Abstract: Embodiments of the invention provide methods of depositing a CoOx film at lower processing temperatures and with a higher deposition rate. The methods disclosed herein use cobalt tricarbonyl compounds to form the CoOx film. Both atomic layer deposition and chemical vapor deposition techniques are useful in depositing the CoOx film.

Abstract: Showerheads for semiconductor processing equipment are disclosed that include various features designed to minimize or eliminate non-uniform gas delivery across the surface of a wafer due to gas flow transients within the showerhead.

Abstract: Embodiments described herein relate to a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) chamber and diffuser assembly for processing large area flat panel display substrates. The diffuser includes a first plate having a plurality of first bores formed therein, a second plate having a second plurality of bores formed therein, and a third plate having a third plurality of bores formed therein. The second plate is disposed between the first plate and the second plate. The first plate, second plate, and third plate are brazed to form a diffuser having a unitary body.

Abstract: A chemical vapor deposition (CVD) system may include a chamber, a susceptor provided in the chamber to support a substrate, a gas distribution part provided over the susceptor, a first ground strap bar provided on a down-side surface of the chamber and electrically connected to the chamber, a second ground strap bar provided on a bottom surface of the susceptor and electrically connected to the susceptor, and a plurality of ground straps electrically connected to the first and second ground strap bars, each of the plurality of ground straps including two opposite portions that are fastened to the first and second ground strap bars, respectively.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods to deposit a film using a batch processing chamber with a plurality of heating zones are described. The film is deposited on one or more substrates and the uniformity of the deposition thickness is determined at a plurality of points. The heating zones set points are applied to a sensitivity matrix and new temperature or power set points for the heating zones are determined and set. One or more substrates are processed using the new set points and the thickness uniformity is determined and may be adjusted again to increase the uniformity.

Abstract: The invention relates to an aqueous plating bath composition and a method for depositing a palladium layer by electroless plating onto a substrate. The aqueous plating bath composition according to the invention comprises a source for palladium ions, a reducing agent for palladium ions and an unsaturated compound. The aqueous plating bath composition according to the invention has an improved stability against undesired decomposition due to the unsaturated compounds while keeping the deposition rate for palladium at the desired satisfying value. The aqueous plating bath composition has also a prolonged life time. The unsaturated compounds of the invention allow for adjusting the deposition rate to a satisfying range over the bath life time and for electrolessly depositing palladium layers at lower temperatures.

Abstract: The invention relates to an aqueous plating bath composition and a method for depositing a palladium layer by electroless plating onto a substrate. The aqueous plating bath composition according to the invention comprises a source for palladium ions, a reducing agent for palladium ions and a cyanide group containing aromatic compound. The aqueous plating bath composition according to the invention has an improved stability against undesired decomposition due to the cyanide group containing aromatic compounds while keeping the deposition rate for palladium at the desired satisfying value. The aqueous plating bath composition has also a prolonged life time. The cyanide group containing aromatic compounds of the invention allow for adjusting the deposition rate to a satisfying range over the bath life time and for electrolessly depositing palladium layers at lower temperatures.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for producing a glass with a fine structure, the method being capable of avoiding forming a hole with a shallow wall angle and capable of producing a glass with a fine structure such as a deep hole or groove extending with high straightness in the thickness direction of a substrate. The present invention relates to a method for producing a glass with a fine structure, the method including an etching step of etching a glass by irradiating the glass with an ultrasonic wave, wherein: an etchant used in the etching step includes hydrofluoric acid, at least one inorganic acid selected from the group consisting of nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, and sulfuric acid, and a surfactant; and in the etchant, a concentration of the hydrofluoric acid is 0.05 mass % to 8.0 mass %, a concentration of the inorganic acid is 2.0 mass % to 16.0 mass %, and a content of the surfactant is 5 ppm to 1000 ppm.

Abstract: Metallic nanoparticles and related methods of making and using the same are described herein. An aqueous synthesis method is used to create nanoparticle cores comprising alloys of two or more metals at varying metal:metal molar ratios. In some embodiments, the nanoparticle cores described herein form a homogeneous metal alloy. Alternatively, the nanoparticle cores form a heterogeneous metal alloy. The synthesis method can further comprise forming mixed metal oxide shells on the nanoparticle cores.

