Abstract: A light modulator may include: a light modulating unit formed as a pixel-array type by using a PIN diode including multiple quantum wells including a Group-III nitride semiconductor material, and configured to modulate light by electroabsorption; and/or a control unit including a transistor configured to control voltage applied to the PIN diode of the light modulating unit. The PIN diode and the transistor may be arrayed in an active matrix form.

Abstract: An electro-optical modulator includes a substrate comprising a first Mach-Zehnder modulator comprising a first waveguide and a second waveguide and a second Mach-Zehnder modulator comprising a first waveguide and a second waveguide. A first positive signal electrode is positioned on the substrate over the first waveguide of the first Mach-Zehnder modulator and a first negative signal electrode is positioned on the substrate over the second waveguide of the first Mach-Zehnder modulator. The first positive signal electrode and the first negative signal electrode are connected to a first differential signal input. A second positive signal electrode is positioned on the substrate over the first waveguide of the second Mach-Zehnder modulator and a second negative signal electrode positioned on the substrate over the second waveguide of the second Mach-Zehnder modulator. The second positive signal electrode and the second negative signal electrode are connected to a second differential signal input.

Abstract: This application provides a display unit process control method and system. Before a first substrate and a second substrate enter a display unit process, according to quantities of uncertified chips on a first substrate and a second substrate, a first substrate and a second substrate which quantities of uncertified chips are less than preset quantities are selected as a certified first substrate and a certified second substrate; the certified first substrate and the certified second substrate are divided into a plurality of sorting levels according to locations of the uncertified chips on the first substrate and the second substrate; pairing and combination are performed on the first substrate and the second substrate according to the sorting levels in the display unit process; and a paired combination with a high matching degree is selected to enter an assembly process.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device with a plurality of pixels arranged in a matrix includes a first substrate, a second substrate, a liquid crystal interposed between the first and the second substrates, and a detection circuit. The second substrate includes a detection electrode for a touch panel. The respective pixels have pixel electrodes and counter electrodes. The counter electrode divided into a plurality of blocks is provided common to the respective pixels on a plurality of consecutive display lines. The counter electrode divided into blocks serves as the scanning electrode for the touch panel. The detection circuit includes a calibration capacity element provided for each of the detection electrodes, is having one end connected to the detection electrode, and supplies a calibration voltage to the other end of the calibration capacity element in a touched position detection process.

Abstract: There is disclosed a display device comprising a front case, a display panel spaced apart from the front case to define a first space therebetween, a backlight unit coupled to a rear surface of the display panel, a middle frame spaced apart from a rear surface of the backlight unit to define a second space therebetween, a rear case spaced apart from a rear surface of the middle frame to define a third space therebetween, wherein the rear case is coupled to the front case to enclose the first space, the second space, and the third space such that air is not permitted to flow between the first, second, and third spaces and an exterior of the display device, a closed cooling unit disposed such that air is permitted to flow between the closed cooling unit and the first, second, and third spaces, a closed heat exchange unit disposed at the rear case and configured such that air is permitted to flow between the closed heat exchange unit and the first, second, and third spaces via the closed cooling unit, an open he

Abstract: A liquid crystal display (“LCD”) includes a first color pixel area, a second color pixel area, and a first boundary area disposed between the first color pixel area and the second color pixel area is provided, the LCD including a first substrate and a second substrate facing each other, a first color filter disposed in the first color pixel area and the first boundary area on the first substrate, a second color filter disposed in the second color pixel area and the first boundary area on the first substrate, and a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein a first overlapping portion where the first color filter overlaps the second color filter in the first boundary area is disposed closer to the second color pixel area than to the first color pixel area.

