Abstract: A testing method or apparatus utilizes filter banks to measure time varying or dynamic harmonic distortion or intermodulation distortion from a device. With a stairstep or arbitrary signal and filter banks, Nth order harmonic and or intermodulation distortion is measured via the filter banks at different offsets provided by an arbitrary low frequency signal. An amplifier with crossover distortion will show increased harmonic and or intermodulation distortion near the zero crossing while providing less distortion in other portions of the transfer curve of the amplifier. One or more distortion signals from the device (e.g., audio device) may be measured for a phase and or frequency modulation effect.

Abstract: A system is disclosed. The system includes an antenna and a processor. The processor has at least four ports: a first input port coupled to a first portion of the continuity component; a first output port coupled in series to a first resistor coupled to the first portion of the antenna and to ground via a second resistor; a second output port coupled through a third resistor to the first portion of the antenna; and a second input port coupled to a second portion of the antenna and through a fourth resistor to ground. The processor is operable to activate and deactivate the appropriate ports to put the processor in one of three operating modes: an AC detection mode, an AC self-test mode, and a continuity test mode.

Abstract: We disclose a circuit board that hosts at least first and second types of resistance sensors. The resistance of each sensor of the first type tends to increase, and the resistance of each sensor of the second type tends to decrease if the sensor is exposed to an aggressive environment. The circuit board also hosts a control circuit that operates to monitor respective resistances of the various resistance sensors and to process the digital values representing the resistances to estimate the working condition of one or more other electrical circuits located on the circuit board and/or in relatively close proximity to the circuit board in the corresponding equipment cabinet. The control circuit further operates to transmit out an appropriate alarm message if the estimated working condition is deemed unsatisfactory.

Abstract: Provided is a semiconductor device including a substrate, insulating layers on the substrate, interconnection lines in or between the insulating layers, and pads on the insulating layers. The pads may include signal pads connected to the interconnection lines, and measurement pads disposed spaced apart from the signal pads and electrically connected to corresponding ones of the signal pads by the interconnection lines. Misalignment of probes contacting the semiconductor device may be detected by detecting a signal communicated between one or more of the measurement pads and the signal pads.

Abstract: A testing holder for a chip unit, a multi site holding frame for plural chip units and a method for testing a die thereof are provided. The proposed multi site holding frame for testing plural chip units simultaneously includes a first holder frame having a plurality of testing holders. Each of the plurality of testing holders includes a holder body containing a specific one of the plural chip units, and a pressure releasing device formed on the holder body to release an insertion pressure when the specific one of the plural chip units is inserted in the holder body.

Abstract: A semiconductor device is capable of detecting a power supply voltage abnormality without degrading the performance of internal circuits. The semiconductor device includes a plurality of power supply inspection circuits and a result storage register. The power supply inspection circuits detect a power supply voltage abnormality in each pad that couples an internal wiring disposed in the semiconductor device to another part disposed outside of the semiconductor device. The result storage register stores inspection results indicated by result signals output from the power supply inspection circuits.

Abstract: Embodiments include methods, and processing system, and computer program products providing portion isolation design to a chip design to facilitate partial-good portion isolation test of the chip. Aspects include: retrieving a chip design file of a chip, the chip design file having pin related information from a chip design database, generating, via a pin group utility module, a pin group file according to the pin related information retrieved, combining, via a portion wrapper insertion utility module, the pin group file with one or more portion netlists to form one or more localized portion wrapper segments, stitching, via the portion wrapper insertion utility module, the one or more localized portion wrapper segments to form a portion boundary wrapper chain, and inserting, via the portion wrapper insertion utility module, the portion boundary wrapper chain into the chip design file to facilitate partial-good portion isolation test.

Abstract: A method, test system and computer program product and system for voltage binning integrated circuit chips. The method includes selecting or changing a voltage bin of a set of voltages bins corresponding to frequency specification limits of an integrated circuit chip using functional testing of data paths of the integrated circuit chip.

Abstract: A system for characterising a NOR flash memory cell provided with a floating gate transistor, includes a voltage generator having an output connected to the gate electrode that generates as output an erase signal; and a dynamic measurement apparatus including a first channel connected to the gate electrode and a second channel connected to the drain electrode. The dynamic measurement apparatus generates on the first and second channels write signals and measures a current flowing in the drain electrode during the writing of the memory cell. Only the gate electrode of the floating gate transistor is connected to the voltage generator and to the dynamic measurement apparatus by a CMOS switch, which switches between a first position, where the output of the voltage generator is electrically coupled to the gate electrode, and a second position, where the first channel of the measurement device is electrically coupled to the gate electrode.