Abstract: Reagent compositions, methods and systems for reducing concentrations of impurity metals during metallurgic processes. Certain methods and systems in particular pertain to control of iron concentration in copper electrowinning electrolyte solutions.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method of coating, comprising providing an article having an internal passage therein to be coated; electrolytically applying a first layer that comprises chromium or a chromium alloy onto a surface of the internal passage; electrolytically applying a second layer comprising aluminum or an aluminum alloy onto the first layer; and heat treating the article to promote interdiffusion between the first layer and the second layer.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a product from a flexibly rolled strip material includes the steps of: providing a strip material made from sheet steel; flexibly rolling the strip material such that a variable thickness is produced along the length of the strip material; electrolytically coating the strip material with a metallic coating material containing at least 93% of zinc by mass after the flexible rolling; heat treating at temperature above 350° C. and below a solidus line of the coating material after the electrolytic coating; working a blank from the flexibly rolled strip material; and hot forming the blank.

Abstract: A method for coating a substrate includes disposing a deposition composition in a container. The deposition composition includes a plurality of nanosheets and a metal material. The method also includes disposing a substrate in the container, contacting the substrate with the deposition composition, applying a voltage to the substrate, electrodepositing, on the substrate, a coating that includes a metal from metal ions and the nanosheets in response to biasing the substrate at the first potential.

Abstract: The invention relates to a strip or sheet consisting of an aluminium alloy having a unilateral or bilateral surface structure prepared for a forming process, in particular it relates to a strip or sheet for formed motor vehicle components. The object of providing an aluminium alloy strip or sheet having a surface structure prepared for a forming process, which is easy to produce and has improved tribological characteristics in respect of a subsequent forming process, is achieved for a strip or sheet consisting of an aluminium alloy in that the strip or sheet has on one side or on both sides a surface with depressions as lubricant pockets which are produced using an electrochemical graining process.

Abstract: The present invention is a method for producing a single crystal, the method in which, after a charging process, a crucible position setting process including a step of placing a lower end of a conical valve below a lower end of a purge tube, a step of performing a movement in such a way that the conical valve and the crucible get relatively closer to each other while measuring changes in the weight of the conical valve, a step of detecting contact between the lower end of the conical valve and an upper end of a raw material based on the rate of change in the weight of the conical valve, a step of measuring the position of the upper end of the raw material based on the position of the lower end of the conical valve at which the contact was detected, and a step of setting the position of the crucible so that the spacing between the lower end of the purge tube and the upper end of the raw material charged in the crucible becomes a predetermined distance and a melting process including a crucible position adjust

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for the production of polysaccharide fibers which contain a mixture of cellulose and ?(1?3)-glucan as a fiber-forming substance, as well as to the fibers made thereby, and to their use.

Abstract: Cotton cleaner assembly with saw drum and releasable grid bar mechanism that includes bars and a release mechanism that moves the bars between operational and released positions is disclosed. In operational position, the release mechanism locks the bars in a fixed position relative to the saw drum to knock debris from cotton that rotates with the saw drum. In released position, the release mechanism moves the bars away from the saw drum to enable blockages that interfere with saw drum rotation to be cleared. The grid bar mechanism can include side members, where the bars extend between the side members, and the release mechanism moves the side members. The release mechanism can manually or hydraulically pivot the side members about pivot points against and away from stops. The pivot points and stops can be adjustable to adjust distance between the bars and saw drum in the operational position.

Abstract: A skin material for vehicle interior is bonded to a resinous vehicle interior base. The skin material for vehicle interior includes a woven fabric woven by using synthetic resin fibers, side emission type optical fibers, and heat fusible fibers as warps or wefts. The synthetic resin fibers and the side emission type optical fibers adjacent to the synthetic resin fibers are bonded in respective longitudinal directions thereof by the heat fusible fibers. Even when a plurality of the side emission type optical fibers are woven between the adjacent synthetic resin fibers, the adjacent side emission type optical fibers may be bonded to each other in the longitudinal direction by the heat fusible fibers. The heat fusible fibers may be obtained by twisting multifilaments and heat fusion yarns having a melting point lower than that of the multifilaments, and the multifilaments remain as constituent yarns after the bonding.

