Abstract: An apparatus measures the transverse profile of vectorial optical field beams, including both the phase and the polarization spatial profile. The apparatus contains a polarization separation module, a weak perturbation module, and a detection module. Characterizing the transverse profile of vector fields provides an optical metrology tool for both fundamental studies of vectorial optical fields and a wide spectrum of applications, including microscopy, surveillance, imaging, communication, material processing, and laser trapping.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the two-dimensional reconstruction of wave fronts (104) of light for use in an optical system (100) comprising: measuring the distribution function of the light intensity in at least two images at different optical planes (101, 102) having an optical path difference. In particular this method is suitable for probing the tomographical distribution of wave fronts of electromagnetic fields with an image detector, e.g. any standard two-dimensional camera.

Abstract: A gauge including a housing, a measuring port, an opening formed in the housing and a cover for covering the opening. The cover of the gauge is selected from a range of flexible and translucent materials.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to a sensor well system that includes a mounting tube and a clip disposed within the mounting tube and configured to engage with a sensor to secure the sensor within the mounting tube, where the clip is formed from a band of flexible material. The clip includes a curved end portion configured to receive an end portion of the sensor and at least one protrusion disposed along a length of the band outside of the curved end portion such that the at least one protrusion is configured to abut a side of the sensor when the sensor is installed within the sensor well system.

Abstract: The present invention relates to integrated circuits. More specifically, embodiments of the present invention provide methods and systems for determining temperatures of an integrated circuit using an one-point calibration technique, where temperature is determined by a single temperature measurement and calculation using known electrical characteristics of the integrated circuit.

Abstract: A current generating circuit includes a first circuit subunit, a second circuit subunit and a third circuit subunit. The first circuit subunit is configured to generate a first current having a first temperature coefficient. The first temperature coefficient is a negative temperature coefficient. The second circuit subunit is configured to generate a second current having a second temperature coefficient. The second temperature coefficient is a positive temperature coefficient. The third circuit subunit is configured to generate a third current having a third temperature coefficient according to a difference between the first current and the second current. An absolute value of a slope of the third temperature coefficient is greater than that of the first temperature coefficient or that of the second temperature coefficient.

Abstract: According to the present invention, a semiconductor device includes a semiconductor chip, resistance of which changes in accordance with temperature, an external resistor connected in series with the semiconductor chip and a detector configured to detect, while a first voltage is applied between both ends of a series circuit formed by the semiconductor chip and the external resistor, a second voltage applied between both ends of the external resistor, wherein the detector calculates a temperature of the semiconductor chip from the second voltage.

Abstract: Devices, including wireless temperature sensors, are provided. The devices may include a patch including a conductive material, a substrate, and a ground plane. The devices may be used in the systems and methods provided herein to measure a temperature. The substrates of the devices may include a dielectric material.

Abstract: [Object] To provide a skin simulation device, an electronic apparatus evaluation method, and an electronic apparatus evaluation system that make it possible to reproduce the characteristics of a skin temperature of a human body. [Solving Means] In order to achieve the object described above, a skin simulation device according to an embodiment of the present technology includes a sheet-shaped simulated skin member that includes an outer surface and an inner surface, and a subcutaneous unit that includes a subcutaneous temperature detector and a subcutaneous temperature adjusting mechanism, the subcutaneous temperature detector being capable of detecting a temperature of the inner surface, the subcutaneous temperature adjusting mechanism being capable of adjusting the temperature of the inner surface. This makes it possible to adjust the temperature of the inner surface of the simulated skin member (a subcutaneous temperature), and to reproduce the characteristics of a skin temperature of a human body.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for sensing body temperature and wirelessly communicating measured data to at least one electronic device. The device includes a sensor device having a housing base, a housing cover releasably mountable on the housing base, and components for sensing body temperature and wirelessly communicating the measured temperature, including a temperature sensor, a power supply, a microprocessor, and a transmitter and receiver. The electronic device can include an application that communicates with the sensor device and provides a user interface.

Abstract: A magnetic field device determines external magnetic influence. The device has a component with ferromagnetic material. The component has one or more magnetizable tracks arranged adjacent to each other having opposing directions of magnetization and arranged axially in relation to the component. A first magnetic field sensor is arranged radially in relation to the component and is assigned to the two tracks. A second magnetic field sensor is arranged radially in relation to the component and is assignable to two magnetisable tracks. The signal of each of the magnetic field sensors is set in relation to the signal of the at least one another magnetic field sensor. The signals produced by the magnetic field sensors form at least one individual signal channel. The first and second magnetic field sensors are combined with each other axially along the direction of magnetization of the assigned magnetic track to form the signal channel.