Abstract: A display device includes a display area and a seal area which surrounds the display area. The display device includes a first display substrate, a second display substrate facing the first display substrate; and a sealant disposed between the first display substrate and the second display substrate, in the seal area. The first display substrate has a first base substrate, a first polarizing element including a plurality of first linear patterns extending along a first direction on the first base substrate, and a first protective layer on the first polarizing element and including a first opening. The sealant covers the first opening. Adjacent first linear patterns are separated from each other along a second direction, intersecting the first direction, by a first gap and the first opening exposes at least one first gap in the seal area.

Abstract: The present invention provides a mirror display that can suppress warp of a half mirror plate with a reflective polarizer under heat to prevent distortion of a reflected image in a mirror mode. The mirror display of the present invention includes a half mirror plate that includes a first reflective polarizer and a first base material, a display device, and a warp-suppressing member that suppresses shrinking of the first reflective polarizer under heat. The first reflective polarizer and the first base material are integrated, and the display device is disposed on the back surface side of the half mirror plate.

Abstract: Provided is a display apparatus. The display apparatus includes a display panel, a light source configured to generate light to be supplied to the display panel, and a reflecting member disposed behind the display panel and formed of a white foam resin to diffuse and reflect light generated from the light source.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an image forming apparatus which includes a display panel, a backlight disposed at a rear side of the display panel, optical sheets disposed at a rear surface of the display panel, a quantum dot sheet disposed at a front side of the backlight, a bottom chassis configured to accommodate the backlight, and a middle holder configured to support outer sides of the quantum dot sheet while installed in the bottom chassis, and thus the quantum dot sheet is installable in conjunction with the middle holder in a state of being spaced apart from the optical sheets.

Abstract: The invention provides a liquid crystal display device, as well as a polarizer and a protective film suitable for the liquid crystal display device. The liquid crystal display device comprises a backlight light source, two polarizers, and a liquid crystal cell disposed between the two polarizers; the backlight light source being a white light-emitting diode light source; each of the two polarizers comprising a polarizing film and protective films laminated on both sides of the polarizing film; at least one of the protective films being a polyester film having an adhesion-facilitating layer; the polyester film having a retardation of 3,000 to 30,000 nm; and the adhesion-facilitating layer comprising a polyester resin (A) and a polyvinyl alcohol resin (B).

Abstract: An in-plane switching liquid crystal display having a plurality of protrude electrodes of a special shape is disclosed. Each of the protrusion electrodes has a protrusion body with a surface coated with an electrically conductive material. The protrusion body has flat side located on the lower substrate of the liquid crystal display, defining the basewidth of the protrusion electrodes. The protrusion body has a top portion with a round head and a bottom portion with a waist portion, smaller than the basewidth. It has been found that, the round head of the top portion and the waist portion of the bottom portion can improve the efficiency of the optical transmissivity of the liquid crystal layer as well the contrast between the bright state and the dark state of the display.

Abstract: A display panel and a display device are provided. The display panel has a color filter substrate, a thin film transistor array substrate, a liquid crystal layer, and a sealing element. The sealing element is disposed on a non-active area of a liquid crystal cell. The sealing element has at least four sealing sections having beginnings and ends connected to each other. The sealing sections have at least one sealant segment and at least one color resist segment. The at least one sealant segment and the at least one color resist segment are integrated with each other. A narrow frame of the display panel is achieved.

Abstract: The display panel includes a first substrate, a second substrate, a color filtering layer, and a spacer. The first substrate includes a non-active area and an active area. The second substrate is opposite to the first substrate. The color filtering layer is arranged on the first substrate. The color filtering layer includes a plurality of color filters, and a through hole is formed between adjacent color filters. One end of the spacer has been arranged within the through hole and the other end of the spacer supports the second substrate. In this way, the stability of the spacer is enhanced and the spacer is prevented from being detached.

Abstract: The present application discloses a liquid crystal display panel and a liquid crystal display apparatus. The liquid crystal display panel includes a color filter substrate, and an array substrate, formed opposite and space apart from the color filter substrate, and a photo spacer disposed between the color filter substrate and the array substrate, a side of the array substrate toward the color filter substrate is set up a contact hole, a side of the color filter substrate toward the array substrate is disposed a projection, the height of the projection is larger than the height of the photo spacer, and the top of the projection is inserted into the contact hole.