Abstract: An method of generating a featured scan pattern for test includes: providing a plurality of predetermined test patterns to perform test on a plurality of devices under test (DUT) under a stress condition to generate a plurality of test responses of each DUT; grouping a plurality of specific test responses of each DUT from the test responses of each DUT to determine a feature value corresponding to a failure feature for each DUT; and generating at least one featured test pattern according to the feature value of each DUT.

Abstract: A method for masking scan chains in a test circuit of an integrated circuit is disclosed. The test circuit includes multiple mask banks. Different mask patterns are stored in each of the mask banks. A first mask bank of the multiple mask banks is selected and the mask pattern stored in the selected first mask bank is used for masking the output of the scan chains of the test circuit during a first portion of a test cycle. A second mask bank of the multiple mask banks is selected and the ask pattern stored in the selected second mask bank is used for masking the output of the scan chains of the test circuit during a second portion of the test cycle.

Abstract: A test control port (TCP) includes a state machine SM, an instruction register IR, data registers DRs, a gating circuit and a TDO MX. The SM inputs TCI signals and outputs control signals to the IR and to the DR. During instruction or data scans, the IR or DRs are enabled to input data from TDI and output data to the TDO MX and the top surface TDO signal. The bottom surface TCI inputs may be coupled to the top surface TCO signals via the gating circuit. The top surface TDI signal may be coupled to the bottom surface TDO signal via TDO MX. This allows concatenating or daisy-chaining the IR and DR of a TCP of a lower die with an IR and DR of a TCP of a die stacked on top of the lower die.

Abstract: Disclosed circuitry includes input-output pads, receive flip-flops, and transmit flip-flops coupled to the input-output pads. Data path control circuitry is coupled to data path control flip-flops, the receive flip-flops and the transmit flip-flops. The data path control circuitry is configured to selectably couple the receive flip-flops and the transmit flip-flops to the input-output pads in response to states of the data path control flip-flops. Clock control circuitry is coupled to clock control flip-flops, the receive flip-flops and the transmit flip-flops. The clock control circuitry is configured to selectably apply one of multiple clock signals to the receive flip-flops and the transmit flip-flops in response to states of the clock control flip-flops. A first scan chain is coupled to the clock control flip-flops and the data path control flip-flops. A second scan chain is coupled to the receive flip-flops and the transmit flip-flops.

Abstract: An object is to conduct an insulation degradation diagnosis with a simple configuration. An insulation diagnostic system includes a current detection sensor 4a that is installed, for a coil 3a of at least one phase of a ? connection type rotating machine in which current flows in the reverse direction at a winding start position and a winding end position, such that the current detection sensor 4a surrounds a current path flowing into a leader line at the winding start of the coil 3a and a current path flowing out from a leader line at the winding end of the coil 3a.

Abstract: The invention relates to a lithium-ion energy store (1), comprising an electrode (2, 3) having a main segment (2) and having a measurement segment (3) electrically isolated from the main segment (2), a counter-electrode (4), and a separator (5) between the electrode (2, 3) and the counter-electrode (4), wherein a measuring cell (3, 4), which forms part of the lithium-ion energy store (1), comprises the measuring segment (3) of the electrode (2, 3), a counter-electrode measuring segment, which is opposite the measuring segment (3) of the electrode (2, 3) with respect to the separator (5), and a segment of the separator (5) in arranged between the measuring segment (3) of the electrode (2, 3) and the counter-electrode measuring segment, and a main cell (2, 4), which forms part of the lithium-ion energy store (1), comprises the main segment (2) of the electrode (2, 3), a counter-electrode in main segment, which is opposite the main segment (2) of the electrode (2, 3) with respect to the separator (5), and a segm

Abstract: A system for monitoring battery status and estimating battery life including a battery monitor configured to connect to a battery. The battery monitor comprises a voltage detection circuit, a temperature sensor and a wireless transmitter configured to transmit voltage and temperature data measured by the voltage detection circuit and the temperature sensor. The system further includes a remote device operative to receive battery voltage and temperature data from the battery monitor, generate a real-time indication of battery voltage, and generate predicted battery life data.

