Abstract: A user terminal includes: a receiver configured to receive multicast/broadcast data transmitted from a base station to a plurality of user terminals using the same downlink radio resources; a controller configured to select uplink radio resources to be used for transmission of feedback information, from a resource pool allocated from the base station to a group including the plurality of user terminals; and a transmitter configured to transmit the feedback information to the base station using the selected uplink radio resources.

Abstract: A method of optimizing connection mode procedures for a dual subscriber identity module (SIM) mobile communication device is provided.

Abstract: Systems and methods that provide improved success rates for connection reestablishments in a cellular communications system are disclosed. Embodiments of a radio access node in a cellular communications system enabling connection reestablishment for a wireless device to a target cell controlled by the radio access node are disclosed. In some embodiments, the radio access node is operative to: (a) perform a wireless device context fetch for a context for the wireless device from two or more candidate source cells of the wireless device in response to a connection reestablishment request from the wireless device and (b) receive a wireless device context from at least one of the two or more candidate source cells of the wireless device in response to performing the wireless device context fetch. By performing multiple context fetches, the radio access node mitigates the problem of physical cell identifier ambiguity.

Abstract: Detection of network transactions or keepalives for maintaining long lived connections are disclosed. A keepalive detector can detect keepalive traffic based on keepalive parameters determined from an analysis of socket level network communication log data that record data transfer events including data sent from mobile applications or clients on a mobile device and data received by the mobile applications or clients on the mobile device, timing characteristics, protocol types, etc. Various statistical analyses can be performed on the network communication data to detect keepalives, taking into account variability in intervals of the data transfer events and sizes of data sent and received on each event. The keepalive detector can also detect keepalives from stream data on a mobile device by analyzing socket level communication messages including timing characteristics and amount of data transferred to detect keepalives and report keepalives using a data structure.

Abstract: Disclosed are a control plane signaling method and apparatus for reducing signaling according to a state change of a UE, and a method of efficiently changing a UE connection UE in a wireless network without movement or a state transition change of a UE in a core network. A method of changing a connection state by a UE includes: transmitting UE capability information indicating that the UE supports a light connection to an eNB; receiving a Radio Resource Control (RRC) message including indication information indicating a state change to a light connection state from the eNB; and changing a connection state of the UE from an RRC-connected state to the light connection state based on the indication information.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a control plane signaling method and apparatus for reducing signaling due to a change in a UE's state, and more particularly, to a method for efficiently changing a connection state of a UE in a radio network without mobility of the UE or a change in a state transition of the UE in a core network. The method of changing, by a UE, a connection state includes receiving an RRC (radio resource control) connection release message including instruction information for instructing to change a state to a light connection state from a base station, configuring the connection state of the UE to the light connection state based on the instruction information, and transmitting an RRC connection resumption request message to the base station without an access class barring operation, when a state change to an RRC connection state is triggered.

Abstract: A communication device for handling a radio resource control (RRC) state change comprises a storage unit for storing instructions and a processing circuit, coupled to the storage unit. The processing circuit is configured to execute the instructions stored in the storage unit.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for supporting machine-type communications (MTC) are disclosed. A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may configure itself to operate in a mobile-originated-only mode. The WTRU may perform no, or a subset of, radio resource control (RRC) idle and/or non-access stratum (NAS) idle/standby state procedures in the mobile-originated-only mode. For example, the WTRU may perform cell reselection but not paging monitoring in the mobile-originated-only mode. Alternatively, the WTRU may perform paging monitoring but not cell reselection and location update. The operation in the mobile-originated-only mode may be triggered explicitly or implicitly. For example, the WTRU may operate in the mobile-originated-only mode if an inactivity timer expires. The WTRU may switch the mode in accordance with a pre-configured schedule. After transition of the operation mode, the WTRU may send a message to the network indicating such mode switch.

Abstract: A data transmission method, a device, and a system are disclosed and relate to the communications field, to resolve a problem that modulation and coding cannot be performed on data because no corresponding transport block size TBS exists when a quantity of physical resource blocks PRBs of a wireless communications system is greater than 110. A specific solution is: obtaining, by a first device, grouping information, where the grouping information is used to indicate information of grouping N PRBs into M PRB groups; performing modulation and coding by using a TBS that corresponds to each of the M PRB groups, to generate modulation symbols; and transmitting data to a second device by using a physical resource that corresponds to the N PRBs. The foregoing solution is used for data transmission in a wireless network.