Abstract: A transducer structure for converting a deformation along an axis into a corresponding deformation on a plane orthogonal to the axis itself, including: two end plates facing each other and aligned along a common reference axis (X); connection members projecting radially from each end plate according to respective different directions; lateral bars connecting the end plates to one another through two connection members. The connection members are deformable within respective deformation planes to allow relative movements between the end plates and the lateral bars such as to convert an axial movement of mutual approach between the two end plates into a corresponding radial movement of the lateral bars away from the reference axis (X), and vice-versa.

Abstract: In various aspects, embodiments of the disclosure are generally directed to measuring static and dynamic forces of a body using sensors. In particular, a sensor may include a first layer serving as a flexible support material; a second layer on the first layer, the second layer serving as a sensing material; and a third layer on the second layer, the third layer comprising an insulating material. Further, the second layer and the third layer may be coupled using a first electrode comprising a first conductive thread and a first non-conductive thread, and the first conductive thread may be embedded in the second layer. Also, the first layer and the second layer may be further coupled using a second electrode comprising a second conductive thread and a second non-conductive thread, and the second conductive thread may be embedded in the second layer.

Abstract: A torque tube sensor to measure torque on a torque tube includes a sensor body including at least a first body section and a second body section and one or more strain gauges including a first strain gauge disposed in the first body section, the first strain gauge including a piezo-electric layer that produces a voltage based on deflection of the layer. The sensor also includes a first transmitter that includes a controller, a power generator and wireless transmitter, wherein the controller receives the voltage produced by the piezo-electric layer.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for identifying downhole dynamics in a drilling system are provided. Acceleration-detecting sensors are mounted at multiple locations near to a drill bit, such as at a drill collar. The sensors may be spaced 90° apart along a circumference of the drill collar. The sensors detect acceleration measurements in a plane orthogonal to the drill string's axis of rotation, with respect to a first reference frame that moves with the drill string. The acceleration measurements are received by a processor and processed to determine rotational and revolution positions of the drill string within the wellbore with respect to a static reference frame. Whirl dynamics may, in particular, be determined based on the results in real time.

Abstract: A method for testing a switch in an advance pneumatic detector with a pressure tube includes moving a piston within the pressure tube with a magnet. A pressure of a gas in a portion of the pressure tube is adjusted in response to moving the piston. A state of the switch is monitored.

Abstract: A method for the visual inspection of the existence of pressure within a branch line of pipes includes locating the run of pipes, coupling a mechanical tee to a first pipe so as to form a branch in the run of pipes wherein the mechanical tee has a pressure indicator, pressurizing the run of pipes, and checking the pressure indicator for an indication of pressure within the run of pipes. The mechanical tee includes a collar portion configured to extend around a pipe. A neck portion is coupled to the collar portion. The channel of the neck portion is in fluid communication with the interior of the pipe. A pressure indicating device is in fluid communication with the channel to provide a visual indication of the pressure level. The pressure indicating device may include electrical contacts to communicate with a monitoring system.

Abstract: The present invention provides a pressure detection unit and a pressure sensor using the same that have a high degree of airtightness and that are capable of suppressing bonding defects even when the base is made of ceramics. In the pressure detection unit, a linear expansion coefficient of ceramic that forms the ceramic base 110 is set to ?1 (10?6/K) and a linear expansion coefficient of metal that forms the metal ring member 140 is set to ?2 (10?6/K), a relationship of 0.7×?2??1 exists between the linear expansion coefficients ?1 and ?2, and the metal ring member 140 is formed of a metal such as SUS420J2, SUS410, or SUS444, for example, which does not precipitate aluminum oxide on a brazing surface with a projecting portion.

Abstract: Monitoring systems and methods for a relief valve system. In one example, a monitoring system for a relief valve includes at least one tilt sensor coupled to one or more of a cover or a latch of the relief valve. The at least one tilt sensor is associated with an interface. Upon detection by the at least one tilt sensor that one of the cover is open or the latch is unlocked, a signal is transmitted by the interface indicating one or more of the cover is open or the latch is unlocked.

