Abstract: [Object] To improve detection precision of a subject at a lower cost. [Solution] Provided is an image processing device including: a plurality of detection units configured to detect respective detection regions indicating temperatures within mutually different setting temperature ranges from a far-infrared image; and a determination unit configured to determine whether a predetermined subject is shown in the far-infrared image on the basis of a positional relation between the plurality of detected detection regions and modeling which regulates the positional relation in a case in which the predetermined subject is shown in the far-infrared image.

Abstract: An SMD-enabled infrared thermopile sensor has at least one miniaturized thermopile pixel on a monolithically integrated sensor chip accommodated in a hermetically sealed housing which consists of an at least partially non-metallic housing substrate and a housing cover. A gas or a gas mixture is contained in the housing. The sensor has a particularly low overall height, in particular in the z direction. This is achieved by virtue of an aperture opening being introduced in the housing cover opposite the thermopile pixel(s), which aperture opening is closed with a focusing lens which focuses the radiation from objects onto the thermopile pixel(s) on the housing substrate, and by virtue of a signal processing unit being integrated on the same sensor chip next to the thermopile pixels, wherein the total housing height and the housing cover are at most 3 mm or less than 2.5 mm.

Abstract: Disclosed is a resistor thin film for micro-bolometer for growth of a vanadium dioxide (VO2) thin film in monoclinic VO2 crystal phase by deposition of VO2 on oxide with perovskite structure and a method for fabricating the same, and the resistor thin film for micro-bolometer according to the present disclosure includes a silicon substrate, an oxide thin film with perovskite structure formed on the silicon substrate, and a VO2 thin film in monoclinic crystal phase formed on the oxide thin film with perovskite structure.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring variable in relation to a power cable accessory, including: an RFID tag, including: a sensor configured to generate a signal indicative of the variable in its environment, an antenna, and an RFID IC electrically connected to the sensor and configured to process and modulate the signal generated by the sensor and transmit the modulated signal to an RFID reader via the antenna, wherein: the RFID tag is shaped to be fitted with the power cable accessory with its sensor in thermal contact with an electrical connector of the power cable accessory and with its antenna external to the electrical connector.

Abstract: Various arrangements are presented that detail a wall mounting system for a wireless sensor device, such as a wireless temperature sensor device. A flanged fastener that includes a first flange and a second flange may be present. The first flange can prevent the flanged fastener from being inserted more than a defined distance into a surface. The second flange may be removably insertable into a mounting hole present on a backplate of the wireless sensor. The system can further include a wireless sensor unit that includes the backplate. The wireless sensor is removably attachable to the flanged fastener while the flanged fastener is inserted into the surface.

Abstract: This disclosure is directed to simulated food particles. In one possible configuration and by non-limiting example, the disclosure includes a method for design and control of properties of simulated food particles for process monitoring and validation of aseptically processed multiphase foods and biomaterials.

Abstract: Thermal imaging of heat sources in thermal processing systems for determination of workpiece temperature are provided. In one example, a thermal processing apparatus can include a processing chamber, a workpiece support, a plurality of heat sources configured to heat a workpiece, and at least one camera. The at least one camera can capture one or more images of thermal radiation of the plurality of heat sources during thermal treatment of the workpiece. In one example, a method for calibrating the camera can include obtaining the one or more images of thermal radiation of at least one heat source, obtaining one or more reference signals indicative of irradiation of the at least one heat source, and calibrating the camera based at least in part on a comparison between the one or more images of thermal radiation and the one or more reference signals indicative of irradiation of the heat source.

Abstract: A circuit includes a first current source configured to produce a first current in a first current line through a first diode-connected transistor having a voltage drop across the first diode-connected transistor, the first current being proportional to an absolute temperature via a first proportionality factor; a second current source configured to produce a second current in a second current line through a second diode-connected transistor having a voltage drop across the second diode-connected transistor, the second current being proportional to the absolute temperature via a second proportionality factor; a third current source configured to produce a third current in a third current line through a third diode-connected transistor having a voltage drop across the third diode-connected transistor; and a processing network including a sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter, the processing network being coupled to the, the second, and the third diode-connected transistors.