Abstract: Systems and methods that efficiently combine multiple wireless networks or devices resulting in faster, more reliable, and more secure mobile Internet. A Virtual Private Network (VPN) service application is operated to route outgoing and incoming data packets of a mobile device. The mobile device is (i) either coupled to a remote server through the VPN service application for data packets transfer between the remote server and the mobile device or (ii) performs cross-layer translation for data packets transfer between the mobile device and direct target hosts on the Internet. Concurrently using multiple channels secures data packets transfer by sending encrypted data packets over multiple channels and receiving the encrypted data packets by a single apparatus. Data packets are designated to be transferred via a Wi-Fi channel or a cellular channel, and then transferred using both the Wi-Fi channel and the cellular channel.

Abstract: An armrest according to one embodiment of the present invention includes a case including a passage which guides a flow of air while the air is introduced and discharged and a through-hole which is formed via the passage to allow the air to be discharged outward, a fan located inside the case and by which the air is introduced and discharged through the passage, a heating element configured to supply heat to the air discharged by the fan and an outer surface of the case, and a supporter configured to support an external force applied to the case in at least two directions to keep a shape of the case.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods and systems that result in high quality, reproducible, thermal melt analysis on a microfluidic platform. The present invention relates to methods and systems using thermal systems including heat spreading devices, including interconnection methods and materials developed to connect heat spreaders to microfluidic devices. The present invention also relates to methods and systems for controlling, measuring, and calibrating the thermal systems of the present invention.

Abstract: The present invention is disclosed an electronic cigarette and an atomization control method thereof. The electronic cigarette comprises an atomization assembly, a battery assembly, a control module electrically connected to the power source in the battery assembly, a heating wire assembly in the atomization assembly, and an airflow sensor for transmitting a smoking signal to the control module when it is detected that a user is smoking. The present invention has the beneficial effects that the electronic cigarette is actuated after the airflow sensor is triggered when conductors arranged at different positions are in contact with the human skin, so as to reduce probability of false triggering of the electronic cigarette; and during use, this structure conforms to the users' habit of smoking by holding the battery assembly in their fingers and holding the suction nozzle in their mouths, which is convenient for the user and improves the user experience.

Abstract: A method for producing a contact region for a layer of an electrical heating device for a motor vehicle may include providing the layer made of a thermally sprayed, electrically conductive material, providing a laser beam having a focus, introducing a powder of an electrically conductive material into the focus of the laser beam, and thereby melting the powder, applying the molten powder to a region of the layer, and thereby forming the contact region from the electrically conductive material for making contact with the layer.

Abstract: A sealable biohazard neutralizing bag formed of a flexible impermeable material capable of withstanding a neutralization process performed within the bag. The bag may include a vapor generator which, when activated, heats a fluid within the bag body to generate vapor to neutralize the contents of the bag. Alternatively a portable vapor generator may supply vaporized sterilant to the bag via a sealable port. Neutralization may be performed by: a. placing an item to be neutralized within the sealable bag; b. sealing a sealable opening of the bag; c. evacuating the bag via an outlet; and d. actuating the vapor generator to generate vapor such as to produce conditions sufficient to neutralize the item.

Abstract: The present disclosure may relate to a paver accompanying device that may include a plate with a top face and a bottom face and shaped and configured to accompany a paver proximate the top face of the plate. The paver accompanying device may also include multiple grooves in the top face of the plate that run from a first end of the plate to a second end of the plate. The grooves may also be open at the first end of the plate and at the second end of the plate. Additionally, the grooves may be sized to hold a heat producing cable within the grooves such that the heat producing cable is disposed even with or below the top face of the plate.

Abstract: Heating assemblies for cooktop appliances are provided. In one embodiment, the heating assemblies include a first portion and a second portion. The first portion includes a heat generating component and a first sheath surrounding the heat generating component. The first sheath defines a first support surface. The second portion includes a temperature sensing component and a second sheath surrounding the temperature sensing component. The second sheath defines a second support surface. The first support surface and the second support surface contact a cooking utensil when the cooking utensil is positioned on the heating assembly. The heat generating component may be configured to provide heat to the cooking utensil positioned on the heating assembly, and the temperature sensing component may be configured to sense the temperature of the cooking utensil in order to assist in regulating the temperature of the cooking utensil.

