Abstract: A computer program product includes a non-transitory computer readable storage medium having program instructions embodied therewith, wherein the program instructions are executable by a processor to cause the processor to perform a method. The method includes monitoring use of a user input device of a computer system relative to a graphical user interface (GUI) of an active application, wherein the user input device includes a pointing device, wherein user input to the pointing device controls movement of a pointer within the GUI, and wherein a software interface establishes a level of sensitivity between the user input to the pointing device and the resulting movement of the pointer. The method further includes determining a value of one or more parameters characterizing the use of the at least one user input device, and automatically adjusting the level of sensitivity in response to the value of the one or more parameters.

Abstract: A system and method for synchronizing a stylus to a capacitive sense array. The system including a capacitive sense array which includes a plurality of electrodes. A synchronization signal is transmitted to the stylus using the plurality of electrodes. The synchronization signal is transmitted to the stylus by capacitively coupling the stylus to the capacitive sense array.

Abstract: An adjustable effective electrode surface area stylus configured to operate with a capacitive touch sensitive device and coordinate detection method therefor is provided. The stylus comprises an electrode structure comprising a main electrode segment, a sub-electrode segment, a shielding, a switch, and a processing system. The main electrode segment has a main effective electrode surface area and the main electrode segment and sub-electrode segment together form an adjusted effective electrode surface area. The processing system drives the electrode structure to output one stimulation signal having one frequency and a flag and adjust between the output of a main projection of the main electrode surface area having a main central point and an adjusted projection of the adjusted electrode surface area having an adjusted central point. The main central point and adjusted central point projected from the electrode structure is used to calculate tilt and orientation of the stylus.

Abstract: A micro-light emitting diode (micro-LED) display device includes a substrate and a micro-LED. The substrate has at least one first metal layer. The micro-LED includes a light emitting structure, at least one second metal layer, at least one reflective layer, and a dielectric layer with an opening. The second metal layer forms a eutectic system or soldering contact with the first metal layer. The reflective layer is disposed between the light emitting structure and the second metal layer, and a eutectic point of the eutectic system or soldering point is lower than a melting point of the reflective layer.

Abstract: An embodiment of the present invention provides an array substrate, comprising a plurality of pixel units arranged in a matrix manner and a plurality of strip-shaped touch electrodes arranged between adjacent rows of pixel units, respectively, each touch electrode being connected with a corresponding one of a plurality of touch signal lines, at least part of the plurality of touch signal lines being arranged between adjacent columns of pixel units, respectively. Embodiments of the present invention also provide a touch panel comprising the array substrate and a display device comprising the touch panel.

Abstract: A black electrode substrate includes a transparent substrate having a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface, the second surface having a display region in a rectangular shape in plan view and an outer region outside of the display region, a black wiring forming a black electrode pattern that defines a plurality of pixel opening portions in the display region, and a transparent resin layer formed in the display region such that the transparent resin layer has the same rectangular shape as the display region in plan view. The black wiring has a laminated structure including a first black layer, a first indium-containing layer, a copper-containing layer, a second indium-containing layer, and a second black layer. The black wiring has a terminal portion formed such that the second indium-containing layer positioned in the outer region is exposed from the laminated structure.

Abstract: A display array is disclosed. The multifunctional pixel may include a plurality of multifunctional pixels. Each multifunctional pixel can include a red display area, a green display area, and a blue display area, as well as at least one sensor selected from the following sensor types: an ultrasonic sensor, an infrared sensor, a photoelectric sensor, and a capacitive sensor. The blue display area can be smaller than the red display area, or smaller than the green display area, in each of the plurality of multifunctional pixels.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an integrated touch control display panel, including a substrate, a plurality of stripe shaped common electrodes sequentially arranged in a first direction and extending in a second direction intersecting with the first direction, and a plurality of common electrode slits located between any two adjacent stripe shaped common electrodes. Each section of the common electrode slit includes a first slit, a second slit, and a connection slit located between the first slit and the second slit. An orthogonal projection of a center line of the connection slit on the substrate is located inside or coincides with a triangle formed by an orthogonal projection of the intersection point of center lines of the first and second slits, the intersection point of center lines of the first and connection slits, and the intersection point of center lines of the second and connection slits on the substrate.