Abstract: The present disclosure describes a hydroentangled woven fabric. The hydroentangled woven fabric includes a plurality of warp yarns and a plurality of weft yarns interwoven with the plurality of warp yarns to define the hydroentangled woven fabric. The hydroentangled woven fabric has a first side and a second side opposite the first side. The hydroentangled fabric has a plurality of compact interstitial spaces between the plurality of warp yarns and the plurality of weft yarns. The plurality of warp yarns and the plurality of weft yarns are bulky around the compact interstitial spaces. The hydroentangled fabric has a compact thickness that extends in a direction from the first side of the hydroentangled woven fabric to the second side of the hydroentangled woven fabric. The compact thickness and bulky warp and weft yarns give rise to a compact and moisture wicking hydroentangled woven fabric.

Abstract: Disclosed is a fabric for a roofing membrane adapted to waterproof a roof of a building, the fabric including: warp and weft yarns laid on each other on the front and back sides thereof in such a manner as to have numbers and lengths corresponding to an area of the fabric; ground yarns wound around one side warp yarn and the other side warp yarn in a zigzag form in such a manner as to interlace the weft yarn; and finishing yarns arranged on edges thereof to allow the ground yarns to be arranged therebetween, upper loops and lower loops being formed alternately on the warp yarns where the ground yarns, the finishing yarns, or the ground yarn and the finishing yarn are laid on each other.

Abstract: Disclosed is the preparation of improved high strength nylon staple fibers having a denier per filament of 1.0 to 3.0, a tenacity T at break of at least about 6.0, and a load-bearing capacity, T7, of greater than 3.2. Such nylon staple fibers are produced by preparing tows of relatively uniformly spun and quenched nylon filaments, drawing and annealing such tows via a two-stage drawing and annealing operation using relatively high draw ratios and then cutting or otherwise converting the drawn and annealed tows into the desired high strength nylon staple fibers. The nylon staple fibers so prepared can be blended with other fibers such as cotton staple fibers to produce nylon/cotton (NYCO) yarns which are also of desirably high strength.

Abstract: A method for preparing a tubular article, such as a sock or the like, for automated pickup at the end of its forming on a double cylinder circular machine with at least one feed or drop, and to a double cylinder circular machine for the execution thereof. The method in question is executed on a machine with at least one feed or drop and with the needle cylinders actuatable with a rotary motion about their own axes with respect to needle actuation cams, to cams for actuating the knockover sinkers and to the feed or drop.

Abstract: A Raschel machine (100) comprises a plurality of first guide needles (110) arranged along a first direction for guiding warp threads (210), a plurality of second guide needles (150) arranged along the first direction for guiding weft threads (220) and a plurality of needles (180) arranged along the first direction for creating interlocked loops formed by threads, whereby the warp threads (210) are created. The first guide needles (110) are held by a first needle bar (120), the second guide needles (150) are held by a second needle bar (160), and the second needle bar (160) is moved back and forth between two respective neighbouring first guide needles (110). The space between neighbouring first guide needles (110) is greater than 25.4 m (1 inch).

Abstract: A functional sheet manufactured with staple fibers is provided. More particularly, a functional sheet is formed as a single layer or a composite layer by binding polyolefin staple fibers by needle punching, to enhance physical properties of the functional sheet so that the functional sheet may be used for various purposes, for example, for weed growth prevention, waterproofing, soundproofing, ground stabilization, civil engineering, construction and aging-friendly materials.

Abstract: Presented are a method, apparatus, and computer-readable medium for stitching. The method includes sensing, by a first sensor, a movement of a work piece relative to a sewing head. The method further includes sensing, by a second sensor, a movement of the work piece relative to the sewing head. The method includes determining, by a processor, a translational and rotational movement of the work piece relative to the sewing head based on the sensed movement of the first sensor and the second sensor. The method also includes altering, by the processor, a speed of a reciprocating needle in response to the determined translational and rotational movement.

Abstract: A non-transitory computer-readable medium stores computer-readable instructions. The instructions, when executed, cause a processor of a sewing data generation device configured to generate sewing data to perform processes. The processes include acquiring pattern data to sew an embroidery pattern. The processes further include setting an outline having an offset portion and a complementary portion on the basis of the pattern data. The outline is a single line surrounding the outside of a contour of the embroidery pattern. The offset portion is a part of the single line and is offset from the contour toward the outside of the embroidery pattern by a predetermined amount. The complementary portion is another part of the single line and being offset from the contour toward the outside of the embroidery pattern by an amount larger than the predetermined amount. The processes also include generating sewing data to sew the outline.

