

Abstract: A user apparatus configured to communicate with a base station in a mobile communication system that supports carrier aggregation, including: a management unit configured to receive, from the base station, a configuration message for adding a cell or a cell group in the carrier aggregation, and perform configuration of the cell or the cell group, and to receive, from the base station, measurement configuration information on measurement of the cell or the cell group; and a measurement unit configured to allow not to perform measurement of the cell or the cell group based on the measurement configuration information until a predetermined condition is satisfied, and to perform measurement of the cell or the cell group based on the measurement configuration information when the predetermined condition is satisfied to transmit a measurement report to the base station.

Abstract: Provided is a method and apparatus for transmitting interference signal information for inter-cell interference cancellation in a wireless communication system. The method for transmitting interference signal information may comprise the steps of: calculating the intensity of a signal on the basis of antenna gain and transmission power for a generated signal; generating probability information on the probability that interference is cancelled when the signal acts as interference; determining interference signal information indicating a feature of the signal when the signal acts as interference, on the basis of the antenna gain, the intensity of the signal, and the probability information; and transmitting the interference signal information to an adjacent cell.

Abstract: A method for indicating one-way latency in a data network, with continuous clock synchronization, between first and second node having clocks that are not synchronized with each other includes a continuous synchronisation session and a measurement session. The method repetitively sends predetermined synchronization messages from the first node to the second node and from the second node to the first node, calculates a round trip time for each message at the first node, updates a synchronization point if the calculated round trip time is smaller than a previously calculated round trip time, stores the updated synchronization points of a synchronization window, and calculates a virtual clock from the updated synchronization points of the synchronization window. The measurement session collects multiple measurements of one-way latency between the first and second nodes using the virtual clock, and generates a latency profile by interpolating the multiple measurements.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide a method and a device for processing interference, wherein according to a first demodulation reference signal DMRS pilot symbol carried by a first subcarrier used by an uplink user equipment, an interference channel matrix of an uplink interference channel from the uplink user equipment to a D2D receiving end is measured, wherein the first subcarrier is a subcarrier shared by a D2D transmitting end and the uplink user equipment; a null space matrix of the uplink interference channel is calculated according to the interference channel matrix; and the signal received by the D2D receiving end via the first subcarrier is processed by using the null space matrix to eliminate an interference signal which comes from the uplink user equipment in the signal.

Abstract: The disclosed techniques allow for transmitting a signal stream from a sender to a receiver in an environment including multiple senders and receivers. The technique for the sender decomposes a data stream from the sender into multiple substreams, encodes a substream by a codeword, further superimposes multiple codewords to form a signal stream in an asynchronous manner, and transmits the signal stream to the receiver. A codeword can span over multiple blocks. The receiver receives a first codeword stream from a first sender, receives a second codeword stream from a second sender, the two codeword streams may be received at the same time as one signal, and decodes the first codeword stream and second codeword stream over a sliding window of multiple blocks.

Abstract: An OLT comprises: a memory; a processor coupled to the memory and configured to: determine each of a plurality of channels associated with an ONU, select a first channel from among the channels, and generate a first message comprising at least one field instructing enablement or disablement of the first channel; and a transmitter coupled to the processor and configured to transmit the first message to the ONU. A method implemented in an OLT, the method comprises: determining each of a plurality of channels associated with an ONU; selecting a first channel from among the channels; generating a first message comprising at least one field instructing enablement or disablement of the first channel; and transmitting the first message to the ONU.

Abstract: Techniques herein support enhanced multi-rate encoding and decoding of signals in multiple formats. In one embodiment, input data is received at a first device at one of a plurality of data rates. Encoder units are activated to produce streams of encoded input data. The encoder units are configured to operate at the same data rate. Differential encoding operations are performed to produce an encoded output stream. The encoded output stream is modulated for transmission to a second device. In another embodiment, a first device receives an encoded data stream that is transmitted from a second device. The modulated data stream includes encoded data at one of a plurality of data rates. Differential decoding is performed on the encoded data by activating one or more of a plurality of decoder units, where each of the plurality of decoder units is configured to operate at the same rate.