Abstract: A control device, for a water purifier, that dispenses hot water and that includes: an input unit that is configured to receive a command signal; and a controller that is configured to control the water purifier based on the command signal, wherein the controller is configured to: control power output of a heating unit that is configured to heat water stored in a hot water tank of the water purifier, and based on the power output of the heating unit, control temperature of hot water dispensed by the water purifier is disclosed.

Abstract: A heat-cooking apparatus according to the present invention includes a heating chamber for heating a food product, a steam generator for generating steam, and a steam channel provided in the heating chamber for guiding steam generated by the steam generator. The heat-cooking apparatus further includes a loading table for disposing a heat-target object, which is raised from a bottom surface of the heating chamber to create a predetermined gap, and a loading table opening portion provided on the loading table for guiding steam from the steam channel to the heat-target object. Steam generated by the steam generator passes through the steam channel and the loading table opening portion to heat the heat-target object. Therefore, without requiring a steamer, steam cooking can easily be performed.

Abstract: A control unit for a LED assembly includes a first and second LED unit, the LED units being serial connected. The LED assembly, in use, is powered by a switched mode power supply. The control unit being arranged to receive an input signal representing a desired output characteristic of the LED assembly, determine a first and second duty cycle for respective LED units associated with a nominal current of the switched mode power supply, for providing the desired output characteristic, determine the largest of the first and second duty cycles for respective LED units, determine a reduced current based on at least the largest of the duty cycles, adjust the first and second duty cycle for respective LED units based on the reduced current, and provide an output signal for the LED assembly and the switched mode power supply based on the adjusted first and second duty cycles and the reduced current for obtaining the desired characteristic.

Abstract: Provided is a lighting apparatus. The lighting apparatus includes: a light source configured to emit light; a reflective member included an output region of the light and surrounded the output region; and a fluorescent layer formed on a part of a region of the reflective member.

Abstract: A light control unit that includes a housing sized and shaped as a standard electrical dimmer switch that can reside in an a standard electrical Handy Box and at least one integrated circuit that comprises a brightness dimming control adapted to reduce and increase brightness of one or more light sources, for example a series of light sources, electronically connected to the at least one integrated circuit and a correlated color temperature (CCT) control adapted to change color temperature of light emitted from the one or more light sources.

Abstract: A driver circuit is provided for lighting means, in particular for one or more LEDs, having an LLC circuit with an inverter which is clocked by means of at least two switches and is designed to supply a resonant circuit, wherein the resonant circuit is coupled to a primary winding of a transformer for transforming electrical energy from the primary winding to a secondary winding, and the lighting means can be supplied with current starting from the secondary winding, having a control unit which is designed to control the switch of the inverter after an activation of the driver circuit during a start phase, in such a way that after a single or after multiple alternating cycles of the switch, the cycling of the switch is suspended for the duration of at least one alternating cycling of the switch until a criterion for ending the start phase is satisfied.

Abstract: A light emitting diode system allows for high current end user LED matrix applications while mitigating internal damage to control circuitry that may be caused by excess current flow. In one example, multiple switches operate in parallel across an LED. When an overvoltage condition is detected in a first switch, a logic circuit determines those switches programmed to operate in parallel and causes them to conduct current. This reduces the amount of current flowing through any one switch and mitigates harm to the device. The parallel configuration of switches may be driven by a single pulse width modulated current. This allows the drive current to be divided between parallel transistors, limiting the damaging effects that can be caused by high currents flowing through the transistors.

Abstract: Various embodiments of methods and systems of proactive monitoring and metering of lighting devices are described herein. A light monitoring and metering system may include a specification database that stores the technical specification of the lighting device, a usage database that records the usage data of the lighting device, a data acquisition subsystem that obtains the identity of the lighting device in use, and a data processing subsystem that meters the usage or calculates the lumen output of the lighting device or the remaining lifetime of the driver of the light device.

Abstract: The invention describes a linear post-regulator (1) realized for use in an LED lighting arrangement (2), which linear post-regulator (1) comprises a control loop cascade (L1, L2, L3) realized for connection between a terminal of an LED lighting load (20) and a power converter (21) of the LED lighting arrangement (2); a transistor (Q) realized to regulate an LED current (ILED) through the LED lighting load (20); a first input (11) for connection to a reference current input (Iref); a second input (12) for connection to a performance parameter input (Vref, ?lref); and an output for connecting a power control output (Pctr) of the linear post-regulator (1) to the power converter (21); wherein the control loop cascade (L1, L2, L3) comprises at least two interconnected control loops (L1, L2, L3) to regulate the LED current (ILED) on the basis of the reference current input (Iref) and to regulate a further performance parameter of the LED lighting arrangement (2) on the basis of the performance parameter input (Vref

Abstract: A semiconductor component including a Wheatstone bridge rectifying circuit and a transistor is provided, wherein the Wheatstone bridge rectifying circuit and the transistor are formed on a same growth substrate, and wherein the Wheatstone bridge rectifying circuit includes a first rectifying diode; a second rectifying diode electrically connected to the first rectifying diode; a third rectifying diode electrically connected to the second rectifying diode; and a fourth rectifying diode electrically connected to the third rectifying diode.