Abstract: The invention discloses a pneumatic sensor and an electronic cigarette having same, wherein the pneumatic sensor comprises a main body, a trigger component and a waterproof and breathable membrane, wherein the main body is provided with an internal cavity and at least one suction hole communicated with the internal cavity, the waterproof and breathable membrane is mounted in the main body and covers each of the suction holes, and the triggering component is mounted in the internal cavity and is triggered when the airflow is sucked from the suction hole to the outside. The technical solution of the invention effectively prevents the phenomenon that tobacco liquid and condensed water penetrate into the sensor, thereby causing damage to the sensor.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for packaging sensors for use in high temperature environments. In one example implementation, a sensor device includes a header; one or more feedthrough pins extending through the header; and a sensor chip disposed on a support portion of the header. The sensor chip includes one or more contact pads. The sensor device further includes one or more wire bonded interconnections in electrical communication with the respective one or more contact pads and the respective one or more feedthrough pins. The sensor device includes a first sealed enclosure formed by at least a portion of the header. The first sealed enclosure is configured for enclosing and protecting at last the one or more wire bonded interconnections and the one or more contact pads from an external environment.

Abstract: The Lopsided Payload Carriage Gimbal in al its embodiments allow Aerial Vehicles and Water-borne vehicles to carry payloads far from the vehicle Geometric Center without significant travel of the vehicle's overall Center of Gravity. Large travel of the CG limits vehicle's performance or renders it inoperable. The embodiments rely on the interaction of the payload and the counter balancing weight through the payload link 18, balancing link 10 main link 14 and battery pylon 8 to substantially reduce the torque generated by the payload in a lopsided position. The embodiments also allow the vehicle carrying the payload to change thrust direction agilely. Finally, the embodiment acts as a mechanical stabilization device for the payload as well. This invention is adaptable to all forms of hover-capable aerial vehicles as well as water-borne vehicles.

Abstract: A gas-tight plug is attachable by pressing it against an opening portion of a hollow component, the gas-tight plug being inserted into the opening portion using the force of pressing to be automatically aligned so that if the positions of a plurality of opening portions vary within an allowable tolerance, the axial directions of all the opening portions and the axial directions of the respective gas-tight plugs are automatically caused to coincide. A gas-tight plug includes an end portion, a contact part of a base portion end of the gas-tight plug coming into contact with a base of the pressing mechanism has a circular flat surface coaxial with the end portion, and the circular flat surface has a diameter more than 0.12 times and less than 0.2 times a total length of the gas-tight plug.

Abstract: The application relates to a test apparatus (100) for torsional testing of a wind turbine blade (10). The test apparatus (100) includes a test stand (110) for rigidly supporting a root end of the wind turbine blade; a load frame (120) for mounting on the wind turbine blade at a testing position along the length of the wind turbine blade; and at least one actuator (130) connected to the load frame for twisting the wind turbine blade about its longitudinal axis via the load frame. The load frame (120) comprises an outer frame (122) to which the at least one actuator (130) is connected and a profiled insert (124) held within the outer frame and defining a profiled aperture substantially corresponding to the profile of the wind turbine blade at the testing position such that, in use, the profiled insert substantially encloses and is in direct contact with the outer surface of the blade over substantially the entire profile of the wind turbine blade.

Abstract: A system for detecting damage in an aircraft structure includes an aircraft structure and a structural health monitoring (SHM) system for monitoring the health of the aircraft structure independent of temperature. The SHM system includes an actuator bonded to the aircraft structure and configured to generate a reference vibration signal having a reference amplitude that propagates through the aircraft structure at a first time, and generate a comparison vibration signal having a comparison amplitude that propagates through the aircraft structure at a second time after the first time. The comparison amplitude represents damage incurred by the aircraft structure between the first time and the second time. The SHM system includes a sensor bonded to the aircraft structure that receives the reference vibration signal and the comparison vibration signal, and a processor configured to compute a gain damage index as a function of the reference amplitude divided by the comparison amplitude.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for determining the structural integrity of an infrastructural element, comprising the steps of: measuring deformations, such as displacements or rotations, during a predetermined time period with deformation measurement means arranged at or near a main structural body of the infrastructural element, in particular supports of the main structural body, characterized by determining the load configuration of the main structural body over the course of the predetermined time period, such as the load configuration concerning the loading perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the main structural body, calculating the bending stiffness (EI) of the main structural body over the course of the predetermined time period, from the load configuration and deformations measured by the deformation measurement means, and comparing the bending stiffness (EI) at the end of the predetermined time period to the bending stiffness (EI) at the start of the predetermined time period to estab