Abstract: A virtual touch pad operation method includes: determining whether or not a hovering input or a touch input to a touch screen meets a predetermined condition; entering a virtual touch pad mode when the hovering input or the touch input meets the predetermined condition; and operating a virtual touch pad. A terminal includes: a touch screen; and a controller which controls a hovering input or a touch input to the touch screen and displays a virtual touch pad on a portion of the touch screen by the hovering input, or the terminal includes: a touch screen, and a controller which distinguishes a touch input to a virtual touch pad in accordance with a pressure magnitude or area of the touch and controls the operation of the virtual touch pad. The virtual touch pad is formed on a portion of the touch screen by the touch input satisfying a predetermined condition.

Abstract: A display integrated pressure sensor is described. In an example, a device comprises: a display including a plurality of layers; a layer of pressure sensitive material having particles; conductivity of the pressure sensitive material is configured to change when the layer experiences deformation; a layer of conductor lines configured to detect the change of the conductivity of the pressure sensitive material; the layer of conductor lines includes a plurality of contacting points with the pressure sensitive material; the layer of pressure sensitive material and the conductor lines are configured to be integrated within the display. In other examples, a manufacturing method and a display module are discussed along with the features of the device.

Abstract: The invention provides a pressure detecting device containing a pressurized member having a contact surface that is subjected to pressure due to contact with a pressurizing means; and a piezoelectric member that is arranged facing the pressurized member and that includes a polymeric piezoelectric material having a piezoelectric constant d14 of 1 pm/V or more as measured by a displacement method at 25° C., and a ratio IEb/IEa between a product IEb of a cross-sectional secondary moment Ib and a Young's modulus Eb of the pressurized member, and a product IEa of a cross-sectional secondary moment Ia and a Young's modulus Ea of the piezoelectric member, is in a range of from 102 to 1010.

Abstract: A system, method, and computer program product are provided for operating a mobile device including a touch screen, a memory, and a vibratory feedback mechanism coupled to at least one processor. A plurality of applications including an application is stored, utilizing the memory. A first pressure signal indicative of a first magnitude of pressure being applied to the touch screen is identified. In response to the first pressure signal indicative of the first magnitude of pressure being applied to the touch screen, a first state is identified, utilizing the at least one processor. In response to the identification of the first state, an operation is performed, utilizing the at least one processor. A second pressure signal is identified indicative of a second magnitude of pressure being applied to the touch screen that is greater than the first magnitude, in connection with the indicia.

Abstract: A process for enabling objects displayed on a multi-input display device to be grouped together is disclosed that includes defining a target element that enables objects displayed on a multi-input display device to be grouped together through interaction with the target element. Operations are invoked that establish a relationship between a particular displayed object and a position on the target element and that causes transformations applied to the target element also to be applied to the particular displayed object while maintaining the relationship between the particular displayed object and the position on the target element.

Abstract: A device that can autonomously scan a sensor panel is disclosed. Autonomous scanning can be performed by implementing channel scan logic. In one embodiment, channel scan logic carries out many of the functions that a processor would normally undertake, including generating timing sequences and obtaining result data; comparing scan result data against a threshold value (e.g., in an auto-scan mode); generating row count; selecting one or more scanning frequency bands; power management control; and performing an auto-scan routine in a low power mode.

Abstract: An operation device for a vehicle, includes a touch operational surface configured to be movable upward and downward, and to include a sensor to output a signal representing a contact of a finger; an outer frame member configured to be disposed around a circumference of the touch operational surface, in an aspect such that the outer frame member projects upward compared to the touch operational surface, or in an aspect such that the outer frame member extends on the same plane as the touch operational surface, and to be movable upward and downward together with the touch operational surface as a whole; a down movement detection unit configured to output a signal representing a down movement of the outer frame member; and a control unit configured to respond, based on the signal output by the sensor, to a selection operation performed on selection items shown on a display unit being remotely placed with respect to the touch operational surface, and to respond, based on the signal output by the down movement de

Abstract: A method is provided for detecting a double-click input on an electrical device and an electrical device, the detection of the double-click input taking place by analyzing at least one input signal generated with the aid of at least one acceleration sensor, in a first method step (or task), it being monitored whether the input signal falls below a predefined first threshold value in absolute value during a first predefined time interval, in a second method step, exceeding of a second threshold value in absolute value by the input signal is detected, in a third method step, it being monitored whether the input signal falls below a predefined third threshold value in absolute value during a third predefined time interval, and in a fourth method step, exceeding of a fourth threshold value in absolute value by the input signal being detected.

