Abstract: An apparatus operates to provide default services or functionality. The apparatus authenticates replaceable resources by determining whether the replaceable resources originate from a desired source. The apparatus provides an auxiliary service or functionality in addition to the default services or functionality when each of the replaceable resources originates from the desired source, and precludes the auxiliary service or functionality when any of the replaceable resources do not originate from the desired source.

Abstract: A deployment specification for implementing a requested cloud service is received by a server. A resource pool is queried by the server for available resources required by the deployment specifications. The resource pool includes a plurality of pre-configured resources for implementing one or more cloud services. A first resource required by the deployment specification is determined to be available within the resource pool. First resource metadata associated with the first resource is requested from a database. The resource metadata includes a resource identifier and a resource type of the first resource. The resource metadata associated with the first resource is received from the database. The first resource is deployed from the resource pool according to the deployment specification to implement the requested cloud service.

Abstract: Disaggregated computing architectures, platforms, and systems are provided herein. In one example, a method of operating a disaggregated computing architecture is presented. The method includes, receiving user commands to establish compute units among a plurality of physical computing components, each of the compute units comprising one or more of the plurality of physical computing components selected from among central processing units (CPUs), graphics processing units (GPUs), storage modules, and network interface modules. The method also includes forming the compute units based at least on logical partitioning within a Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) fabric communicatively coupling the plurality of physical computing components, wherein each of the compute units have visibility over the PCIe fabric to the one or more of the plurality of physical computing components assigned to the associated compute units using the logical partitioning within the PCIe fabric.

Abstract: Systems and methods enable displaying a graphical representation of system resource usage in a resource utilization map to inform users about system resource utilization by applications and processes running on a computing device. Users may provide inputs to enable the system to adjust resource allocations based on user preferences. This may enable users to improve the overall operational performance of the device consistent with their current personal preferences by identifying applications or processes of most or least interest so the device processor to prioritize system resources accordingly. Some aspects transmit resource allocation data based on such user input to a central server to enable community based resource allocation schemes. Community based resource allocation schemes may be transmitted to computing devices for use as default or preliminary resource allocations for particular applications, websites or device operating states.

Abstract: Generating and enforcing tenant-specific policies within a container includes, applying a first policy for a specific operational parameter when a software package that is running within a container and that is utilized by a plurality of tenants is leveraged by a first tenant of the plurality of tenants. A second policy is applied for the specific operational parameter when the software package is leveraged by a second tenant of the plurality of tenants.

Abstract: A multiprocessor computer system facility is provided for selectively reallocating a logical processing unit. The logical processing unit is one logical processing unit of multiple logical processing units backed by a socket of a plurality of sockets of a multiprocessor computer system. The selectively reallocating includes: monitoring, during execution of program code, a performance metric of a hardware resource of the socket, the hardware resource being shared by the multiple logical processing units; and reassigning the logical processing unit, based on the monitoring, to a different socket of the plurality of sockets of the multiprocessor computer system to, in part, improve the performance metric of the hardware resource of the socket. The reassigning includes reassigning the logical processing unit based on the monitoring determining that a differential between a resource utilization rate of the socket and a resource utilization rate of the different socket exceeds a set threshold.

Abstract: An injection system and method for monitoring and controlling task execution in a distributed computer system. The distributed computing environment is comprised of a plurality of computing nodes for executing an application, wherein the application is divided into tasks that are executed within containers on each of the nodes, and the tasks process vectors comprised of one or more data elements. A control plug-in injected into a specified container for execution with the tasks, wherein the control plug-in profiles footprint information for a targeted vector operated on by the tasks executed within the specified container.

Abstract: A method, apparatus and computer program product that allows for maintaining correct states of all sub-components in a state machine, even as sub-components leave the state machine and later rejoin in some previous state. Preferably, this is achieved without requiring the system to remember the states of all sub-components or a log of every event that was fed into the state machine. Thus, the technique does not require any knowledge of the previous state of the sub-components nor the need to preserve a complete log of events that were fed into the state machine. The state machine may be used to enhance the operation of a technological process, such as a workload management environment.