Abstract: Red pixels (R), blue pixels (B) and green pixels (G) are formed in parallel. First columnar spacers 10 and second columnar spacers 20 are formed on a first substrate. The distance between the first substrate and a second substrate in a normal state is determined by the first columnar spacers 10. The diameter of a light blocking film corresponding to each first columnar spacer 10 is greater than the diameter of a light blocking film corresponding to each second columnar spacer 20. The first columnar spacer 10 is not formed at a boundary between a green pixel (G) and a red pixel (R) or a boundary between a green pixel (G) and a blue pixel (B). The second columnar spacer 20 is formed at a boundary between pixels irrespective of the pixel color. Thus, appropriate color balance can be attained with ease without having a drop in the luminance.

Abstract: The disclosure provides an array substrate, a display panel and a display device, for increasing a viewing angle of the display device. The array substrate includes a plurality of data lines and a plurality of gate lines arranged to cross each other, and a column of pixel units between adjacent data lines, at least one pixel unit each includes at least two sub-pixel electrodes, a voltage compensation unit for charging at least one sub-pixel electrode of the pixel unit and a voltage division unit for reducing a voltage on at least one of other sub-pixel electrodes of the pixel unit. The voltage compensation unit and the voltage division unit are adjusted such that voltages on sub-pixel electrodes are not all the same, thereby deflection angles of liquid crystal molecules located within regions corresponding to the sub-pixel electrode are different from each other, enabling wide viewing-angle display of the display device.

Abstract: A transverse electric field type liquid crystal display panel includes a pair of substrates opposed with a liquid crystal layer interposed therebetween. A plurality of sub-pixels having at least one curved portion in a display area are provided in a matrix on one side of the pair of substrates, and a pair of electrodes having at least one curved portion are formed in the plurality of sub-pixels. A light shield layer shielding a non-display area positioned on an outer peripheral side of the display area and between the plurality of sub-pixels is formed on the other side of the pair of substrates. The light shield layer of the non-display area is formed in a shape in which the outermost peripheral side of the display area is rectangular.

Abstract: A high-image-quality display device having a transmissive mode and a reflective mode is provided. Furthermore, the display device is manufactured with higher yield and higher productivity. In the display device, a transistor used for a transmissive liquid crystal display element, the transmissive liquid crystal display element, a transistor used for a reflective liquid crystal display element, and the reflective liquid crystal display element are stacked in this order between a pair of substrates. In a manufacturing process, one or two manufacturing substrates are used in addition to the pair of substrates included in the display device. The display device is manufactured in such a manner that a second liquid crystal and a second sealant provided to surround the second liquid crystal are bonded to a first liquid crystal sealed using a first sealant. The bonding process is performed such that the first sealant and the second sealant overlap with each other.

Abstract: This disclosure provides connectors for smart windows. A smart window may incorporate an optically switchable pane. In one aspect, a window unit includes an insulated glass unit including an optically switchable pane. A wire assembly may be attached to the edge of the insulated glass unit and may include wires in electrical communication with electrodes of the optically switchable pane. A floating connector may be attached to a distal end of the wire assembly. The floating connector may include a flange and a nose, with two holes in the flange for affixing the floating connector to a first frame. The nose may include a terminal face that present two exposed contacts of opposite polarity. Pre-wired spacers improve fabrication efficiency and seal integrity of insulated glass units. Electrical connection systems include those embedded in the secondary seal of the insulated glass unit.

Abstract: A display panel and a display device comprising the same are disclosed, in which a contact area between a connection electrode and a signal line is increased to reduce the contact resistance thereof and to improve picture quality.