Abstract: A method for determining a constant current limit value by means of which a first current which flows through a battery cell is limited, wherein the constant current limit value is determined on the basis of a first function which specifies a first profile of the first current, which first profile is dependent on a plurality of parameters. The plurality of parameters include a first voltage which is applied between two terminals of the battery cell, a second voltage which specifies a no-load voltage of the battery cell, and a time variable.

Abstract: A sensor device for contacting first and second contact points of an electrochemical energy store which are situated inside a housing of the electrochemical energy store includes: a first terminal contact for the electrically conductive connection of the sensor device to the first contact point, a first terminal material on a surface of the first terminal contact corresponding to at least a first contact material on a surface of the first contact point; and a second terminal contact for the electrically conductive connection of the sensor device to the second contact point, a second terminal material on a surface of the second terminal contact corresponding to at least a second contact material on a surface of the second contact point.

Abstract: A first pattern and a second pattern are stacked with each other. In a pattern of a first circuit for high voltage, a GND is formed as a solid pattern. In a pattern of a second circuit for low voltage, a GND is formed as a solid pattern. The solid pattern of the GND of the pattern of the first circuit for high voltage and the solid pattern of the GND of the pattern of the second circuit for low voltage partially face each other, thereby improving noise-resistant performance of the circuit for high voltage.

Abstract: A voltage measuring apparatus is configured to measure voltages of respective battery cells of a battery cell array including a plurality of battery cell groups each including a predetermined number of battery cells connected in series. The voltage measuring apparatus includes a plurality of measuring units each provided for each of the battery cell groups. The adjacent measuring units are connected through a communication channel so as to perform current communication therebetween. A bidirectional diode circuit element is connected to the communication channel extending between the adjacent measuring units.

Abstract: Systems and methods for assessing voltage threshold detection circuitry of individual battery cells within a battery pack supplying power to a vehicle are disclosed. One example system comprises, a plurality of battery cells within a battery pack, a plurality of voltage threshold detecting circuits detecting voltage of the plurality of battery cells, a voltage of a first battery cell of the plurality of battery cells coupled to a first voltage threshold detecting circuit of the plurality of voltage threshold detecting circuits, and a network that selectively couples a second battery cell to the first voltage detecting circuit while the first battery cell is coupled to the first voltage detecting circuit.

Abstract: The present inventions, in one aspect, are directed to techniques and/or circuitry to determining data which is representative of the state of health, or a change therein, of the battery using the data which is representative of (i) the relaxation time of the battery and/or (ii) the overpotential of the battery. In another aspect the present inventions are directed to techniques and/or circuitry to adapt one or more characteristics of a charge signal using data which is representative of the state of health, or a change therein, of the battery. In yet another aspect the present inventions are directed to techniques and/or circuitry to determine a state of charge of the battery using data which is representative of the state of health, or a change therein, of the battery.

Abstract: An electric power distribution system is used with an electric power source. The electric power distribution system includes a first device exchanging first electric power with the electric power source. The first device exchanges the first electric power with a plurality of second devices and meters first electric energy corresponding to the first electric power. The second devices exchange the first electric power with the first device. Each of the second devices exchanges second electric power as at least part of the first electric power with a number of corresponding electric loads and meter second electric energy corresponding to the second electric power. A processor includes a routine that compares the metered first electric energy from the first device with a sum of the metered second electric energy from each of the second devices, and responsively determines proper or improper operation of the electric power distribution system.

Abstract: A circuit includes, in series between a first terminal and a second terminal of application of a power supply voltage, and first and second branches. The first branch includes a first transistor and a first current source coupled to the first transistor. The second branch includes a resistive element, a second transistor coupled to the resistive element and forming a current mirror with the first transistor and a second current source coupled to the second transistor. The resistive element conditions a threshold of detection of a variation of the power supply voltage.

Abstract: A magnetic sensor has a circuit segment with a quadrupole region. The quadrupole region includes a supply line, a first return line and a second return line, all in a conductor layer. The first supply line is laterally adjacent to the supply line on a first side, and the second return line is laterally adjacent to the supply line on a second, opposite side. A space between the supply line and the first return line is free of the conductor layer; similarly, a space between the supply line and the second return line is free of the conductor layer. The first return line and the second return line are electrically coupled to the supply line at a terminus of the circuit segment.