Abstract: A temperature sensor includes a metal tube having an opening tip portion, a temperature sensing element for measuring a temperature, a pair of lead wires contacting with a surface of the temperature sensing element, an insulating support material for insulating the pair of lead wires from the metal tube, and a coating material for covering the temperature sensing element, lead tip portions of the pair of lead wires, and a tip surface of the insulating support material at the opening tip portion of the metal tube. The coating material has a property of not allowing measurement target gas to pass through and contains oxide and at least one of platinum, platinum alloy, and platinum-containing oxide that are dispersed in the oxide.

Abstract: To address the problem of providing a temperature history indicator capable of specifying a time when a temperature deviated from a set temperature range, a temperature history indicator according to the present invention is characterized in being provided with a substrate and temperature indicators that irreversibly change color upon deviation from a set temperature range, and in that a plurality of the temperature indicators are provided on the substrate, the temperatures at which the temperature indicators change color a within ±2° C. of each other, and the temperature indicators change color after different amounts of time from deviation from the set temperature range.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention include a fracture ring sensor and a method of using the same to detect out of tolerance forces. Aspects of the invention include a product having a defined an out of tolerance force, a fracture ring sensor, and a mounting assembly coupling the fracture ring sensor to the product. The fracture ring sensor is patterned with a conductive trace and is manufactured to break when subjected to a predetermined amount of force. The predetermined amount of force is substantially equal to a percentage of the out of tolerance force of the product.

Abstract: A measuring element for registering forces comprises a first measuring arm extending in a longitudinal direction of the measuring element, a second measuring arm extending in the longitudinal direction, a deformation section connecting the first measuring arm and the second measuring arm to one another in an elastically deformable manner, and a transformer unit arranged on a first side or a second side of the deformation section. The first measuring arm and the second measuring arm can be deflected relative to one another in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction. The transformer unit responds to deformation and is situated fully within the deformation section.

Abstract: A system for monitoring fastener tension includes a fastener clamping a first member to a second member. A load monitoring sensor is interposed between a nut and the second member, and outputs an electrical signal upon changes in fastener tension. A signal collection hub is connected to the load monitoring sensor so that the electrical signal is transmitted from the load monitoring sensor to the signal collection hub. The signal collection hub collects and converts electrical signals into a data package. A processor transforms the data package into a digital representation of mechanical data. The mechanical data is compared to a predetermined mechanical limit value by the processor. If a value of the mechanical data is equal to or less than the predetermined mechanical limit value then an indication is generated to indicate that the fastener should be serviced.

Abstract: An integrated measuring system (9) comprises a structural element (10) for building constructions, having an internal cavity (14), hermetically closed to contain a compressible fluid (16), and a measuring system (12) for measuring stresses and/or deformations on the structural element (10), measuring system (12) whereby it is possible to measure the pressure and temperature of the fluid (16) so as to measure a change in fluid pressure and determine a variation of the volume of the cavity (14) resulting from an action (F) imparted to the structural element (10).

Abstract: A pressure sensor device includes: a first air pack which contains air therein; a pressure sensor which is disposed in the first air pack to measure air pressure inside the first air pack; a second air pack which contains air therein; and a hose connected to the first air pack and the second air pack so as to allow air to communicate therebetween, wherein the air pressure sensor measures an air pressure change inside the first air pack which is generated by a pressure applied to the second air pack, and the pressure sensor device measures the pressure based on the air pressure value measured by the air pressure sensor. A chair system includes the pressure sensor device, and a pressure is measured based on the air pressure value measured by the air pressure sensor of the pressure sensor device.

Abstract: A thermal conductivity gauge measures gas pressure within a chamber. A sensor wire and a resistor form a circuit coupled between a power input and ground, where the sensor wire extends into the chamber and connects to the resistor via a terminal. A controller adjusts the power input, as a function of a voltage at the terminal and a voltage at the power input, to bring the sensor wire to a target temperature. Based on the adjusted power input, the controller can determine a measure of the gas pressure within the chamber.

Abstract: A pressure indicator comprising a printed or coated film with micron sized particles disbursed in a transparent binder, wherein the particles change from white to transparent when exposed to high pressure.

Abstract: A nozzle cap assembly includes a nozzle cap defining a bore, the bore defining internal threading configured to mount the nozzle cap on a nozzle of a fire hydrant; an enclosure attached to the nozzle cap; a vibration sensor positioned within the enclosure; a circuit board positioned within the enclosure, the circuit board connected in electrical communication with the vibration sensor, the circuit board configured to process an electrical current transmitted by the vibration sensor; and an antenna connected in electrical communication with the circuit board, the antenna configured to transmit a signal received from the circuit board.