Abstract: Provided is a capacitive touch switch panel on which it is possible to form a transparent sensor electrode having high quality design shape and reduced reflection of visible light, and which moreover has excellent appearance and ample environmental resistance. This capacitive touch switch panel 1 is provided with a glass substrate 2, and with a sensor part 3 formed on this glass substrate 2. The sensor part 3 has a sensor electrode 4, this sensor electrode 4 comprising an Al thin film formed by sputtering or vacuum deposition into a switch configuration on the glass substrate 2 at the opposite surface side 2b from a touch surface 2a, the sensor part 3 having an intermediate layer between the glass substrate 2 and at least a portion of the Al thin film. This intermediate layer comprises a thin film that includes at least one metal selected from Cr, Mo, and W.

Abstract: Provided herein is a control method of a touch screen panel having an activated area divided into a plurality of touch areas, and a plurality of touch drivers each corresponding to each of the touch areas, the method including computing location information of a stylus pen based on photograph data; and controlling power of the touch drivers according to the computed location information.

Abstract: A touch display panel driven in a display period and a touch period alternately is provided, and includes a plurality of gate lines, each driven by a clock signal to output a scan signal during the display period and stop the scan signal during the touch period; and N dummy gate lines, each driven by a dummy clock signal to output a dummy scan signal before the display period is switched to the touch period, wherein at least one of rising edges of N dummy clock signals is synchronized with at least one of falling edges of the clock signals.

Abstract: The embodiment of the disclosure discloses a touch substrate, a touch display panel and a method for calculating touch pressure. The touch substrate comprises at least two semiconductor pressure sensors, a bias voltage applying circuit and a voltage detecting circuit, wherein the bias voltage applying circuit is used for applying bias voltage to each semiconductor pressure sensor; the voltage detecting circuit is used for acquiring strain voltages of each semiconductor pressure sensor. A first straight line connecting the first connecting terminal and the second connecting terminal intersects a second straight line connecting the third connecting terminal and the fourth connecting terminal. According to the technical scheme of the disclosure, the semiconductor pressure sensors can be integrated inside the touch display panel.

Abstract: A touch feedback circuit and driving method thereof, and a touch display device are disclosed, so that the user's finger can feel feedback from a touch display, thereby improving the user experience. The touch feedback circuit comprises a deformation element, at least one control module, a control line, a first signal line and a first voltage terminal, wherein the control module is configured to output a signal provided by the first signal line to the deformation element under the control of the control line, the deformation element is configured to deform under the control of the control module and the first voltage terminal, the control line and the first signal line are used to control the deformation element corresponding to a determined touch position.

Abstract: A touchscreen includes a plurality of X electrodes extending in a first direction and arranged in parallel in a second direction, a plurality of Y electrodes extending in the second direction so as to intersect the X electrodes and arranged in parallel in the first direction, and pedestal layers formed at respective intersections between the plurality of X electrodes and the plurality of Y electrodes, wherein an intersection portion of each Y electrode is formed under the pedestal layer, wherein a part of an intersection portion of each X electrode is formed on the pedestal layer and both ends thereof are electrically connected to adjacent electrode portions of the X electrodes, and wherein a profile of a portion of the pedestal layer intersecting the intersection portion of the X electrode has a nonlinear shape when viewed from a direction perpendicular to the substrate.

Abstract: A touch panel controller may include a communications module configured to receive pixel values, where each pixel value represents a capacitance associated with a pixel formed at a drive electrode and a sensor electrode of a touch panel. The touch panel controller may also include a processing module configured to discard pixel values below a noise threshold, discard pixel values for non-zero pixels that are not adjacent to non-zero pixels, reject detected input for pixel values associated with a palm input, compute an initial centroid associated with the pixel values, reject detected input for pixel values associated with a hover input, and provide detected input that is not associated with palm input or hover input.

Abstract: The present invention is a palm rejection technique utilizing temporal features, iterative classification, and probabilistic voting. Touch events are classified based on features periodically extracted from time windows of increasing size, always centered at the birth of the event. The classification process uses a series of decision trees acting on said features.