Abstract: An example method for balancing disk usages in a virtualized computing environment may include generating, by a storage manager configured to manage the virtualized computing environment, predicted-disk-utilizations for a plurality of physical disks provisioned to a virtual disk in the virtualized computing environment. In response to a determination that a first predicted-disk-utilization for a first physical disk selected from the plurality of physical disks exceeds a predetermined-utilization-threshold, the storage manager may generate a storage-balancing policy for splitting the virtual disk into a number of disk slices and distributing the number of disk slices to a subset of candidate physical disks selected from the plurality of physical disks, wherein the storage-balancing policy provides a minimum data-movement-variance for distributing of the number of disk slices to the subset of the candidate physical disks.

Abstract: A system and method for processing a data packet. The method comprises initiating processing of a received plurality of data packets by CPU cores; tracking, by a scale management routine, processing queues for the CPU cores and their load. In response to an average size of a processing queue being lower than a first pre-determined queue threshold, and a CPU core load being lower than a first pre-determined load threshold, preventing adding new data packets to the processing queue, monitoring emptying of processing queues for each processing CPU core. In response to an average size of a processing queue or a CPU core load being above a second pre-determined upper queue threshold or the second pre-determined load threshold, transmitting all data from processing queues for each processing CPU core to a memory buffer, increasing the number of processing cores by one; and initiating data packet processing.

Abstract: A computation node device includes a buffer configured to store first data, a receiver configured to receive a packet including second data, an error check circuit configured to perform an error check of the packet and output a check result, and an operation device configured to perform, before receiving the check result output from the error check circuit, a reduction operation by using the first data stored in the buffer and the second data included in the packet and output an operation result of the reduction operation when the check result output from the error check circuit indicates non-existence of an error in the packet.

Abstract: A method for forwarding data from the store instructions to a corresponding load instruction in an out of order processor. The method includes accessing an incoming sequence of instructions; reordering the instructions in accordance with processor resources for dispatch and execution; ensuring a closest earlier store in machine order for to a corresponding load, by determining if said store has an actual age but said corresponding load does not have an actual age, then said store is earlier than said corresponding load; if said corresponding load has an actual age but said store does not have an actual age, then said corresponding load is earlier than said store; if neither said corresponding load or said store have an actual age, then a virtual identifier table is used to determine which is earlier; and if both said corresponding load and said store have actual ages, then the actual ages are used to determine which is earlier.

Abstract: A method for providing communication between application programs running via devices connected to a same network is provided. The method includes an operation for connecting a first application program, which is running in a first device via a web socket server in the first device, with a second application program, which is running in a second device, and an operation for transmitting and receiving data between the second application program and the first application program via the web socket server.

Abstract: Some embodiments of the invention provide a system for defining, distributing and enforcing policies for authorizing API (Application Programming Interface) calls to applications executing on one or more sets of associated machines (e.g., virtual machines, containers, computers, etc.) in one or more datacenters. This system has a set of one or more servers that acts as a logically centralized resource for defining and storing policies and parameters for evaluating these policies. The server set in some embodiments also enforces these API-authorizing policies. Conjunctively, or alternatively, the server set in some embodiments distributes the defined policies and parameters to policy-enforcing local agents that execute near the applications that process the API calls. From an associated application, a local agent receives API-authorization requests to determine whether API calls received by the application are authorized.

Abstract: A method for providing communication between application programs running via devices connected to a same network is provided. The method includes an operation for connecting a first application program, which is running in a first device via a web socket server in the first device, with a second application program, which is running in a second device, and an operation for transmitting and receiving data between the second application program and the first application program via the web socket server.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and computer program products for suggesting application programming interfaces (APIs) based on feature and context analysis are provided herein. A computer-implemented method includes extracting at least one feature of an input function code based on application of one or more text analytics to one or more inputs pertaining to the input function code; deriving at least one item of context-related information from the input function code; generating a suggestion comprising one or more application programming interfaces, wherein said generating comprises comparing (i) the at least one feature of the input function code and (ii) the at least one item of context-related information to a database, and wherein the database comprises (a) feature data and (b) context-related information pertaining to multiple application programming interfaces; and outputting the suggestion to at least one user.