Abstract: A clipping apparatus is described herein. The clipping apparatus may include a u-shaped clasp and a tab. The clasp may include an open end and a closed end, a first side and a second side, and a tongue. The tab may be coupled to, and extend from, the closed end of the clasp. The first side may include a wall extending from the closed end to the open end. The second side may include two prongs extending from the closed end to the open end. The tongue may be rotatably connected to the two prongs between the two prongs. The tab may include a first opening and a second opening. The first opening may be disposed in the tab adjacent to the closed end of the clasp. The second opening may be disposed in the tab at a distal end to the tab from the clasp.

Abstract: A laundry treatment apparatus generates water stream during pre-washing so that pre-washing and soaking of laundry is performed automatically by the water stream; and upon completing of pre-washing, main washing is performed using a washing machine. The laundry treatment apparatus includes: a cabinet; a sink bowl provided at a top of the cabinet, and having an accommodation space which accommodates laundry and wash water and has an open top; a faucet which is provided at the sink bowl and supplies the wash water to the accommodation space; a water stream generator which is provided on at least one side of the accommodation space in the sink bowl and generates water stream to the wash water accommodated in the accommodation space; and a drawer type washer which is provided below the sink bowl to move forward and rearward in the cabinet, and performs washing, rinsing, and spin-drying of the laundry.

Abstract: A laundry treating appliance and method of operating a laundry treating appliance that includes wetting the laundry load in a drum according to a selected cycle of operation and determining a magnitude of imbalance of the wetted laundry load. A controller of the laundry treating appliance is configured to determine a first extraction speed for rotating the drum based on the magnitude of imbalance.

Abstract: A laundry treating appliance and method of operating a laundry treating appliance that includes wetting the laundry load in a drum according to a selected cycle of operation. A controller associated with the laundry treating appliance may be configured to determine a remaining moisture content of the laundry and a time remaining in the selected cycle of operation based on the remaining moisture content.

Abstract: A laundry treatment apparatus is disclosed. The laundry treatment apparatus includes a washing apparatus and a drying apparatus, wherein the washing apparatus includes a first cabinet, a first drawer drawably disposed in the first cabinet, a first receiver disposed in the first drawer to contain laundry therein, a second cabinet disposed under the first cabinet to support the first cabinet, a second drawer drawably disposed in the second cabinet, and a second receiver disposed in the second drawer to contain laundry, and wherein the drying apparatus includes a cabinet disposed on a lateral side of the washing apparatus, the cabinet having an introduction port formed in a front wall thereof for the introduction and discharge of laundry, a receiver disposed in the cabinet to define a space for receiving laundry introduced through the introduction port, and a drying unit for supplying air to the receiver to dry laundry.

Abstract: A washing machine of the present disclosure includes a cabinet having a first opening and a washing space disposed therein and a door assembly configured to open and close the first opening, wherein the door assembly includes a second opening configured to communicate with an inside of the cabinet and an auxiliary door disposed to be slidable and configured to open and close the second opening. In this way, laundry or detergent can be freely inserted even during a washing process.

Abstract: A fabric treating appliance having a cabinet with an interior and having a top wall defining an access opening. A cover is provided that is movable relative to the cabinet between an open position and a closed position to selectively close the access opening. A shroud extends between the cabinet and the tub. A scrubbing tool seat is located in one of the top wall and the shroud and a scrubbing tool is removably disposed in a scrubbing tool seat.

Abstract: Provided is a laundry treatment apparatus which may sequentially perform pre-washing, main washing, drying, and ironing in one place. The laundry treatment apparatus includes: a pre-washer with an accommodation space which accommodates the laundry and has a sink bowl having an open top portion; a main washer which is provided beside the pre-washer; a dryer which is provided beside the main washer; an ironing part which is provided beside the dryer, and has a flat top surface to iron the laundry; a first upper panel which is provided on a top portion of the main washer and the dryer and has a flat top surface; a second upper panel which forms the top surface of the ironing part; and a lid which is provided on a top portion of the pre-washer to open and close the accommodation space.