Abstract: An array substrate and a liquid crystal display apparatus are disclosed. The array substrate includes: a glass substrate; a light-shielding metallic layer mounted having a first region and a second region; a first insulating layer; a thin-film transistor; a pixel electrode layer; a common electrode layer electrically connected to the light-shielding metallic layer. A storage capacitor is formed between the second region and a drain electrode of the thin-film transistor. The array substrate has an advantage of increasing the storage capacitance of liquid crystal display apparatus and therefore enhancing display performance.

Abstract: A display device includes: a first substrate; a gate line on the first substrate, where the gate line extends in a first direction; a data line on the first substrate, where the data line extends in a second direction which intersects the first direction; a thin film transistor connected to the gate line and the data line; a passivation layer on the gate line, the data line and the thin film transistor, where the passivation layer includes a recessed portion; a light blocking portion on the recessed portion of the passivation layer; a main column spacer which protrudes upwardly from the light blocking portion; and a sub-column spacer which protrudes upwardly from the light blocking portion, where the sub-column spacer is spaced apart from the main column spacer.

Abstract: An array substrate and a manufacturing method thereof, and a display device are provided. The array substrate includes a base substrate (200), gate lines (210), data lines (220), a common electrode layer (25), a plurality of pixels formed by intersecting the gate lines (210) and the data lines (220) formed on the base substrate (200), and an organic film insulation layer (260) located between the common electrode layer (250) and a layer on which the data lines (220) are located. Each of the pixels includes a light transmission area and a light shielding area, in a pattern of the organic film insulation layer (260), no organic film insulation material exists in the light transmission area, but the organic film insulation material at least remains in areas corresponding to the data lines (220). With the array substrate, the transmission of the display device is improved without influencing the display quality.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display panel and a thin film transistor array substrate are provided. The thin film transistor array substrate includes a pixel area and a fan-out area. The fan-out area has a groove. The thin film transistor array substrate has a substrate, a light shielding layer, a buffer layer, a poly-silicon layer, a first insulating layer, a scan line layer, a second insulating layer, a data line layer, a third insulating layer, a common line layer, a touch-sensing line layer, a fourth insulating layer, and a pixel electrode layer. The present invention can prevent wire shorts.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an array substrate. The array substrate includes a display region and a plurality of control lines, the display region being divided into a plurality of sub-regions, each sub-region comprising a plurality of pixels, each pixel including a common electrode. Common electrodes in pixels in a sub-region are electrically connected together; common electrodes in two sub-regions are connected by a switching unit; and a control line is connected with the common electrodes in the sub-region to provide a common voltage signal to the common electrodes.

Abstract: An optical device (100) includes a first substrate (10), a second substrate (20) and an optical layer (30). The optical layer includes a medium (31) containing a liquid crystal material, and shape-anisotropic particles (32). At least one of the first substrate and the second substrate includes a film provided on the side of the optical layer, the film having a surface energy of 40 mJ/m2 or less, or having a contact angle with pure water of 75 degrees or greater or a contact angle with CH2l2 of 40 degrees or greater. Alternatively, at least one of the first substrate and the second substrate includes a vertical alignment film (15, 25) provided on the side of the optical layer.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed relating to the transmission of data based on a polarization of a light signal. In some embodiments, data may include 3D video data for viewing by a user. Systems for transmitting data may include a display device and a device for switching the polarization of a video source. Systems for receiving data may include eyewear configured to present images with orthogonal polarization to each eye. In some embodiments, the rate of switching of the polarization switcher may introduce a distortion to the optical data. A Pi-cell device may be used in some embodiments to reduce distortion based on switching speed. In some embodiments, polarization switchers may introduce a distortion based on the frequency of transmitted light. In some embodiments, optical elements including in the transmitting or receiving devices may be configured to reduce distortions based on frequency.