Abstract: A device for removing a valve hole sealing substitute from a hub includes an industrial camera, a removal manipulator, a rotary encoder, a rotary spindle, a processor, a frame and a console, wherein the console is installed on the frame, the console is connected to a production line by a roller bed, a color identification camera and the industrial camera are respectively installed on the frame and aligned with the console, the rotary spindle is installed below the console and configured to drive the hub above the console to rotate, and the removal manipulator is arranged above the console. The device and method solve the problem of relying on personnel to remove the valve hole sealing substitute, improve the labor productivity, and improve the automation of the hub production process.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for checking emitter bonds in an irrigation drip line and for manufacturing drip line in a manner that allows the bond between the in-line emitter and surrounding conduit to be checked. In one form, a downstream in-line vacuum tester is provided for monitoring the amount of air escaping from outlet openings in the drip line to detect excessive air associated with poorly bonded emitters.

Abstract: A low cost and efficient damage detection method is developed by introducing a new piezoelectric composite coating combined with a self-powered wireless signal transmission module. The new piezoelectric composite coating composed with a piezoelectric layer, an electrical conductive layer and an insulator, is designed as the sensor and to be easily applied on rough surfaces of engineering structures, such as concrete and the welded joint area. An energy harvesting circuit and an automatic electronic switch controlled by the piezoelectric coating sensor are designed to power and control the wireless signal transmitter sending warning signals of the damage occurrence. Methodology is explained in detail, and successful detection of the occurrence of crack propagation on a beam structure has been realized through experimental testing.

Abstract: A method of identifying and testing an optical fiber includes emitting light into the optical fiber. The light includes an identification signal and a testing signal. The method also includes reading the identification signal and the testing signal with a single device. The method further includes determining an identity of the optical fiber based on the identification signal with the single device and determining a status of the optical fiber based on the testing signal with the single device.

Abstract: The nondestructive determination of core size of a hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber (HC-PBF) using Fabry-Perot (FP) interference is performed with an apparatus including a tunable laser source (TLS), a 1×2 single-mode (SM) coupler, an SM collimator, a six-axis translation stage, an optical detector, and an oscilloscope. The light from the TLS passes through the 1×2 SM coupler and the SM collimator to perpendicularly enter two parallel air-SiO2 interfaces of the core of the fiber and is reflected, while the TLS is tuned from one wavelength to another. Then the reflected spectrum is guided to the optical detector, where its interference intensity is converted into voltage intensity to be displayed at the oscillator and fitted with a least-squares method to obtain the distance between the two air-SiO2 interfaces. The core size of the fiber can be obtained by rotating the fiber and repeating the procedure at multiple angular positions.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of predicting a plant fault including: defining a rotary machine elements for predicting a fault determination among plant components; defining a fault type and a fault condition of each of the rotary machine elements; classifying and coding the fault condition of the rotary machine element into a fabrication and installation condition, a load condition, a lubrication condition, and an environment and operation condition; associating the fault type of the rotary machine element with code values of the four fault conditions and storing the association in a database; receiving status information on the fault condition of the rotary machine element for predicting a fault from a user; and determining the fault type corresponding to a combination of the code values of the received fault conditions. Complex factors in the fault possibly caused in the plant is predicted more clearly beyond simple defect detection.

Abstract: A wheel equipped with a sensing device includes a wheel and a sensing device. The sensing device includes a displacement extraction member, a to-be-detected part, and a detecting part. One radial end portion of the displacement extraction member is supported to one radial end-side portion of the wheel. The other radial end portion of the displacement extraction member is a free end. The to-be-detected part is provided to one of the other radial end-side portion of the wheel and the other radial end portion of the displacement extraction member. The detecting part is provided to the other of the other radial end-side portion of the wheel and the other radial end portion of the displacement extraction member, and is arranged in a vicinity of the to-be-detected part. An output of the detecting part changes in association with a change in positional relationship between the detecting part and the to-be-detected part.

Abstract: A testing apparatus and testing method capable of efficiently evaluating the strength and durability of a lower-limb-type wearable motion assistance device without being affected by the gravity are implemented. Regarding the testing apparatus for evaluating the strength and durability by repeatedly applying an impact force to the lower-limb-type wearable motion assistance device, when a piston rod is excited at predetermined stroke length and operating speed in a state where a dummy doll wears the wearable motion assistance device, a reciprocable area of a stage relative to an impinging surface of a base is adjusted to make a measured value of a load cell exceed a predetermined reference value.