Abstract: A door handle for a door of a front-loading household appliance, such as a washing machine, a combination washer-dryer, or laundry dryer, which has a drum for laundry treatment and whose loading opening is closable at the front by a door hinged thereto as a ring, includes a gripping element as a handle provided in a lateral region of the ring for closing and opening purposes. The gripping element allows fingertips of a hand to grasp or be introduced into it from both radially outside and radially inside in the lateral region of the ring.

Abstract: A laundry treatment apparatus dries laundry by sending air to the laundry while the laundry is hung on a hanger, and dehumidifies surrounding air of the laundry to reduce a drying time of the laundry. The laundry treatment apparatus of the present disclosure includes: a cabinet which has an air inlet; a dehumidifying unit which is provided inside the cabinet, and dehumidifies air suctioned into the cabinet through the air inlet; a first blower unit which is provided at a top portion of the cabinet, and discharges the air dehumidified in the cabinet by the dehumidifying unit; and a second blower unit which is provided over the cabinet with a distance therebetween, has a hanging part on which a hanger is hung, and suctions air to send the air to the laundry hung on the hanger.

Abstract: A steamer may uniformly spray steam onto laundry even when a position of a user's arm changes. The steamer may include: a handle having a hinge formed at one end in a longitudinal direction thereof; a head that is rotatably connected to the hinge and sprays steam; a motor that rotates the head about the hinge; a sensor that senses an inclination in the longitudinal direction of the handle with respect to a horizontal line; and a controller that operates the motor, based on the inclination sensed by the sensor, to rotate the head to a position at which the head may spray steam horizontally.

Abstract: A cutting guide having a seam allowance recess and methods of cutting a piece of material with such cutting guide.

Abstract: A commercial dry-cleaning solvent filter apparatus is configured to filter and decontaminate a used dry-cleaning solvent in a specialized multi-level filtration container to enable environmentally-friendly reuse of the used dry-cleaning solvent in a commercial dry-cleaning machine after a novel decontamination process. The commercial dry-cleaning solvent filter apparatus incorporates multi-level gravity feed filtration chambers filled with a unique multi-metallic and multi-chemical filtration “clay” agent in multiple stages for comprehensive decontamination of the used dry-cleaning solvent. The filtered and decontaminated used dry-cleaning solvent is reusable and can be pumped back into a dry-cleaning solvent tank internal to the commercial dry-cleaning machine. The reuse of the dry-cleaning solvent reduces the need for frequent solvent replacements.

Abstract: The particle impregnating device includes a placing body for placing a nonwoven fabric having a surface on which particles are sprayed; a vibrating member which is provided above the placing body and extends in the width direction of the nonwoven fabric placed on the placing body; a vibrator which applies ultrasonic vibration to the vibrating member; a lifting mechanism which lifts up and down the vibrating member; and a moving mechanism which relatively moves the nonwoven fabric and the vibrating member in a surface direction orthogonal to the width direction of the nonwoven fabric. When the nonwoven fabric and the vibrating member are relatively moved by the moving mechanism, the vibrating member is lowered by the lifting mechanism, so that the nonwoven fabric is pressed and compressed by the vibrating member and ultrasonic vibration is applied to the vibrating member by the vibrator.

Abstract: A layer of wires is preliminarily stranded by a layer of strand-through holes, and a first strand cylinder is used for the second pressing and stranding. The next layer of special-shaped single wires is stranded through a second pre-stranding assembly, and then the last layer of wires is stranded through a main stranding mold, thus stranding a plurality of layers at the same time with a compact structure. The outer circumference of the guide roller matches that of the special-shaped single wire, avoiding the reduced quality of stranded cable. The first rotating connector is bowl-shaped and is provided with a layer of strand-through holes together with a structure in which a first pull rod is in fit with the rotating connector and a structure in which a second pull rod is in fit with the rotating connector.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for fabricating a molded fiber part. The die press assembly includes: a first plate having a first mold form and a first plurality of vent holes; and a second plate having a second mold form and a second plurality of vent holes; wherein: at least one of the first and second plates comprises a blade operable to cut the part; the die press assembly is configured to compress the molded fiber part between the first and second mold forms; and the first and second pluralities of vent holes are configured to remove moisture from the part.