Abstract: Large source data packets having large packet sizes and small source data packets having small packet sizes that are smaller than the large packet sizes are received. The small source data packets and the large source data packets are sent to a receiving device without forward error correction (FEC). The small source data packets are aggregated into a container packet having a header configured to differentiate the container packet from the large source data packets and the small source data packets. The large source data packets and the container packet are encoded with forward error correction to produce FEC-encoded packets to enable forward error correction of the large source data packets and the container packet at the receiving device. The FEC-encoded packets are sent to the receiving device.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are described to determine subsets of vector signaling codes capable of detection by smaller sets of comparators than required to detect the full code. The resulting lower receiver complexity allows systems utilizing such subset codes to be less complex and require less power.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention provide a decoder for decoding a signal received through a transmission channel in a communication system, said signal comprising a vector of information symbols, said transmission channel being represented by a channel matrix, wherein the decoder comprises: an initial radius determination unit (307) configured to determine an initial radius; a symbol estimation unit (309) configured to iteratively determine a current radius to search a lattice point inside a current spherical region defined by said current radius, said current radius being initially set to said initial radius, said symbol estimation unit (309) being configured, for each lattice point found in said current spherical region, to store said lattice point in association with a metric, said symbol estimation unit (309) being further configured to update said current radius using a linear function, said linear function having a slope parameter strictly inferior to one, The decoder being configured to determine at

Abstract: An apparatus and method for broadcast signal frame using a boundary between Physical Layer Pipes (PLPs) of a core layer are disclosed.

Abstract: Systems and methods for optimizing data communication in a network of moving things. As non-limiting examples, various aspects of this disclosure provide systems and methods for communicating delay tolerant information in a network of moving things, for example comprising any of a variety of types of vehicles (e.g., autonomous vehicles, vehicles controlled by local operators, vehicles controlled by remote operators, etc.).

Abstract: Embodiments of the present application relate to the technical field of wireless communications, and particularly to a method and device for data transmission, which are used to solve the problem in the prior art that a retransmission mechanism of an LTE system can meet general requirements for delay and reliability of the LTE but cannot meet higher requirements for delay and reliability caused by the application of new services. The method in the embodiments of the present invention comprises: a receiving side receives data from a sending side through multiple paths, the received data of each path being identical; and the receiving side performs multi-path data combination on the received data.

Abstract: A data transmission method and device are provided. The method includes: a first transmission node sends data signal(s) for first transmission to a second transmission node, wherein the data signal(s) including data of at least one Transmission Block (TB), the TB including K Code Blocks (CBs), and the K CBs being divided into P CB sets; the first transmission node performs packet coding on M CB sets in the P CB sets to obtain S check CB sets; and the first transmission node generates data signal(s) for retransmission and sends the data signal(s) to the second transmission node, the data signal(s) for retransmission at least including Q bits in the check CB sets when a preset condition is met. The embodiments of the present disclosure may effectively reduce resources for retransmission under the condition of not increasing an amount of feedback information.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and computer program products are provided for receiving a data packet at a receiver in a communication system, the communication system comprises at least one main transmission network and at least one backup network, the detection of the loss of a data packet from a main transmission network being based on a hash key signature derived from at least a portion of the data packet and the lost data packet being recovered from a backup network.

Abstract: A method for transmitting a subchannel availability for an uplink (UL) multi-user (MU) transmission is described. An availability of one or more subchannels of an orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) channel are determined by a first communication device for the UL MU transmission. A High Throughput (HT) Control field of a media access control (MAC) header that includes an indication of the determined availability of the one or more subchannels is generated by the first communication device. A MAC protocol data unit (MPDU) that includes the HT Control field is generated by the first communication device. The MPDU is transmitted by the first communication device to a second communication device via the OFDM channel for a subsequent allocation of radio resources for the UL MU transmission by the second communication device.