Abstract: A method of differential self-capacitance measurement is used to enhance a signal-to-noise ratio of sense lines in a touch panel display, thereby improving touch sensor accuracy. The differential self-capacitance measurement is implemented for a touch panel using charge sharing between adjacent sense lines of the touch panel matrix. Sequential differential self-capacitance measurements can be compared with one another by computing the difference |CS1?CS2|?|CS2?CS1| to sense a change caused by an intervening event. By scanning the entire touch panel matrix, events can be tracked across the touch panel.

Abstract: A method and system for tracking a hover event on a digitizer sensor that treats hover and touch events differently comprises configuring at least one parameter of the digitizer sensor for hover tracking; wherein the at least one parameter is configured differently than for touch tracking, and detecting a pattern of input signals from a plurality of conductive lines on the digitizer sensor defining a tracking point responsive to the pattern of hover input signals detected.

Abstract: A semiconductor device obtains highly accurate image data regardless of the intensity of incident light. The semiconductor device includes a first photo sensor provided in a pixel, a second photo sensor provided around the pixel, and a controller for setting the drive condition of the first photo sensor in accordance with the intensity of outside light obtained by the second photo sensor. An image is taken after the sensitivity of the first photo sensor is changed in accordance with the drive condition set by the controller. Thus, in the semiconductor device, an image can be taken using the first photo sensor whose sensitivity is optimized in accordance with the intensity of incident light.

Abstract: Touch sensitivity is enabled using a touch system that comprises a panel configured to conduct signals along detection lines across a touch surface. A signal processor obtains observed values for the detection lines, and identifies an interaction pattern on the touch surface as a solution to a function that comprises an aggregation of differences, for each detection line, between the observed value and a projected value, which is given by a projection function that defines a functional relation between the interaction pattern and the projected value for each detection line. The signal processor implements a normalization to ensure that the interaction pattern indicates weak touches even in the presence of strong touches.

Abstract: A system for monitoring 3D space in front of an output unit for the control of the output unit comprises a 3D imaging unit, a processing and control unit coupled to the 3D imaging unit and an output unit comprising a display area and coupled to the processing and control unit. The 3D imaging unit is configured to monitor an interaction zone in front of the display area of the output unit. The processing and control unit is configured to predict where a finger of a hand that approaches the display area of the output unit and is monitored by the 3D imaging unit will touch the display area and to control the output unit to modify content displayed on the display area based on the predicted touch position.

Abstract: An audio touchscreen system receives microphone location data respectively corresponding to a plurality of microphones. Sonic signals corresponding to a sonic event respectively transduced by each microphone is triangulated, to determine the location of the origin of the sonic event upon the audio touchscreen, based on the sonic signals and the microphone location data. User input data is generated based on the location of the sonic event as determined by the triangulation.

Abstract: A display device with an integrated touch screen includes a panel including m (m is a natural number) electrodes and m lines; a display driver IC applying a common voltage to the m electrodes; and a touch IC generating a touch scan signal to apply the touch scan signal to the m electrodes and receiving touch sensing signals according to the touch scan signal to detect a location of a touch input on the panel, wherein at least one of the m electrodes includes touch electrode portions and non-touch electrode portions.

Abstract: An in-cell touch panel and a display device are provided. Self-capacitance electrodes arranged in the same layer as pixel electrodes are disposed at gaps between the pixel electrodes of the touch panel in accordance with the self-capacitance principle. A touch detection chip can determine a touch position by detection of capacitance variation of the self-capacitance electrodes in a touch period. The touch panel does not need to add additional processes on the basis of the manufacturing process of an array substrate and hence can reduce the manufacturing cost and improve the productivity.

Abstract: A touch screen panel includes a substrate, first and second sensing patterns, first and second pattern connecting lines, a pad portion, and lines. The first and second sensing patterns are disposed on the substrate in a sensing area and arranged in directions intersecting each other. The first pattern connecting lines are disposed in the same layer as the first sensing patterns and the second sensing patterns, and electrically connect adjacent first sensing patterns to each other. The second pattern connecting lines intersect to be insulated from the first pattern connecting lines, and electrically connect adjacent second sensing patterns to each other. The pad portion is disposed on the substrate in a peripheral area, and includes pads. The lines connect the first sensing patterns and the second sensing patterns to the pads.