Abstract: A magnetic resonance imaging apparatus includes a static magnetic field magnet and a gradient coil. The static magnetic field magnet generates a static magnetic field. The gradient coil is provided on an inside of the static magnetic field magnet and includes an X coil, a Y coil and a Z coil. The X coil generates a gradient magnetic field along a horizontal axis of a substantially circular cylinder, the horizontal axis being perpendicular to a long axis. The Y coil generates a gradient magnetic field along a vertical axis of the substantially circular cylinder. The Z coil generates a gradient magnetic field along the long axis of the substantially circular cylinder. In the gradient coil, coils are laminated in such a manner that the X coil is positioned more distant from a magnetic field center than the Y coil is.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates possible implementations for utilizing energy storage elements in conjunction with a MRI system. Similarly, various associated control mechanisms are discussed. In certain embodiments, one or both of peak power shaving or energy backup may be facilitated by use of the energy storage elements. Certain such implementations may facilitate the use of higher-power MRI systems with an existing electrical infrastructure.

Abstract: A system for reducing temporal fluctuations in a powered magnet. The system includes a magnetic field generator that generates a magnetic field with temporal fluctuations and a power supply having an AC/DC converter that delivers electric current to the magnetic field generator. A cascade compensator having an inner control loop that outputs an inner loop signal and an outer control loop that outputs an outer loop signal is included. The inner control loop has a pickup coil and an analog integrating preamplifier and the outer control loop has a magnetic resonance field estimator. The inner control loop senses fluctuations of the magnetic field over 1 Hz and the outer control loop senses fluctuations of the magnetic field from DC to 20 Hz. The cascade compensator generates a correcting magnetic field that cancels the fluctuations based on the inner loop signal and the outer loop signal.

Abstract: A pulse restoration circuit includes: a voltage restorator configured to include an OP amplifier and input an input voltage to an input terminal of the OP amplifier; a rising time restorator configured to be connected to the other input terminal of the OP amplifier; and a falling time restorator configured to be connected to an output terminal of the OP amplifier, whereby it is possible to improve a reduction in performance of the medical image electronics transmitting an analog signal via the cable and a PET detector of a PET-MRI convergence system among the medical image electronics by correcting a distortion phenomenon of an output signal depending on a cable length into the original signal using the pulse restoration circuit.

Abstract: A medical image diagnosis apparatus according to an embodiment includes: a first image taking unit, a second image taking unit, a position specifying unit, and a moving controlling unit. The first image taking unit performs an image taking process by implementing PET while using a first PET detector and a second PET detector. The position specifying unit specifies positions of the first PET detector and the second PET detector, on the basis of a medical image taken by the second image taking unit. The moving controlling unit controls moving of the first PET detector and the second PET detector in accordance with the specified positions. The first image taking unit and the second image taking unit each perform the image taking process after the first PET detector and the second PET detector have been moved.

Abstract: A positron emission tomography (PET)-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) apparatus according to an embodiment includes a gantry having a static magnetic field magnet, a gradient coil, and a radio frequency coil, a PET detector, and a moving mechanism. The static magnetic field magnet generates a static magnetic field in a bore having an approximately cylindrical shape. The gradient coil is disposed on an inner circumference side of the static magnetic field magnet and applies a gradient magnetic field to an object disposed in the bore. The radio frequency coil is disposed on an inner circumference side of the gradient coil and applies a radio frequency magnetic field to the object. The PET detector detects gamma rays emitted from a positron-emitting radionuclide injected into the object. The moving mechanism causes the PET detector in the gantry along the axial direction of the bore.

Abstract: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) acquisition and reconstruction techniques that invert MR signals of selected frequencies without the application of inversion RF pulses are disclosed. An example method comprises acquisition of at least one MR image representative dataset and an associated phase reference dataset, and classifies anatomical material into a first component representing anatomical material having a first range of resonance frequencies associated with a first range of phase differences between the MR image representative dataset and the reference image dataset and a second component representing anatomical material having a second range of resonance frequencies associated with a second range of phase differences between the MR image representative dataset and the reference image dataset. The method assigns different visual attributes to first and second components derived using phase differences between the MR image representative dataset and the reference image dataset and displays an image.

Abstract: A magnetic resonance imaging apparatus according to an embodiment includes a controller and an image reconstruction unit. The controller executes a pulse sequence having spare time during the time after transient of a gradient magnetic field for dephasing, applied in a readout direction after a radio frequency (RF) pulse for excitation is applied, until the first RF pulse for refocusing is applied in the case where imaging based on a fast spin echo method is performed. The image reconstruction unit reconstructs an image from magnetic resonance data collected by executing the pulse sequence.