Abstract: A method to regulate a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in a rate adaptation includes: transmitting a frame; determining a status of the transmitted frame; computing a probability of a channel of the transmitted frame being in an idle mode; computing an SNR offset based on the status of the transmitted frame and the probability; and regulating an SNR for transmission, based on the SNR offset.

Abstract: The present application relates to a Common Public Radio Interface, CPRI, lane controller and a method of operating thereof. The CPRI lane controller comprises a transaction counter, a symbol counter and a comparator. The transaction counter is provided for maintaining a current aggregated transactions' size, Sizetrans, representative of an accumulated size of DMA transactions performed by a DMA controller in response to symbols transferred on a CPRI link from or to the CPRI lane controller. The symbol counter is provided for maintaining a current aggregated expected symbols' size, Sizeexp, representative of an accumulated size of a sequence of transferred symbols and a currently transferred symbol. The comparator is configured to issue a symbol awareness signal, SAS, in case the current aggregated transactions' size, Sizetrans, exceeds the current aggregated expected symbols' size, Sizeexp.

Abstract: Provided are data transmission methods and apparatuses, a primary node, and a secondary node. In the data transmission method, a data transmission opportunity is obtained; and a radio frame is sent to at least one secondary node, wherein a signalling field of the radio frame contains indication information used for indicating that the radio frame is transmitted via an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) transmission mode.

Abstract: A high capacity communication system and method, and a high capacity communications configuration system are provided. The high capacity communication system includes a transmitter. The transmitter includes a signal generator to generate a signal including, wherein for a first frame portion extending from zero to ? time the signal is generated per a first color reuse plan of a frequency spectrum and one or more polarizations, and for a second frame portion extending from ? to T the signal is generated per a second color reuse plan of the frequency spectrum and the one or more polarizations; and an RF system to beam the signal concurrently to a first geographic area and a second geographic area.

Abstract: The present invention relates to monitoring method and device by a terminal in a wireless communication system supporting carrier aggregation. Particularly, a monitoring method comprises the steps of: receiving indication of a first resource interval which is being cross-carrier scheduled by means of a first cell with respect to the first cell, comprising consecutive radio resources, and a second cell comprising non-consecutive radio resources; and, on the first resource interval, blind decoding control information, for a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) of the second cell, in a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) of the first cell.

Abstract: Embodiments herein describe apparatuses, systems, and methods for signaling to support downlink coordinated multipoint (CoMP) communications with a user equipment (UE) in a wireless communication network. In embodiments, the UE may be configured with a plurality of channel state information (CSI) processes (e.g., via radio resource control (RRC) signaling) to use for providing CSI feedback to an evolved Node B (eNB) to support downlink CoMP communications. The UE may be configured with a plurality of sets of CSI processes. The UE may further receive a downlink control information (DCI) message from the eNB that indicates one of the configured sets of CSI processes on which the UE is to provide CSI feedback to the UE. The UE may generate the CSI feedback for the indicated set of CSI processes, and transmit the CSI feedback to the eNB in a CSI report.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a unique control region that is mapped to each data region for DL DMRS transmissions. In addition, the present disclosure provides an updated DCI format that may include DL DMRS transmissions. The apparatus may receive a first content during a first TTI. In an aspect, the content may include at least a control region which includes a DMRS. In addition, a location of the DMRS may be defined by either a closed-loop precoding structure or an open-loop precoding structure. Furthermore, the duration of the first TTI may be shorter than 1 ms. The apparatus may demodulate the control region based at least on the DMRS.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communication are described. A base station may multiplex reference signal (RS) transmissions for different antenna ports over a set of resource elements using a code division multiplexing (CDM) group spreading in a time dimension and a frequency dimension. The base station may transmit the RS transmissions over the set of resource elements based at least in part on the multiplexing to a user equipment (UE). The UE may demultiplex the RS transmissions based at least in part on a CDM group and may select at least one of the time dimension or the frequency dimension over which to demultiplex the RS transmissions based on a determination or other information.