Abstract: A wearable electronic device includes an application processor to execute applications on the device. A user interface for the application can be displayed on a display of the wearable device. Some applications executed on the wearable device are associated with an activity session, such as, for example, a turn-by-turn navigation session, an exercise session, a media playback session. For the duration of this session, such applications can be flagged for persistent display on the wearable device and will be displayed upon activation of the wearable device in place of the default application.

Abstract: A method and system architecture for automation and alarm systems is provided. According to exemplary embodiments, relatively simple processing tasks are performed at the sensor level, with more complex processing being shifted to the gateway entity or a networked processing device. The gateway entity dynamically allocates processing resources for sensors. If a sensor detects than an event is occurring, or predicts that an event is about to occur, the sensor submits a resources allocation request and a power balancer running on the gateway entity processes the request. In response to the resources allocation request, the gateway entity allocates some processing resources to the requesting sensor and the data is processed in real-time or near-real-time by the gateway entity.

Abstract: Exclusive threads for multiple queues is described. A computing system adds a first event associated with a first entity to a first queue in response to receiving the first event. The computing system adds a second event associated with a second entity to a second queue in response to receiving the second event. The computing system adds a third event associated with the second entity to the second queue in response to receiving the third event. A first thread in the computing system removes the first event from the first queue, wherein any event in the first queue is removed exclusively by the first thread. The first thread processes the first event.

Abstract: According to an example, aggregation based event identification may include aggregating each of a plurality of source events by an event type of event types that represent dusters of the source events and/or a host of a source event of the source events to generate a reduced number of the source events. Aggregation based event identification may further include analyzing a characteristic for each of the reduced number of the source events, and assigning, based on the analysis of the characteristic for each of the reduced number of the source events, a characteristic weight to each of the reduced number of the source events. Further, aggregation based event identification may include aggregating the characteristic weights for each of the reduced number of the source events to determine an aggregated event issue weight for each of the reduced number of the source events.

Abstract: Aspects of the disclosure relate to using smart data to forecast and track dual stage events. A computing platform may receive, via the communication interface and from a user device, information indicating a dual stage event corresponding to an item. Thereafter, the computing platform may retrieve, from an external event data source and based on the information indicating the dual stage event, metadata corresponding to the dual stage event. Then, the computing platform may determine, based on the metadata corresponding to the dual stage event, a first value corresponding to the dual stage event. Subsequently, the computing platform may generate, based on the information indicating the dual stage event corresponding to the item, one or more commands directing a smart data server to determine a second value corresponding to the dual stage event. Next, the computing platform may transmit, to the smart data server, the one or more commands.

Abstract: A system and method involves detecting operational social disruptive events on a global scale, modeling data in conjunction with linguistics analysis to establish responsive actions, and generating visualization and executing models for communicating information.

Abstract: The disclosed technology adjusts hardware settings to map preferences consistently of a user experience across multiple hardware devices, despite there being different hardware capabilities and performance parameters among the different devices. A hardware settings translation engine receives a reference hardware setting of a reference computing device, a set of reference hardware performance parameter values, and a set of target hardware performance parameter values. The hardware settings translation engine then maps the set of target hardware performance parameter values to the set of reference hardware performance parameter values to yield a hardware adjustment map. The hardware settings translation engine determines the target hardware setting based on the reference hardware adjustment map and the reference hardware setting. The hardware settings translation engine sets the target hardware to the target hardware setting.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide a method, system and computer program product for the integration of a rules engine with message oriented middleware. In an embodiment of the invention, a method for managing a messaging component in message oriented middleware has been provided. The method includes creating shared memory in the memory of a computer and adding or deleting tokens in the shared memory corresponding to objects such as messages and message queues, created in and removed from, respectively, in a messaging component of message oriented middleware. The method additionally includes applying rules in a rules engine to the tokens in the shared memory. Finally, the method includes directing management operations in the messaging component responsive to the applied rules by the rules engine.