Abstract: In a method and apparatus for recording usage data describing the use of local coils in a magnetic resonance scanner, when a trigger event occurs at least one item of coil information relating to the current configuration of the local coils, and an associated time stamp, are automatically stored as usage data.

Abstract: Described here are systems and methods for estimating phase measurements obtained using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system such that phase ambiguities in the measurements are significantly mitigated. Echo time spacings are determined by optimizing phase ambiguity functions associated with the echo time spacings. Data is then acquired using a multi-echo pulse sequence that utilizes the determined echo spacings. Phase measurements are then estimated and images are reconstructed using a reconstruction technique that disambiguates the phase ambiguities in the phase measurements.

Abstract: In method for determining a radial k-space trajectory, having multiple spokes, of an MR control sequence, a first whole number (N) is selected from a first subset of whole numbers. A first constant angular increment (d?) between respective spokes of the radial k-space trajectory that are spatially adjacent in k-space is determined as the quotient of ? and the first whole number N. Subsequently, a second constant angular increment (?k*d?) between spokes of the radial k-space trajectory that are measured sequentially in time is determined as the product from a second whole number (?k) and the first constant angular increment d?, wherein the second whole number ?k is determined from a second subset of whole numbers. The first subset of whole numbers and/or the second subset of whole numbers are/is the set of prime numbers.

Abstract: Magnetic resonance (MR) calibration data are acquired using a plurality of radio frequency receive coils, and both coil sensitivity maps and reference projection vectors are generated based on the MR calibration data. During imaging, extra navigator projection vectors are acquired, or part of the imaging data can be used as navigator projection vectors. Partially parallel imaging (PPI) can performed to enhance the navigation information. The navigator projection vectors and the reference projection vectors are sensitivity weighted using the coil sensitivity maps to generate navigator sensitivity weighted projection vectors (navigator SWPV) and reference sensitivity weighted projection vectors (reference SWPV) respectively, and these are compared to generate subject position information. The subject motions are compensated prospectively or retrospectively using the generated subject position information.

Abstract: A new imaging phantom called a “fusion phantom” enhances the efficiency of performance testing and quality control. The phantom relocates the test elements of a standard MRI phantom, and provides a configuration of inner containers that enables simultaneous performance testing on magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy within a predetermined error range. The fusion phantom is useful for multi-purpose performance testing of magnetic resonance imaging equipment, including correlation analysis, performance testing, system management and the like in the diagnosis field. The fusion phantom enhances efficiency of time and reliability in testing performance of the magnetic resonance imaging equipment, adjusts incorrect position accuracy and improves quality of images.

Abstract: A new multi-purpose phantom evaluates the performance of an ultra high field Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) apparatus. The phantom can assess a degree of diagnostic capability of an MRI apparatus using imaging conditions and variables and simultaneously analyze and evaluate performance of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), performance of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) and metabolic components of a human body within a predetermined range of error and limit.

Abstract: Disclosed embodiments relate to a system for correcting an error, which can correct the error of a measurement device and a transformer data unit through calibration using an emulator even if the measurement device and the transformer data unit are connected in a random combination. In some embodiments, the system for correcting an error includes a measurement device connected to a secondary output line of a transformer to measure current that is output from the transformer, a transformer data unit configured to determine a usage rate and an overload state through calculation of a load amount for a capacity of the transformer in accordance with the current that is measured by the measurement device, and an emulator connected to the measurement device and the transformer data unit to perform error correction between the measurement device and the transformer data unit through performing calibration at least once.

Abstract: A beacon device includes a beacon code generator that generates beacon data that uniquely indicates a subscriber. A beacon generator generates a wireless homing beacon that indicates the beacon data. The wireless homing beacon is detectable by the at least one drone delivery device to facilitate a service delivery by the drone delivery device at the location of the beacon device.

Abstract: Systems (100) and methods for determining a location of a tag (310). The methods involve: receiving, at each detector of a plurality of detectors (202-216, 306, 308), a device transmission periodically transmitted from the tag; determining, by the detectors, Received Signal Strength Indictors (“RSSIs”) for the device transmission received thereat; determining, by a computing device (218), a probable location of the tag within the passage, first demarcated area or second demarcated area using the RSSIs and relationships between the RSSIs; determining a first likelihood value indicating the likelihood that the probable location is correct; and determining an estimated location of the tag within the passage, first demarcated area or second demarcated area based on the probable location when the first likelihood value meets a first criteria.