Abstract: A screening apparatus for an optical fiber includes a delivery unit that delivers an optical fiber; a screening unit that applies tension to the delivered optical fiber to perform screening of the optical fiber; a winding unit that winds the optical fiber after screening; and a static electricity removing unit that removes static electricity of the optical fiber traveling on the predetermined passage, the static electricity removing unit being disposed along a predetermined passage of a passage of the optical fiber from an exit side of the screening unit to an entry side of the winding unit.

Abstract: A motorcycle test stand comprises at least one dynamometer configured and arranged to be connected to a drivetrain of a motorcycle to be tested, and a receptacle configured and arranged for receiving a motorcycle frame, and a base fixing the dynamometer and the receptacle relative to one another. The receptable has first and second connecting points configured and arranged to be coupled to the motorcycle frame.

Abstract: A chassis dynamometer that tests a two-wheel drive vehicle includes: a driving wheel side roller on which the driving wheels of the vehicle are placed; a driven wheel side roller on which the driven wheels of the vehicle are placed; a driving wheel side power absorbing part connected to the driving wheel side roller; a driven wheel side power absorbing part connected to the driven wheel side roller; a braking force measuring part that, via the driven wheel side power absorbing part, measures braking force exerted on the driven wheel side roller; and a control part that with use of the braking force measured by the braking force measuring part, sets the control target value of the power absorbing force of the driving wheel side power absorbing part to control the driving wheel side power absorbing part.

Abstract: A test method of accurately evaluating wear resistance performance of a rubber material when used as a tread rubber of a tire, comprises the steps of: preparing a test piece of the rubber material having a ground contact surface extending in a circumferential direction; abrading the ground contact surface by rolling the test piece on a running surface of a wear testing machine at a slip ratio of not more than 3.5%; and evaluating the wear resistance performance of the test piece by comparing the amount of wear of the test piece with a predetermined threshold value.

Abstract: A microtome for cutting fresh tissue slices from a specimen directs a reciprocating blade along a slicing path such that a cutting edge of the blade traverses a slicing window at an angle that is preferably perpendicular, or near perpendicular, to the slicing path. A blade drive motor drives the cutting edge of the blade in a reciprocating motion, in a longitudinal direction, via an eccentric coupled to a blade holder by a rigid link. Preferred embodiments include a specimen actuator disposed to urge the specimen into the slicing window, and a slidably-removable buffer tray disposed to receive a tissue slice cut from the specimen.

Abstract: The present application discloses a long-term, in-situ sampling and analysis device for sediment pore water and a method thereof. The long-term in-situ sampling and analysis device for sediment pore water includes a bracket, a probe, an elevator, a diverting device, a first water storage device, and a second water storage device, a peristaltic pump, a dissolved gas of sediment pore water analysis device and an in-situ environment measurement device. The present application can collect and store the sediment pore water in an in-situ, long-term and time-phased manner, and in low measuring error level.

Abstract: A method for identification of chemicals in a sample using a gas chromatograph, a surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor coupled with the gas chromatograph to define a gas chromatography (GC)/SAW system, and a Raman spectrometer. The method includes receiving SAW frequency response data generated by the SAW sensor, receiving Raman spectrum data generated by the Raman spectrometer, producing a Raman spectrum corresponding to an eluted component of interest based upon an integration of the Raman spectrum data, identifying a set of one or more candidate chemicals for the eluted component of interest based on a corresponding peak of the SAW frequency response data, and searching a Raman database for a match between the produced Raman spectrum and a chemical in the Raman database from among the set of candidate chemicals for the eluted component of interest.