Abstract: The present disclosure includes a sampling device for collecting a sample from a target surface, the sample device including a handle, a body extending from the handle, and a mechanical force feedback mechanism. The mechanical force feedback mechanism is configured to change an orientation of the body relative to the handle when force is applied to a target surface by the sampling device.

Abstract: A disposable container (1) for staining or reagent liquid for histological staining machines (100) is described, said staining machines comprising at least one tank (10) delimited on top by an edge (10a) and adapted to contain a staining or reagent liquid. The container (1) comprises a hollow body (1a) defining an inner volume (V) delimited by an end edge (1b), at least one staining or reagent liquid (L) contained in said inner volume (V) and a covering element (2) adapted to seal the inner volume (V). The hollow body (1a) of the container is shaped so as to be insertable inside a tank (10) of a staining machine (100) and the end edge (1b) is shaped substantially complementary to the edge (10a) of the tank (10). A system comprising at least one container according to the present invention and at least one tank for stain or reagent of a staining machine, is also described.

Abstract: The present invention refers to an apparatus (100) for identification of tissue carriers (210) of human or animal tissue that are grouped in a batch (200), wherein the apparatus (100) comprises a working area (110) for receiving the batch (200) of at least two tissue carriers (210); a presence sensor (120) for detecting the presence of each of the tissue carriers (210) of the batch (200) received at the working area (110); an identification device (130) for detecting a unique identifier (220) of each of the tissue carriers (210) of the batch (200) received at the working area (110); and a control unit (140, 141, 142) being configured to identify positions of the working area (110), at which a tissue carrier (210) is detected to be present but no unique identifier (220) is detected and/or at which a unique identifier (220) is detected but no tissue carrier (210) is detected to be present, as identified positions.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a gel-phase patch that performs a function of assisting in staining during a staining process such as a process of coming into contact with a specimen such as blood to perform a staining function of staining the specimen, a process of fixing the specimen, or a process of forming an optimal pH at a specimen stained by a staining sample. According to an aspect of the present disclosure, a contact-type staining patch includes a staining solution that reacts with a specimen and a gel receptor provided as a gel matrix of a mesh structure in which a pore that accommodates the staining solution is formed and the mesh structure prevents the staining solution in the pore from leaking or degenerating, and having a contact surface that comes into contact with the specimen to transfer some of the staining solution to the specimen.

Abstract: There is provided a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) sensor for sensing a hydrophobic target molecule, comprising a MIP film comprising a hydrophobic polymer host, such as polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) or polystyrene (PS), with one or more binding sites for one or more target molecules, such as parathion methyl (PTM); and a sensing substrate, such as mass sensitive quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). The MIP film is coated on a surface of a sensing substrate. There is also provided a method of making the MIP sensor and a method for detecting/quantifying a target molecule using the MIP sensor.

Abstract: An extraction system for testing microbial contamination includes a biocompatible outer vessel that has a side wall and a biocompatible suspension system that is positionable within an interior of the biocompatible outer vessel. The biocompatible suspension system includes a horizontal member on which a sample may be supported and a securement mechanism that is engagable with the side wall of the biocompatible outer vessel to maintain the suspension system at a desired position within the biocompatible outer vessel.

Abstract: An evaluating device of a flexural property includes a holder, a body disposed on the holder and capable of being moved along with a length of direction of the holder, a clamp coupled to the body to be rotated on the body and fixing a first side of the specimen to be evaluated, and a pressing part disposed over the clamp and pressing a second side of the specimen opposite to the first side and disposed upper than the first side of the specimen to bend the specimen, and an evaluation method of a flexural property of the bent specimen using the same.

Abstract: This disclosure relates generally to enabling a user to (1) determine the radial stiffness of the outer surface of a winding or wound roll, and (2) when coupled with a winding/contact model results in a virtual instrument allowing the user to explore the residual stresses due to winding in roll-to-roll manufacturing process machines, and (3) allows the user to predict winding defects and hence roll quality based upon the known residual stresses. Wound roll models require the input of a radial modulus of elasticity which is state dependent on interlayer pressure. The hardware of the disclosure can be used to determine this radial modulus and serves to enable the user to (1) use winding/contact models and (2) with measurements made during or after winding enable the user to estimate the winding residual stresses.