Abstract: A control method for a dimming driver circuit is provided. Firstly, a detecting signal is generated according to a result of detecting a parameter of a power converting unit. Then, the dimming current is compared with a preset current threshold value. If the dimming current is higher than the preset current threshold value, a status information of a switch element of the power converting unit is determined according to the detecting signal, and a first setting is defined. If the dimming current is lower than or equal to the preset current threshold value, the status is determined according to the detecting signal, a pulse ratio in a chopping cycle is calculated, and a second setting is defined. According to the first setting or the second setting, an initial control signal is adjusted to a real control signal to control the switch element.

Abstract: A lighting device includes light emitting element groups (HSB) including a light emitting element group (HS2) that emits light when being applied with a voltage (VH2), and a light emitting element group (HS12) that emits light when being applied with a voltage (VH12) higher than VH2, the light emitting element groups (HSB) emitting light when being applied with a voltage equal to or higher than a voltage (VHa); an IC1 including a light emission control unit (HC1) arranged to cause light emission of a light emitting element group (HS) if a voltage (Vk) is higher than VHa, and to stop the light emission if Vk is lower than the same; and an IC2 including a light emission control unit (HC2) arranged to cause light emission of a group (HSa) if Vk is higher than VHa, and to turn off the group (HSa) if Vk is lower than the same.

Abstract: A driver circuit has a driver unit (50) which provides a current for the load (51) based on an input voltage (10) comprising first and second terminals (10a, 10b). The driver unit (50) comprises a linear driver which comprises a current regulating element (Q3) between the input and the load, said element having a controllable resistive characteristic. A compensation unit (52) in series with the driver unit (50) and the input voltage provides a compensating voltage. This is used to control the voltage across the driver unit in dependence on the input voltage and operating conditions of the load. The compensation unit (52) comprises a switch mode power converter and a second capacitor (C2) as an energy source of the switch mode power converter, with the current regulating element (Q3), the load (51) and the second capacitor (C2) in series connection between the first and second terminals (10a, 10b).

Abstract: A backlight unit of a display device includes a power converter to generate a light source voltage in response to a power control signal, a light emitting element connected between a first node and a second node, and a light source controller connected to the second node and to output the power control signal in response to a dimming signal. The light emitting element receives the light source power voltage through the first node. When a feedback voltage of the second node is lower than a first reference voltage, the light source controller outputs the power control signal having a first pulse width based on the feedback voltage and the dimming signal. When the feedback voltage is higher than the first reference voltage, the light source controller outputs the power control signal having a second pulse width based on a voltage lower than the feedback voltage and the dimming signal.

Abstract: A control device for power delivered to electrical loads in a load control system via respective load control devices may comprise a programming user interface for programming the operation of the load control system. The control device may be configured to select one or more load control devices in response to successive actuations of a programming button of the programming interface. The control device may be configured to controllably illuminate visual indicators of the programming interface to indicate which of the load control devices is selected in response to successive actuations of the programming button. The control device may transmit programming information to the load control devices. The programming information may determine which of the load control devices are responsive to a digital message transmitted on the digital communication link.

Abstract: The invention relates to a lighting system for at least one light-emitting means (24), in particular for light-emitting diodes, comprising a light fixture (22, 43, 61), in which the light-emitting means (24) and mechanical components like a housing, cooling element, reflector, etc. are located; comprising a convertor (23) for operating the light-emitting means (24); comprising an operating unit (10) having a charge storage (11), like a smart phone, for example, for changing a mode of operation of the lighting system (20), wherein in a first mode of operation, light is emitted across a first light exit surface by the lighting system (20), and in a second mode of operation, light is emitted across a second light exit surface, wherein the first light exit surface and the second light exit surface have different light emission characteristics.