Abstract: Disclosed are a water quality analyzer and a method for analyzing water quality. The water quality analyzer includes a first disc system, a second disc system, a colorimetric system, a cleaning system, a mechanical sampling system, an analysis system and a central control display. The first disc system and the second disc system are axially rotatable. A plurality of sample locating positions and a chemical locating positions are provided on the first disc system along a circumference of the first disc system. A plurality of colorimetric cuvette locating positions are provided on the second disc system, and the colorimetric system is arranged at a circumference edge of the second disc system. The cleaning system and the mechanical sampling system are provided between the first disc system and the second disc system. The method includes water sampling, water sample injection, cleaning, reagent extraction, reagent injection, cleaning and colorimetric analysis.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for reducing intracellular non-specific staining caused by a metal complex, and a method for improving specific staining. When a cell is stained by the method of the present invention, intracellular non-specific staining, which inevitably occurs when a metal complex is used, can be minimized, and as a result, specific staining for a target organelle can be effectively induced.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a gel-phase patch that performs a function of assisting in staining during a staining process such as a process of coming into contact with a specimen such as blood to perform a staining function of staining the specimen, a process of fixing the specimen, or a process of forming an optimal pH at a specimen stained by a staining sample. According to an aspect of the present disclosure, a contact-type staining patch includes a staining solution that reacts with a specimen and a gel receptor provided as a gel matrix of a mesh structure in which a pore that accommodates the staining solution is formed and the mesh structure prevents the staining solution in the pore from leaking or degenerating, and having a contact surface that comes into contact with the specimen to transfer some of the staining solution to the specimen.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for processing fluids are described. In various aspects, a fluid processing system may include a magnetic assembly that includes a plurality of magnetic structures configured to generate a magnetic field gradient within a fluid container. The magnetic structures may be formed as a plurality of electromagnets configured to be individually actuated by a controller. Each of the electromagnets may generate a magnetic field within the fluid container. The electromagnets may be differentially actuated to create a magnetic field gradient within the fluid container to agitate, mix, or otherwise influence magnetic particles disposed within the fluid container. Activation of the electromagnets of an electromagnetic structure may generate a magnetic field gradient that influences magnetic particles in an x-y direction.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for easily, rapidly and stably concentrating the viruses present in an aqueous solution at a high recovery rate, by adding a PEG solution containing the optimum concentration of polysaccharide and salt, shortening the settling time before centrifugation and relaxing the centrifugation conditions etc., and reagents used therein. The combined use of the method and the reagents for virus concentration with high-sensitive detection techniques and the reaction reagents used therein, enables easy and rapid detection or monitoring of viruses present in the environment, food materials or biomaterials with high sensitivity, which can contribute to the protection of viral infections in the fields of public safety, food safety and medicine.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method of separating cellular particles from a tissue sample and then sorting the cellular particles into two or more cellular particle populations.

Abstract: In a tension measurement device, a load cell, a base portion in which the load cell is provided, a pair of load transfer beams each having a support point and an action point provided in different positions and being configured to transfer a load to the load cell at a tip side, and a pressing member which is supported by the base side pins of the pair of load transfer beams and to which the load is applied are provided.

Abstract: A method for evaluating the breakage strength of first and second cemented surfaces of well cementation under a dynamic load, includes: producing a rock-set cement-casing composite structure sample; clamping the sample between an incident rod and an output rod of a Hopkinson rod, hitting the incident rod with a conical punch to generate incident waves, enabling the incident waves to pass through the sample to generate reflected waves and projected waves, recording dynamic strain signals of incident waves, reflected waves and projected waves, and converting the dynamic strain signals into electrical signals and transmitting the electrical signals to a computer; recording the process and the corresponding time point from breakage starting to a complete breakage of the first and second cemented surfaces by a photographic instrument; obtaining a strain rate time travel curve and a stress-strain curve, and obtaining the corresponding breakage strength by analyzing the curve peak points.

Abstract: Osmolality and osmolality sensors and methods utilizing electrochemical impedance to detect changes in impedance to varying salinity concentrations. By way of example, the impedance reported at the specified frequency varies logarithmically with the concentration of sodium chloride subject to the sensor surface. Measurements obtained by the sensors and methods herein are utilized, for example, to differentiate between the clinical stages of dry eye disease (290-316 mOsm/L) to complement the current diagnostic procedures. Blood serum, urinalysis, and saliva also may be tested and the corresponding osmolarity or osmolality level evaluated for indications of a disease or condition.