Abstract: This application is directed to controlling a camera that includes an electrochromic glass layer. The electrochromic glass layer is disposed in front of a sensor array of the camera and has optical transmission properties that are responsive to voltage applied to the electrochromic glass layer. In accordance with a determination to transition the camera mode to a Day mode, a camera controller generates a first voltage, which is then applied to the electrochromic glass layer to cause the lens assembly to enter a first transmission state. In response to the first voltage, the electrochromic glass layer removes a substantial portion of a predefined band of infrared wavelengths in ambient light incident on the camera, and simultaneously passes by the electrochromic glass layer a substantial portion of visible wavelengths in the ambient light, thereby exposing the sensor array to the substantial portion of the visible wavelengths of the ambient light.

Abstract: A modular routing node includes a single input port and a plurality of output ports. The modular routing node is arranged to produce a plurality of different deflections and uses small adjustments to compensate for wavelength differences and alignment tolerances in an optical system. An optical device is arranged to receive a multiplex of many optical signals at different wavelengths, to separate the optical signals into at least two groups, and to process at least one of the groups adaptively.

Abstract: An optical modulating apparatus according to an example aspect of the invention includes an optical modulator including a plurality of Mach-Zehnder interferometers each of which including a pair of waveguides; a storage configured to store waveguide characteristic information indicating a relationship between a bias electrical signal applied to the waveguide and an optical characteristic of the waveguide; a calculation part configured to calculate, depending on a variation in the bias electrical signal applied to the waveguide included in one Mach-Zehnder interferometer of the plurality of Mach-Zehnder interferometers, a correction electrical signal applied to the waveguide included in the other Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on the waveguide characteristic information; and a signal application part configured to apply the correction electrical signal to the waveguide included in the other Mach-Zehnder interferometer.

Abstract: Embodiments include an apparatus and method. An apparatus includes a metasurface that coherently upconverts light waves having a first frequency f1. A substrate forms a first plasmonic surface. A plasmonic nanoparticle forms a second plasmonic surface. A layer of a second-order nonlinear dielectric material is disposed between the first plasmonic surface and the second plasmonic surface. The metasurface has at least three plasmonic resonant modes including a first plasmonic resonant mode having a first frequency f1, a second plasmonic resonant mode having a second frequency f2, and a third plasmonic resonant mode having a third frequency f3 that is a sum of the first frequency f1 and the second frequency f2. The apparatus includes a second light propagation path from a source of pumped monochromatic coherent light waves having the second frequency f2 to the metasurface. A digital image capture device captures the generated light waves having the frequency f3.

Abstract: A terahertz wave generating element includes a nonlinear optical crystal generating terahertz waves by propagating light, and a coupling member propagating the generated terahertz waves. The coupling member includes a reflecting face reflecting at least part of the generated terahertz waves. The reflecting face is convex in a propagation direction of the generated terahertz waves. An angle at the coupling member side between the reflecting face and the propagation direction of the light is greater than 90 degrees?cos?1 (ng/nTHz) but smaller than 90 degrees at a plane including the light propagation direction. ng represents a group refractive index of the nonlinear optical crystal at a wavelength of the light, nTHz the refractive index of the coupling member at a wavelength of the generated terahertz waves. A curvature radius of the reflecting face, in a reflection region reflecting the radius terahertz waves, is smaller the farther downstream in the light propagation direction.

Abstract: The present technology relates to a power controller, a power control method, and a program which appropriately supply power to an actuator for driving a shutter and an actuator for camera shake correction. A power controller includes a shutter controller for controlling a shutter driving unit, a camera shake correction controller for controlling a camera shake correction driving unit, and a power amount setting unit for setting amounts of power to be allocated to the shutter driving unit and the camera shake correction driving unit according to a set shutter speed. The power amount setting unit allocates the amount of power to be supplied to the camera shake correction driving unit when the shutter speed is equal to or less than a predetermined speed to the shutter driving unit in a case where the shutter speed is faster than a predetermined speed. The present technology available for an image pickup device.