Abstract: A light source apparatus including a light-emitting module and a control unit is provided. The light-emitting module is configured to provide a light. The control unit makes the light emitted from the light-emitting module switched among a plurality of kinds of first light. Correlated color temperatures of the plurality of kinds of first light are different from each other, and circadian action factors of the plurality of kinds of first light are substantially the same as each other.

Abstract: A solid state lighting apparatus can include an electrical connector that is configured to releasably couple to a standardized electrical fixture having ac voltage provided thereat, where the electrical connector includes an opening that is configured to provide a recess in the electrical connector including an interior contact to provide the ac voltage in the recess when connected to the standardized electrical fixture. A protective circuit stage of a solid state lighting driver circuit can be in the recess to electrically coupled to the interior contact. An electrical wire can include a first portion that can be electrically coupled to the protective circuit stage in the recess and a second portion that is outside the recess. A solid state lighting housing can be configured to releasably couple to the second portion of the electrical wire.

Abstract: A driving system and a driving method for a planar organic electroluminescent device are provided. The light emitting device has multiple light emitting elements, each having a first electrode and a second electrode. The driving system includes a first circuit, a second circuit, a driving module, and a ground circuit. The first circuit is connected to and provides a constant voltage to the first electrode of each light emitting element. The second circuit is connected to the second electrode of each light emitting element. The driving module is respectively connected to the second electrode of each light emitting element through the second circuit. The ground circuit is connected to the driving module and connects each light emitting element to the ground. The first electrodes of the light emitting elements are connected to one another, and the light emitting elements are driven by a constant current output by the driving module.

Abstract: An optoelectronic circuit includes at least one first and second light emitting diodes; a switch arrangement connected between the first and second diodes and configured to switch over the first and second diodes between series and parallel circuits depending on a predefined ambient parameter; and a current matching circuit for matching the currents through the first and second diodes in case of parallel connection. The current matching circuit includes a current mirror circuit, including first and second current mirror transistors connected via its collector terminal to the first/second diodes, respectively. The arrangement includes a diode/a switch for connecting the first diode in series with the second diode and is configured to form the series circuit including the first and second diodes whilst bypassing the current matching circuit so that, in case of series connection, the first transistor is switched in a high-resistance fashion and the second transistor is short-circuited.

Abstract: An organic electroluminescence device according to the present invention includes: a base material having a top surface on which a recess is provided; a reflective layer provided along at least a surface of the recess; a filling layer filled in the recess via the reflective layer, the filling layer having light transmissivity; a first electrode provided at least on an upper layer side of the filling layer, the first electrode having light transmissivity; an organic layer provided on an upper layer side of the first electrode, the organic layer including at least a light emitting layer; and a second electrode provided on an upper layer side of the organic layer, the second electrode having light transmissivity. The second electrode has a reflectance of 70% or less.

Abstract: The present application relates to a method for controlling a lamp based on a switching action. By applying the present application, switching of a working state of a lamp can be realized by controlling the switching-on and switching-off states of the lamp using a single switch. In the present method, if a switching-on action is detected, the lamp is switched on, and if a switching-off action is detected, the lamp is switched off; another switching-on action performed within a period t0 after the switching-off action is detected is defined as a quick switching-off-and-on operation. The steps of the present method may be realized by functional modules, which may be implemented by a computer program stored in a computer-readable storage medium.

Abstract: A load control system for controlling an electrical load may include a sensor, a remote control, and a load control device. The remote control may comprise a button and may be configured to wirelessly transmit a digital message in response to an actuation of the button. The load control device may be configured to control the electrical load, be responsive to the sensor, and/or be configured to be associated with the remote control. The load control device may be responsive to the digital message transmitted by the remote control if the remote control is associated with the load control device. The load control device may be configured to automatically operate in a first mode of operation if the remote control is not associated with the load control device, and automatically operate in a second mode of operation if the remote control is associated with the load control device.

Abstract: Provided is a sensor system for an outdoor lighting system including at least one sensor physically connected with an external connector of a lighting fixture of the outdoor lighting system. The sensor performs sensing and wireless data and power connection, via a wireless power source and a wireless data source, with the outdoor lighting system.

Abstract: The invention relates to a control system (4) for controlling lighting units (30, 31, 32, 33) of a lighting system (1), wherein the lighting units are assigned to different areas and the control system is adapted to control the lighting units in accordance with a lighting command, which defines desired power levels, and depending on occupancy information, which is indicative of a degree of occupancy of the areas, such that different lighting units are set to their desired power levels at different times, even if the provided lighting command requests to set the lighting units to their respective desired power levels at substantially the same time. This can reduce the likelihood of, for instance, blown fuses or damaged components of the lighting system, while, because of the consideration of the occupancy information, the delay in setting the lighting units to their desired power levels may be not or only hardly visible.