Abstract: A wallboard panel which comprises a paper cover sheet comprising microfibrillated cellulose (MFC). A paper cover sheet comprising MFC. A paper stock composition comprising MFC and methods for making a multi-ply paper cover sheet comprising MFC. Methods for making a wallboard panel comprising a paper cover sheet comprising MFC.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of tagging a substrate with a covert, spectroscopically detectable security feature, wherein a liquid treatment composition comprising at least one acid is deposited onto a substrate, which comprises at least one external surface comprising a salifiable alkaline or alkaline earth compound.

Abstract: An earth working machine (10) encompasses a machine body (13) having a machine frame (12) and a drive configuration (46), rotationally drivable relative to the machine frame (12) around a drive axis (A), to which configuration a working apparatus (32) embodied for earth working is releasably connected in torque-transferring fashion, in an operating position operational for earth working, for rotation together around the drive axis (A), such that when the connection is released, the working apparatus (32) is removable from the operating position in an axial direction relative to the drive configuration (46) for deinstallation from the drive configuration (46) and, for installation on the drive configuration, is conveyable into the operating position in an axial direction relative to the drive configuration (46).

Abstract: An earth working machine (10) encompasses a machine body (13) having a machine frame (12) and a drive configuration (46), rotationally drivable relative to the machine frame (12) around a drive axis (A) that defines an axial direction, that extends along the drive rotation axis (A) from an introduction longitudinal end (46a) at which the drive configuration (46) is embodied for introduction of a drive torque to a functional longitudinal end (46b) located axially oppositely from the introduction longitudinal end (46a), and to which configuration a working apparatus (32) embodied for earth working is releasably connected in torque-transferring fashion, in an operating position, for rotation together around the drive axis (A), such that when the connection is released, the working apparatus (32) is removable from the operating position in an axial direction relative to the drive configuration (46) for deinstallation from the drive configuration (46) and, for installation on the drive configuration (46), is conve

Abstract: An earth working machine encompasses a machine body having a machine frame and a drive configuration rotationally drivable relative to the machine frame around a drive axis (A). It further encompasses a working apparatus (32) for earth working to which the drive configuration is releasably connected in drive torque-transferring fashion for rotation together, the drive configuration projecting from an axial end axially into the working apparatus (32) and the working apparatus (32) being retained on the drive configuration, against axial displacement relative to the drive configuration, by an accessible central bolt arrangement having a bolt axis collinear with the drive axis (A).

Abstract: The invention relates to a machine train composed of a road milling machine 1 that travels in front and comprises a machine frame 3 supported by crawler tracks 3, 4 or wheels and a milling drum 10 arranged on the machine frame that is for milling away material, and to a road finisher 16 that travels behind and comprises a machine frame 18 which is supported by crawler tracks 17 or wheels and on which a reservoir 19 for material to be laid and a screed 20 for laying material are arranged. The invention also relates to a method for operating a machine train composed of a road milling machine travelling in front and a road finisher travelling behind.

Abstract: A self-propelled construction machine includes a machine frame and an operating drum arranged in a drum housing which is open downwards and is closed on both sides by an edge protector which is adjustable in height. A control assembly determines a reference value for the height of the ground surface relative to the machine frame on which the edge protector rests in a floating position, the height of the edge protector relative to the machine frame and the lowering speed of the edge protector. Furthermore, the control assembly is configured such that the height of the edge protector relative to the machine frame is determined at the point in time at which the lowering speed of the edge protector is less than a specified limit value. Preferred embodiments of the machine furthermore detect the edge protector sinking into the ground, and/or prevent the edge protector from digging into the ground.

Abstract: An apparatus for extracting a paver stone, and the like from a preset position, including a pair of lifting plates having a body containing one or more lifting aid insertion openings at one end, and at an opposing end, a blade portion having substantially concave tabs with tab edges formed along a pair of slots terminating in one or more of stress relief openings between the body and the blade, wedging a first blade between the paver and a first adjacent paver and wedging a second blade at an opposing end of a paver and a second adjacent paver, substantially compressing the tabs storing spring energy in the blades, pushing the tab edges below the bottom plane of the paver, releasing the stored spring energy thereby substantially decompressing and re-forming the tabs such that the tab edges contact and engage the underside of the paver to be extracted.