Abstract: According to principles of the embodiments as disclosed herein, a device for monitoring the use of a handheld device is provided which allows for increased accuracy and ease of monitoring the use of handheld devices during usability testing. The device includes a handheld device mount configured to be releasably coupleable to a handheld device. The handheld device mount includes a cavity and a base and opposing first and second sides and first and second sidewalls extending from the base at the sides of the base. The mast has a first and second end. The first end of the mast is coupled to and extends from a third side of the cavity. A camera mount is located at the second end of the mast and configured to receive a camera.

Abstract: Provided is a mask blank in which uniformity of the composition and optical characteristics of a phase-shift film in the in-plane direction and direction of film thickness is high, uniformity of the composition and optical characteristics of the phase-shift film between a plurality of substrates is also high, and defectivity is low even if a silicon-based material is applied to the material that forms the phase-shift film.

Abstract: The disclosed nanoimprinting method suppresses fluctuations in thickness of residual film and defects due to residual gas in a resist film, onto which a pattern of protrusions and recesses is transferred, in a nanoimprinting method that employs the ink jet method to coat a substrate with droplets of resist material. Droplets are coated onto a substrate such that the spaces between the droplets along an A direction which is substantially parallel to the direction of the lines of a linear pattern of protrusions and recesses are longer than the spaces between the droplets in a B direction which is substantially perpendicular to the A direction, in a nanoimprinting method that coats a substrate with the droplets of a resist material using the ink jet method.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a method for fabricating thin film tunneling devices using a mask set includes depositing a first layer of material on a substrate, positioning a first photomask over the substrate, exposing the first layer to light that passes through the first photomask, depositing a second layer of material on the substrate, positioning a second photomask over the substrate by aligning a corner marker provided on the second photomask with one of multiple corner markers provided on the first photomask, wherein the corner marker of the first photomask with which the corner marker of the second photomask aligns defines a degree of overlap between a first structure formed using the first photomask and a second structure formed using the second photomask; and exposing the second layer to light that passes through the second photomask.

Abstract: A resist composition which generates acid upon exposure and exhibits changed solubility in a developing solution under action of acid, the resist composition including a base component (A) which exhibits changed solubility in a developing solution under action of acid, and a compound (D1) represented by general formula (d1), wherein Z? represents an anion having an aromatic ring containing a hydroxybenzoic acid skeleton, provided that at least one hydrogen atom of the aromatic ring has been substituted with a halogen atom; m represents an integer of 1 or more; and Mm+ represents an organic cation having a valency of m.

Abstract: On use of a sulfonium salt of specific structure as PAG, acid diffusion is suppressed. A resist composition comprising the sulfonium salt forms a pattern with improved lithography properties including EL, MEF and LWR when processed by lithography.

Abstract: New lithographic processing methods are provided which are particularly useful in immersion lithography schemes. In one aspect, processes of the invention comprise: applying on a substrate a photoresist composition; exposing the photoresist layer to radiation activating for the photoresist composition; removing a portion but not all of the exposed photoresist layer; and developing the treated photoresist layer to provide a photoresist relief image.

Abstract: A method of determining a critical-dimension-related property, such as critical dimension (CD) or exposure dose, includes illuminating each of a plurality of periodic targets having different respective critical dimension biases, measuring intensity of radiation scattered by the targets, recognizing and extracting each grating from the image, determining a differential signal, and determining the CD-related property based on the differential signal, the CD biases and knowledge that the differential signal approximates to zero at a 1:1 line-to-space ratio of such periodic targets. Use of the determined CD-related property to control a lithography apparatus in lithographic processing of subsequent substrates. In order to use just two CD biases, a calibration may use measurements on a “golden wafer” (i.e. a reference substrate) to determine the intensity gradient for each of the CD pairs, with known CDs. Alternatively, the calibration can be based upon simulation of the sensitivity of intensity gradient to CD.

Abstract: A lithographic projection apparatus is disclosed in which a space between the projection system and a sensor is filled with a liquid.