Abstract: A software-defined radio system has a plurality of fixed radio receivers each operable to receive radio signals in a receiving band, to sample a received radio signal to produce a sample stream, and to send the sample stream over a network. The radio system includes at least one fixed sync signal transmitter operable to transmit predetermined sync signals in said receiving band to receivers of the aforementioned plurality. The radio system further comprises a data processing system which is connected to the network for receiving sample streams from the receivers. The data processing system is operable to align samples of a data signal contained in sample streams from different receivers by: detecting a sync signal in those sample streams; determining a timing offset between samples of the sync signal in those sample streams in dependence on predetermined locations of the different receivers and the transmitter of that sync signal; and aligning the samples of the data signal in dependence on the timing offset.

Abstract: One or more systems and/or methods for identifying a positional state of a mobile device are provided. An output audio pulse may be generated from a speaker of a mobile device. An input audio pulse, corresponding to the output audio pulse, may be detected utilizing a microphone of the mobile device. The output audio pulse and the input audio pulse may be evaluated to determine a positional feature associated with the mobile device. The positional feature may be evaluated using a classifier to identify a positional state of the mobile device (e.g., the mobile device may be laying on a table, inside a user's jacket pocket, within a vehicle, etc.). In an example, an operating characteristic of the mobile device may be adjusted based on the positional state of the mobile device (e.g., a ringer volume may be increased, a content recommendation may be displayed, etc.).

Abstract: A frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar system is provided that includes a receiver configured to generate a digital intermediate frequency (IF) signal, and an interference monitoring component coupled to the receiver to receive the digital IF signal, in which the interference monitoring component is configured to monitor at least one sub-band in the digital IF signal for interference, in which the at least one sub-band does not include a radar signal.

Abstract: A laser rangefinder includes a light source, a scanning mirror that scans laser light emitted from the light source by oscillating about an axis of oscillation J extending in a predetermined direction, a first lens that is disposed on an optical path of reflected light from a target object and condenses the reflected light onto the scanning mirror, a second lens that is disposed on an optical path of and condenses reflected light from the scanning mirror, and a photodetector that receives the reflected light condensed by the second lens. The first lens and the second lens are disposed in positions other than positions on an optical path of the laser light between a point of emission from the light source and a point of exit from the laser rangefinder.

Abstract: An electronic device includes a ranging light source and a reflected light detector. A logic circuit causes the ranging light source to emit ranging light at a target. Reflected light from the target is detected using the reflected light detector, with the reflected light being a portion of the ranging light that reflects from the target back toward the reflected light detector. An intensity of the reflected light is determined using the reflected light detector. A distance to the target is determined based upon time elapsed between activating the ranging light source and detecting the reflected ranging light. Reflectance of the target is calculated, based upon the intensity of the reflected light and the distance to the target.

Abstract: A time to digital converter (TDC) may include a sampling stage configured to sample an input signal based upon a plurality of timing signals having different respective phases, and provide a respective output for each of the different timing signals. A first synchronization stage may be configured to receive the outputs from the sampling stage, synchronize a first subset of the outputs to a first one of the plurality of timing signals, and synchronize a second subset of the outputs to a second one of the plurality of timing signals. A second synchronization stage may be configured to receive the synchronized outputs from the first synchronization stage, and synchronize all of the synchronized outputs from the first synchronization stage to the first one of the plurality of timing signals.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus for transmitting a first set of continuous wave (CW) signals, where each CW signal of the first set of CW signals has a first signal frequency and the transmitter is turned off between transmission of each CW signal of the first set of CW signals. For each CW signal of the first set of CW signals, receiving a reflection of the CW signal, and selecting an analog to digital (A/D) sample of the reflection of the CW signal that does not contain ground reflections by selecting the A/D sample based on timing from the transmitter being turned off after transmission of the CW signal. Integrating the selected A/D samples from each of the CW signals of the first set of CW signals to obtain a single A/D sample for the first set of CW signals.

Abstract: A detection method comprising directing radiation such that it is incident upon a target, the radiation containing a component having a first polarization and a component having a second orthogonal polarization, detecting radiation which is scattered from the target, and analyzing the polarization state of the detected scattered radiation to determine whether the target includes an object.