Abstract: A surgical lamp and a method for illuminating a surgical field on a human body by the surgical lamp are provided. The surgical lamp comprises a lamp body (1), a control device (4) and at least one separate function module (6, 7). The lamp body (1) comprises at least one illuminant (3) for illuminating the surgical field and at least one interface having a first fixation device (11), a power supply terminal (12) and/or a data connection device (13). The control device (4) is provided for controlling the at least one illuminant (3) and is connected to the data connection device (13) of the at least one first interface for data transmission. The at least one function module (6, 7) comprises a second interface, having a second fixation device (14), a second power supply terminal (15) and/or a second data connection device (16), being compatible to the first interface and that can be docked thereto.

Abstract: The present invention proposes to use a power negotiation connection (e.g. the VBUS channel) of a power delivery interface for transmitting or receiving control commands or, respectively, status information to/from a lighting device. The power negotiation connection can be used as a communication channel that is fully independent of the data connection. It uses, for example, different protocols and different wires than the data connection. Control commands, such as dim level or color, can be encoded in a vendor defined message of a related power negotiation protocol.

Abstract: A lighting system controller. The lighting system controller includes a housing, a power supply, a wireless transceiver configured to send signals to and receive signals from a lighting system via a wireless network, a recessed area disposed on the housing, the recessed area adapted to removably secure a smartphone therein, and a plurality of buttons, each button of the plurality of buttons configured to control an individual operation of the lighting system. The smartphone display is configured to display properties of the lighting system, such as the position and brightness of individual lights.

Abstract: The invention relates to a building equipment-based communication system (1) comprising at least one building equipment-based device as a master unit (20), in particular a light fixture, to which at least one slave unit (13, 14), in particular a sensor and/or actuator, can be connected via a network, preferably in a wireless manner; the slave unit (13) is designed to communicate with the master unit (10) via the network connection either directly or indirectly by way of other slave units (14); and the master unit (10) is designed to send, via a communication interface (18), information received from the at least one slave unit (13,14).

Abstract: A lighting control apparatus (106) may include an accelerometer (118), a wireless communication interface (112), and a secure connection (125) for securing the lighting control apparatus to a surface. The secure connection may be configured to transfer motion imparted on the surface to the accelerometer. A controller (108) may be coupled with the accelerometer and the wireless communication interface. The controller may be configured to: receive, from the accelerometer, a signal representative of motion sensed by the accelerometer; determine, based on the signal from the accelerometer, that the sensed motion satisfies a motion criterion; and transmit, over the wireless communication interface to a lighting unit (104) or a lighting system bridge (102), data configured to cause one or more lighting units to emit light having one or more selected properties.

Abstract: Provided is a lighting apparatus including a memory configured to store wireless network information of the lighting apparatus, a detection circuit configured to detect an alternating current signal supplied to the lighting apparatus, and a processor configured to initialize wireless network information of the lighting apparatus, based on the detected alternating current signal

Abstract: Beam guiding devices for guiding a laser beam, in particular in a direction towards a target region for producing extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation, include an adjustment device for adjusting a beam diameter and an aperture angle of the laser beam. The adjustment device includes a first mirror having a first curved reflecting surface, a second mirror having a second curved reflecting surface, a third mirror having a third curved reflecting surface, a fourth mirror having a fourth curved reflecting surface, and a movement device configured to adjust the beam diameter and the aperture angle of the laser beam by moving the first reflecting surface and the fourth reflecting surface relative to one another and, independently thereof, moving the second reflecting surface and the third reflecting surface together relative to the first reflecting surface and the fourth reflecting surface.

Abstract: An apparatus for generating high frequency electromagnetic radiation includes a whispering gallery mode resonator, coupled to an output waveguide through a coupling aperture. The resonator has a guiding surface, and supports a whispering gallery electromagnetic eigenmode. An electron source is configured to generate a velocity vector-modulated electron beam, where each electron in the velocity vector-modulated electron beam travels substantially perpendicular to the guiding surface, while interacting with the whispering gallery electromagnetic eigenmode in the whispering gallery mode resonator, generating high frequency electromagnetic radiation in the output waveguide.