Abstract: An OLED panel is provided. The OLED panel may include multiple matrix-arranged TFTs, an anode layer, an organic light emitting layer, a cathode layer, and/or any other components. The anode layer can have multiple anodes, formed on one side of the TFTs. The organic light emitting layer can be formed on one side of the anode layer away from the TFTs. The cathode layer can have multiple cathodes and be formed on one side of the organic light emitting layer away from the anode layer. The cathodes can pass through the organic light emitting layer and be electrically connected to the corresponding TFTs to form pixel electrodes. A time-division drive module can be electrically connected to the anodes, which can be configured to multiplex time-divisionally to alternately form common electrodes or touch electrodes.

Abstract: To provide a display capable of reducing each resistance of a drive electrode and a detection electrode, in the display which is provided with an input device having the drive electrode and the detection electrode formed on the same plane. A drive electrode includes a plurality of first electrode portions arranged in an X-axis direction, and a plurality of first connection portions each of which electrically connects the two first electrode portions adjacent to each other. A detection electrode includes a plurality of second electrode portions arranged in a Y-axis direction, and a plurality of second connection portions each of which electrically connects the two second electrode portions adjacent to each other. The first connection portion overlaps with the second connection portion in a planar view. Each of the first electrode portion and the second electrode portion contains metal or alloy, and has a mesh shape.

Abstract: Provided are a transfer film having a temporary support, a first curable transparent resin layer disposed adjacently to the temporary support to be in direct contact therewith, and a second curable transparent resin layer disposed adjacently to the first curable transparent resin layer to be in direct contact therewith, in this order, in which the refractive index of the second curable transparent resin layer is higher than the refractive index of the first curable transparent resin layer, and the second curable transparent resin layer contains metal oxide particles at a proportion of 28.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a device includes a controller, first electrodes, second electrodes, a plurality of sensors, and a shield sensor. The controller is operable to cause substantially equal voltages to be present on the first and second electrodes while measuring capacitances of the plurality of first electrodes electrically coupled to the shield sensor and measuring capacitances of the plurality of second electrodes electrically coupled to the plurality of sensors.

Abstract: A touch panel device includes: a first resistance film and a second resistance film each of which includes an electrode; a switch connected to the electrode; a controller that controls operation of the switch; and a detector that, when a voltage is applied to a resistance film of a voltage applied side among the first resistance film and the second resistance film, detects presence or absence of touch and a position of the touch based on a voltage detected from the electrode on a resistance film of a voltage detection side among the first resistance film and the second resistance film; wherein before detection operation by the detector, the controller controls the operation of the switch connected to the electrode on the resistance film of the voltage detection side so that the electrode on the resistance film of the voltage detection side is grounded.

Abstract: A system and method are provided to enable the indication positions of respective indicators (e.g., fingers) to be detected (multiple-point detection) and also to enable detection of the users of the indicators (user detection). Signal generators for generating different signals for respective users are provided, and the signals from the signal generators are supplied to a sensor section through indicators. In a multi-touch and multi-user detecting device 1, a transmitting section 200 supplies determined signals to respective transmitting conductors 11Y. Respective receiving conductors 12X receive the signals from the transmitting conductors 11Y and also the signals from the signal generators of the users. Based on these signals, a user-and-position identifying circuit 33A and a position detecting circuit 34A in a receiving section 300A function to detect indication positions indicated by the respective indicators as well as the users using the indicators.

Abstract: A conductive sheet, method for using conductive sheet and touch panel, having a base substance and conductive parts formed on one of the principal surfaces of the base substance. The conductive parts respectively extend in primary directions, and have two or more conductive patterns made from metal wires arranged in a second direction that is perpendicular to the first direction. The conductive pattern is constituted by serially connecting two or more large gratings in the first direction, and each of the large gratings is constituted by combining two or more small gratings. Around the edges of the large grating, non-connective patterns are formed from metal wires which are not connected with the large gratings.

Abstract: A desktop display over a remote connection is updated by detecting, at their origin, changes in the desktop that reflect movement of an image, such as window scrolls, window moves and other movements of regions. For every frame of the desktop that is composed, moves can be detected. The offsets and regions of these moves are transformed into desktop space. A list of moves and other information about changed regions in the desktop display provide both an indication of moved image regions and move parameters, and image data that has otherwise changed. The moved image regions are moved at the destination by applying the move parameters, without transferring image data for the moved region to the remote device, while the remaining changed portion of the desktop is copied over the connection to the remote device.