Abstract: A device for determining the rheological properties of blood may include a channel having at least one channel sub-section that has a substantially constant cross-section; apparatus for determining a pressure differential along at least a portion of the sub-section of the channel; a first reservoir that is adapted to be located at a first end of the channel and to be placed in fluid communication with the channel, the first reservoir being of variable internal volume; a second reservoir that is adapted to be placed in fluid communication with first reservoir via the channel, the second reservoir being of variable internal volume; means for allowing blood to be introduced into the device; an outlet for allowing gas to be expelled from the device; and means for varying the volume of the first reservoir.

Abstract: The use of recycled materials can have significant economic value. With the increasing quantity of recycled material used in viscoelastic materials, especially asphalt mixture, understanding how they interact with original materials to produce a mixture that performs successfully, becomes critical. Currently, the technology to determine the effect of additives on the performance of asphalt mixture is lacking. The present invention relates to a new unified methodology for mechanical testing of asphalt mixture and other viscoelastic materials that improves the current practice in speed, convenience, and accuracy. A new improved specimen mounting method on Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR), a new recovery method for fine portion of asphalt mixture, and three new tests for the performance of recovered material using DSR is disclosed. The new methods provide performance grading of asphalt mixtures that is new to the industry and provide necessary tools for determining the effect of recycled materials on performance.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method of characterizing particles in a sample. The method comprises illuminating the sample in a sample cell with a light beam, so as to produce scattered light by the interaction of the light beam with the sample; obtaining a time series of measurements of the scattered light from a single detector; determining, from the time series of measurements from the single detector, which measurements were taken at times when a large particle was contributing to the scattered light; determining a particle size distribution, including correcting for light scattered by the large particle.

Abstract: A measurement apparatus includes: a number concentration measurement device configured to measure a number concentration of particles in a air; a humidity measurement device configured to measure a humidity of the air; and a air concentration measurement device configured to measure a concentration of a specific air in the air, wherein a mass concentration of the particles in the air is calculated based on a measured number concentration, a measured humidity, a measured concentration of the specific air, and a predetermined correlation between the number concentration, the humidity, and the concentration of the specific air, and the mass concentration of the particles in the air.

Abstract: An apparatus for determining the values of one or more characteristics of a liquid that has support means for supporting a filter member in use, a reservoir for holding a sample of liquid in direct or indirect contact with the filter member in use and at least one device operable to record one or more images of the filter member and/or liquid to record the value of one or more characteristics of a liquid moving through the filter member in use.

Abstract: A fracture simulated oil recovery test apparatus includes a sleeve, the sleeve positioned within an oven and an oil saturated matrix positioned within the sleeve. The fracture simulated oil recovery test apparatus further includes a proppant pack positioned within the oil saturated matrix, the proppant pack having an inlet an outlet and a controller, the controller adapted to control the pressure within the oil saturated matrix.

Abstract: An aerolysin nanopore or a nanotube is used for the electrical detection of peptides, proteins separated by at least one amino acid and other macromolecules such as polysaccharides or synthetic or natural polymers present in a preparation where said nanopore or nanotube is inserted into a lipid membrane which is subjected to a difference in potential greater than ?160 mV, in a reaction medium having an alkali metal halide electrolyte solution with a concentration of less than 6M and at a temperature of less than 40° C., and where said use is intended to differentiate said peptides, proteins and other molecules according to their length and their mass. Application to the sequencing of peptides and other molecules to differentiate them according to their length and mass with an amino acid-level or monomer-level resolution and to medical diagnosis.

Abstract: An outside opening of each aperture of a plurality of counting chambers for performing particle counting based on the electric resistance method is connected to suction pump through a confluent piping. Liquid supplying part supplies an additional liquid to the counting chamber side after completion of counting of counting chamber, so that the liquid level of sample liquid of counting chamber will not descend to aperture or a predetermined liquid level.

Abstract: An inline particle sensor includes a sensor head configured to mount within a fitting, the sensor head including a laser source sealed and isolated from a sensing volume and configured to emit a laser beam through the sensing volume and a detector arranged to detect particles in the sensing volume that pass through the laser beam. The vacuum particle sensor further includes electronics coupled to the sensor head and configured to receive a signal indicative of the particles from the detector and provide a particle output based on the signal.