Abstract: An illumination system has a microLED array 502. The microLED array 502 is imaged or placed very close to a phosphor coated glass disc 504 which upconverts the light from the microLED array into a narrow band emission. The plate has at least two different photoluminescent materials arranged to be illuminated by the microLED array and to thereby emit output light. The different photoluminescent materials have different emission spectral properties of the output light, e.g. different center wavelength and optionally different bandwidth. Illumination of different photoluminescent materials by the illumination sources is selectable, by selective activation of the microLEDs or by movement of the photoluminescent materials relative to the illumination sources, to provide different illumination of the different photoluminescent materials. This provides tunable spectral properties of the output light.

Abstract: A lithography system may include a wafer stage. The wafer stage may include a wafer mounting part configured to carry a wafer and configured to oscillate along a plane that is parallel to a top surface of the wafer in a wafer exposure process. The wafer stage may further include a driving device configured to affect an oscillatory movement of the wafer mounting part in the wafer exposure process.

Abstract: An exposure apparatus includes a projection optical system having a last optical element via which an exposure beam is projected to a projection area, and a liquid supply system having a first supply port and a second supply port via which an immersion liquid is supplied to form a liquid immersion area. The first supply port is arranged on one side of the projection area in a scanning direction, and the second supply port is arranged on the other side of the projection area in the scanning direction, the first and second supply ports facing downwardly. A plurality of shot areas of a substrate are successively exposed with the exposure beam through the liquid immersion area covering only a portion of an upper surface of the substrate.

Abstract: An electrostatic latent image developing toner includes a plurality of toner particles each including a toner mother particle and inorganic particles attached to a surface of the toner mother particle. The toner mother particle includes a toner core (11) and a shell layer (12) covering a surface of the toner core (11). The shell layer (12) includes film-shaped first domains (12a) and particle-shaped second domains (12b). The first domains (12a) are substantially formed from a non-cross-linked resin. The second domains (12b) are substantially formed from a cross-linked resin. The cross-linked resin has a glass transition point higher by 40° C. or more than that of the non-cross-linked resin. The first domains (12a) have a surface adsorption force of at least 20.0 nN and no greater than 40.0 nN. The second domains (12b) have a surface adsorption force of at least 4.0 nN and less than 20.0 nN.

Abstract: A chemically prepared multilayered toner composition, according to one example embodiment, includes a core having a first polymer binder, a second polymer binder, a colorant, and a release agent. A first layer is formed around the core wherein the first layer includes the same second polymer binder that is in the toner core. A second layer is formed on the surface of the first layer, wherein the second layer includes a third polymer binder. A borax coupling agent is between the first and second layers. In an embodiment the ratio of the second polymer in the core to second polymer in the first layer is about 50:50. The second layer can also be referred to as a shell that is formed over the toner particle having a center core, first layer and borax coupling agent. In another embodiment, the core does not contain a second polymer binder.

Abstract: A liquid developer is characterized in that it includes toner particles and an insulating liquid, the toner particles include a resin and a pigment, the pigment includes a first pigment and a second pigment, the first pigment is carbon black, the second pigment is C.I. Pigment Brown 23 and/or C.I. Pigment Brown 25, and 20 to 60% by mass of the pigment is included relative to the toner particles.

Abstract: A charger includes a charging roller and a support portion which rotationally supports the charging roller. The charging roller includes a first region which is opposed to the support portion and a second region which is not opposed to the support portion. The charging roller includes a conductive shaft, an end part cover portion which is in contact with and covers the conductive shaft in a portion corresponding to the first region and is in slide contact with the support portion, and a high-resistance coating which is in contact with and covers the conductive shaft in a portion corresponding to the second region and abuts on a charged object. An inner end portion of the end part cover portion is covered with the high-resistance coating, and a thickness of the high-resistance coating is equal to or greater than a thickness of the end part cover portion.