Abstract: An image display apparatus and a method for operating the same are disclosed. The method for operating an image display apparatus includes displaying a home screen including at least one card object including a content list, displaying a dynamic screen on the home screen if dynamic screen display input is received, and moving and displaying the dynamic screen on the home screen if dynamic screen movement input is received. Therefore, it is possible to increase user convenience.

Abstract: A computing system receives user input via a touch-interface that involves motion of one or more touches relative to the touch-interface. Responsive to the user input including two or more concurrent touches of the touch-interface involving motion in a coordinate direction, the computing system compresses graphical content within a graphical user interface in the coordinate direction toward a reference datum line. Responsive to the user input including two or more concurrent touches of the touch-interface involving motion in an opposite direction from the coordinate direction, the computing system expands graphical content within the graphical user interface in the opposite direction and away from the reference datum line.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and computer readable media can be operable to facilitate an association between a recognizable identifier and a client device connecting to a central device. Identification information associated with a client device may be received at a central device within a request for configuration parameters. The identification information may be used to retrieve a recognizable identifier associated with the client device. In embodiments, the client device may be identified within a display using the associated recognizable identifier.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided that improve graphical software applications, by filtering the data for display according to techniques for defining and manipulating visual indicia. Data may be filtered according to multiple filters that are combined in a number of ways to form the set of data for display. Data may be filtered ontologically and geometrically according to their relationships with other data. Visual indicia that represent filters may be drag-and-dropped between input areas to facilitate ease of use. Data selected according to a filter may be displayed at the same time as non-selected data by applying visually distinctive characteristics to the selected data. A virtual environment may be shown simultaneously on several different video displays at a single workstation.

Abstract: A touch enabled graphical user interface displays a plurality of objects according to an ordering along an axis with respect to the touch enabled graphical user interface. The axis is perpendicular to the touch enabled graphical user interface. Further, a first touch input directed toward a first object in the plurality of objects and a second touch input directed toward a second object in the plurality of objects are concurrently received. In addition, a processor a processor the first object in proximity to the second object along the axis. The processor also provides a visual feedback during the repositioning.

Abstract: Methods and systems for configuring a tab in a tab control are described. An application creates the tab control, and the user is presented with a tab control including multiple tabs. At least one special tab includes a text label that suggests it can be user defined, such as “Other.” When the user presses this tab, the tab shows a pressed state momentarily and then morphs into a text field. The user can then type in text, and the text is recorded for that tab. If the user decides that he or she wants to change the text in the special tab, the user can select the special tab again to enter new text.

Abstract: Concepts and technologies are disclosed herein for predictive determination of actions. According to one aspect of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein, a user device can receive input via a user input interface. The user input interface is application agnostic. The user device can analyze the input to determine an action option. The action option can include an action to be performed by the user device if selected. The user device also can present the action option for selection.

Abstract: Aggregated traveler data may be accessed by subscribers to a content management system. Subscriber data in access requests from one or more subscribers may be used to describe a pool of travelers in the aggregated traveler data that may be concentrated in a geographic location. Location data, temporal data or both, from one or more electronic sources and/or data stores may be processed to determine if a selected traveler will be positioned within a threshold of an allowable distance from an allowable event in the geographic location at a time coincident with an event time window for the allowable event. Selected travelers who meet location and/or temporal parameters may be targeted to receive customized content for events including activities, services, goods, suggestions, and recommendations from subscribers. A subscriber may own a rental property in the geographic location that is rented by a selected traveler.

Abstract: Systems, computer products, and methods are described herein for determining the applications and/or devices that a user users, or has used in the past, through a user computer system. The system categorizes the applications and/or devices related to one or more potential targets in which the user maybe interested and presents the targets to the user for selection by the user. The system monitors and aggregates information from the applications and/or devices related to the one or more desired targets and provides suggestions to aid in achieving the desired targets. The system allows the user to control, or may automatically control, the applications and/or devices related to the one or more desired targets in a central location. The aggregated information and/or one or more desired targets may be pushed to systems, applications, and devices, in order to act as filters or additional information for providing additional output to the user.