Abstract: An apparatus and system for detecting and measuring particles entrained in an air stream. The apparatus and system include an enclosure configured to define an aerosol sampling path and an optical path. The aerosol sampling path allows an air stream having entrained particles to pass therethrough. The aerosol sampling path intersects with the optical path. The intersection defines a sensing region. The sensing region may use a band pass filter to improve signal to noise ratio. At least one flow rate sensor may be located near the sensing region. A light source provides a light beam along the optical path. The light beam intersects with the air stream in the sensing region, wherein the light beam may be scattered by entrained particles contained in the aerosol sampling path.

Abstract: A particulate detection apparatus for controlling a particulate sensor which detects the amount of particulates discharged from a filter for collecting particulates contained in exhaust gas. The particulate sensor includes a detection section configured to electrify particulates contained in exhaust gas so as to produce electrified particulates. The particulate detection apparatus includes a period judgment section, an output obtainment section and an anomaly judgment section. The period judgment section judges whether or not the present point in time is within a previously set anomaly determination period just after completing a filter regeneration process. The output obtainment section obtains a sensor output representing the result of detection by the particulate sensor in the case where the present point in time is judged to be within the anomaly determination period.

Abstract: A particle analyzing apparatus (10) includes a processor (42) and storage (41). The processor (42) acquires a volume magnetic susceptibility of an analyte particle (p). The storage (41) stores reference data (43). The reference data (43) indicates a volume magnetic susceptibility of a reference particle of the same type as a type of the analyte particle (p) for each of possible crystal forms of the analyte particle (p). The processor (42) determines a crystal form of the analyte particle (p) on the basis of the volume magnetic susceptibility of the analyte particle (p) and the reference data (43).

Abstract: The present technology is directed to providing a new technology to form a stable flow inside a flow channel. The present technology provides a flow channel unit including a flow rate fluctuation suppressing unit, in which a cross-sectional area of at least part of a downstream flow channel of the flow rate fluctuation suppressing unit is smaller than a cross-sectional area of a remaining part of the flow channel. Furthermore, the present technology also provides a microparticle analysis device including the flow channel unit that includes the flow rate fluctuation suppressing unit, in which the cross-sectional area of at least part of a downstream flow channel of the flow rate fluctuation suppressing unit is smaller than the cross-sectional area of a remaining part of the flow channel.

Abstract: A flow cytometer includes apparatus for evaluating a trajectory of an ejected stream that carries micro-particles. The stream may be ejected from a micro-orifice of a micro-fluidic chip. The apparatus includes an imaging device and at least one processor configured to evaluate a trajectory of the ejected stream in at least two directions, e.g., a focusing direction and a direction transverse to the focusing direction. Based upon a detected trajectory, the system may execute an alarm function if the trajectory indicates an abnormal condition, or may move sample collection containers to accommodate for measured deviations in the trajectory of the ejected stream.

Abstract: An AI-based asset maintenance system accesses a variety of data sources related to an entity to analyze data regarding one or more damage mechanisms corresponding to the entity thereby identifying and implementing corrective actions that mitigate the effects of the damage mechanisms within the entity. The accessed data is stored using a parameterized data model that represents the entity. A trained parameter model identifies the most significant operating parameters for a given component of the entity for the damage mechanism affecting the component. A projection model is used to perform ‘what-if’ analysis of the most significant operating parameters for determining the instances of minimum and maximum degradation due to the damage mechanism. Corrective actions for mitigating the degradation due to the damage mechanism can be determined based on analysis of the operating parameters and other attributes corresponding to the best and worst case degradation scenarios.

Abstract: In one aspect, a material system comprises a metal substrate and a first coating layer disposed on the metal substrate. A first electrode is directly disposed on the first coating layer, and a second electrode is disposed on the metal substrate. In one aspect, a method for determining material performance includes flexing a material system and detecting impedance of the material system with an electrochemical impedance spectrometer. The material system has a metal substrate, a first coating layer disposed on the metal substrate, a first electrode directly disposed on the first coating layer, and a second electrode disposed on the metal substrate.

Abstract: A purge system includes a purge gas distribution manifold that includes at least one port through which light beam from an optical metrology or inspection head is transmitted. The purge gas distribution manifold includes a bottom surface having one or more apertures through which purge gas is expelled. The bottom surface is held in close proximity to the top surface of the substrate and the apertures may be distributed over the bottom surface of the purge gas distribution manifold so that purge gas is uniformly distributed over the entirety of the top surface of the substrate at all measurement positions of the substrate with respect to the optical metrology or inspection head.