Abstract: A pilot allocation method for a multi-antenna system and a pilot allocation apparatus are provided. The method comprises: determining the number of pilots to be allocated and the number of training cycles at least according to the number of users in each cell, and determining a pilot allocation scheme of the each cell according to the number of pilots to be allocated and the number of training cycles. The determining a pilot allocation scheme of the each cell can comprise determining pilots allocated for users in the l-th cell used during each training cycle, and during each training cycle, allocating pilots of at least the k-th user of the l-th cell to different users in other cells of the system. By allocating pilots allocated to a desired user to different users during each training cycle, pilot contamination can be randomized during several different continuous training cycles, thereby providing a basis for the later accurate channel estimation.

Abstract: Base stations (such as small cells) may support active and dormant states. To facilitate state transitions, these cells may transmit discovery signals. The transmission design of both discovery signals and network synchronization signals from small cells should provide for regular periodicity, while supporting the benefit of transitioning between active and dormant states. Disclosed is a method, a computer program product, and an apparatus that determine a first reference signal for at least one of discovery or measurement, and a second reference signal for synchronization, where both the first reference signal and the second reference signal are based on a same type of reference signal.

Abstract: A method of transmitting pilot signals in a system which performs communication using two or more earners comprises transmitting first pilots and second pilots from at least one user equipment to a base station, the first and second pilots, which are transmitted from the at least one user equipment, being multiplexed by code division multiplexing, and the first and second pilots, which are transmitted from a specific user equipment, having different transmission powers, and transmitting data from the at least one user equipment to the base station depending on the first pilots and the second pilots. Since many UEs can transmit CQ pilots, exact channel estimation can he performed and thus communication efficiency can he improved.

Abstract: Some demonstrative embodiments include apparatuses, systems and/or methods of Multi User (MU) Fine Timing Measurement (FTM). For example, a wireless station may be configured to transmit a trigger frame including a resource allocation of a plurality of resource slots to a plurality of wireless stations; to process a plurality of Non-Data Packet (NDP) transmissions from the plurality of wireless stations according to the resource allocation; to transmit an NDP; and to transmit a MU FTM message including timing information corresponding to the NDP and timing information corresponding to the plurality of NDP transmissions from the plurality of wireless stations.

Abstract: Embodiments described herein may include methods, systems, and apparatuses that support transmissions in wireless transmit and receive units (WTRUs) having reduced capabilities. Uplink transmissions and multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS) may be supported in WTRUs operating on a reduced bandwidth within an overall system bandwidth by receiving an uplink (UL) resource allocation within the reduced bandwidth, and sending a transmission over the UL resource allocation. The reduced bandwidth may include a small number of physical resource blocks (PRBs) that do not overlap with PRBs located on the band edge of the overall system bandwidth containing a system PUCCH. The UL resource may be located in both band edges of the reduced bandwidth, may be a PRB-pair in the same frequency of the reduced bandwidth, or may be a PRB-pair in a first slot in a first subframe and second slot in a second subframe of the reduced bandwidth.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a wireless communication system. The present invention relates to a method for transmitting ACK/NACK in a wireless communication system in which carrier aggregation is set, and an apparatus therefor. Specifically, the present invention relates to an ACK/NACK transmission method and an apparatus therefor, the method comprising the steps of: receiving information on a plurality of physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) resources via upper layer signaling; receiving a transmit power control (TPC) field on a secondary carrier through a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH); receiving data indicated by the PDCCH; and transmitting ACK/NACK for the data, wherein the ACK/NACK is transmitted using a PUCCH resource which is indicated by the value of the TPC field among the plurality of PUCCH resources.

Abstract: Techniques for multiband radio frequency (RF) signal communications using integrated multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) multiband bandpass filter bank based on concentric dielectric ring resonators are described. The integrated MIMO multiband bandpass filter bank includes a plurality of transmission line structures for transmitting and receiving radio frequency (RF) signals, and a plurality of ring resonators with different sizes and different resonant frequencies electromagnetically coupled to the plurality of transmission line structures, wherein each ring resonator of the plurality of concentric ring resonators is configured as a single-band bandpass filter to allow a bandpass signal to pass through.