Abstract: An optical measuring device (1; 1?; 1?; 41; 61) configured for being connected in a flow path, said optical measuring device (1; 1?; 1?; 41; 61) comprising:—a first and a second flow path connector (5, 7; 5?, 7?; 5?, 7?);—at least one flow cell part (3; 3a, 3b; 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d) provided in between the first and second flow path connectors (5, 7; 5?, 7?; 5?, 7?) such that a flow in a flow path in which the optical measuring device (1; 1?; 1?; 41; 61) can be arranged will flow through the first flow path connector (5; 5?; 5?), the at least one flow cell part (3; 3a, 3b; 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d) and through the second flow path connector (7; 7?; 7?); and—at least one releasable connection device (9) arranged for releasably connecting the at least one flow cell part (3; 3a, 3b; 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d) in between the first and second flow path connectors (5, 7; 5?, 7?; 5?, 7?).

Abstract: A method for conducting optical measurement using a full Mueller matrix ellipsometer, which belongs to the technical field of optical measurements. The optical measurement method comprises: constructing an experimental optical path of a full Mueller matrix ellipsometer; conducting complete regression calibration on the full Mueller matrix ellipsometer; placing a sample to be measured on a sample platform, and obtaining an experimental Fourier coefficient of the sample to be measured; and according to the experimental Fourier coefficient of the sample to be measured, obtaining information about the sample to be measured.

Abstract: A colorimetric sensor for detecting an analyte of interest that includes a metal layer disposed upon a substrate, a plurality of nanostructures, and a corresponding plurality of metal deposits spaced apart from the metal layer. The metal layer defines a plurality of holes, each nanostructure includes a first portion disposed within a respective hole, and each metal deposit is disposed upon a second portion of a respective nanostructure. The sensor also includes a molecularly imprinted polymer layer that may cover the metal layer, the nanostructures, and/or the metal deposits. The molecularly imprinted polymer layer defines a cavity shaped to receive the analyte of interest, and the sensor is configured such that, when an analyte contacts the molecularly imprinted polymer layer and becomes disposed within the cavity, an optical property of at least a portion of the sensor changes thereby to cause a detectable color change in and/or from the sensor.

Abstract: A method and system for rapid, label free nanoscale chemical imaging and tomography (3D) with multiplexing for speed, and engineered coherent illumination and detection to achieve 3-D resolution at twice the Abbe limit. A sample undergoes photo-thermal heating using a modulated infrared light source and the resulting probe beam modulation is measured with one or more visible laser probes. Varying the infrared wavelength results in a spectrum which characterizes the chemical composition of the sample. Optionally, inelastically scattered light generated as a result of the probe beam interacting with the sample is collected simultaneously to yield additional chemical information.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are disclosed for detecting one or more species in a sample, wherein laser probe light is frequency swept across at least one infra red absorption spectrum feature of each of the species. A path from the probe light source to a single detector element may be switched between at least one sample absorption cell or volume and one or more reference cells or volumes.

Abstract: A method for measuring a concentration of a gas in a container having a wall with at least one deformable portion, the gas absorbing electromagnetic radiation at least in a specific spectral range, wherein the method includes the steps of biasing deformable portion and a further portion of wall opposite deformable portion between opposite positioning surfaces, thereby forming a biased volume of the container between the opposite positioning surfaces, during a measuring time, transmitting electromagnetic radiation into biased volume and receiving transmitted or reflected radiation of transmitted radiation from biased volume along respective radiation paths, relatively moving, during measuring time, at least one of deformable portion and of further portion and at least one of radiation paths, and determining concentration of said gas from the radiation received.

Abstract: The invention presents methods of using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy for common and specific characterization of carcinogenesis in human skin tumors. The invention provides the user with the method to analyse intra- and inter-molecular interactions for nucleic acids and proteins expressed in infrared (IR) spectra of human skin epidermal cancers towards understanding the molecular, cellular and tissue changes that occur during skin carcinogenesis. More particularly, presented analytical method has the advantage to simultaneously observe DNA-RNA, DNA-DNA, DNA-protein and protein-protein interactions by means of their expressed interacting activity levels within one type of tumour and between different types of tumours, both commonly and specifically, with further indication of the grade of activity in benign, premalignant and malignant skin tissue cells.