Abstract: This invention relates to a system, method and computer program product for parsing a message against a message model, the message mode comprising hierarchical message element options organized into nodes and branches. The method includes: setting, by a computer device, a current node and current branch to a first node and first branch in the message model; setting, by the computer device, a return marker in the message at a point corresponding to the current node; parsing, by the computer device, the message from the return marker against the current branch of the message model; setting, by the computer device, the current branch to a further branch based on the current message model branch being not successfully parsed against the message; and parsing, by the computer device, the message again from the return marker whereby the parsing does not need to start from the beginning of the message model.

Abstract: A message broker configured to handle messages received from a plurality of client applications comprises a plurality of message queues that are each associated with a different task. A first synchronous message is received at a first message queue from a first client application. A determination is made that at a time the first synchronous message is received there is an earlier-received message from a different client application waiting in the first message queue. In response to the determination, the first synchronous message is coalesced with the earlier-received message such that a task associated with the first message queue is executed only once for both messages and a notice of the execution is returned to the first client application.

Abstract: Systems and methods for facilitating communication with at least one software container are presented. In an example embodiment, a first messaging client executing on a computing system subscribes to a messaging topic at a messaging broker executing in the system. The subscribing to the messaging topic includes providing an identifier corresponding to the first messaging client. A second messaging client executing on the system publishes a message for the messaging topic to the messaging broker. The messaging broker forwards the published message to the first messaging client based on the subscribing to the messaging topic by the first messaging client. One or both of the first messaging client and the second messaging client execute in corresponding software containers in the system.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present application disclose a message processing method, apparatus, and system, which are applied to SDN. An application sends a first message to a controller, and the message includes service content used to describe a service requirement. The service content includes target information and operation information. The application receives a second message sent by the controller. A payload of the second message includes solution information of at least one solution used to implement the service content. The application obtains the solution information of the at least one solution based on the payload of the second message. Therefore, a service requirement is converted into a control requirement between an application plane and a control plane.

Abstract: A method for message handling in a work dispatcher computer system that includes a client computer, a dispatch queue and processing nodes. A total time is a sum of a first time value (an estimate of time that a message received from the client computer spends in a dispatch queue, based on an average time that N individual messages previously spent in the dispatch queue) and a second time value (an estimate of a minimum or average time for the message to be processed by the processing nodes). In response to determining that N s at least a specified threshold, it is ascertained whether a defined timeout period is not less than a specified threshold percent of the total time. If so, the message is sent to the dispatch queue and then to one of the processing nodes. If not, a timeout error indication is sent to the client computer.

Abstract: A method, computer program product, and system includes a processor(s) obtaining application programming interface (API) records from one or more computing resources in a shared computing environment, which include individual API data from each computing resource, identifying, for each API record, a relative path to an endpoint of a respective application deployed on the computing resource. The processor(s) combines the individual API data into merged API data, which includes modifying the relative path of each API record to identify a specific computing resource in the path. The processor(s) generates an interface to display to a client a list of APIs identified in the merged API data. The processor(s) obtains a selection from the client, of a specific API, and invokes, a connection, via the interface and using one or more security artifacts, to the endpoint and the respective application of the specific API.

Abstract: Techniques for an application programming interface (API) notebook tool are disclosed. In some implementations, an API notebook is a tool, framework, and ecosystem that enables easy exploration of services that expose APIs, creation and documentation of examples, use cases and workflows, and publishing and collaboration of APIs. In some embodiments, systems, processes, and computer program products for an API notebook tool include receiving a request for a client for calling an API for a service, and dynamically generating the client for the API for the service.

Abstract: A system for determining a quota comprises an input interface and a processor. The input interface is configured to receive an input quota value. The processor is configured to: determining total reservations for shared balances; determining whether the total reservations exceed ideal value maximum shared reservation amount; and in the event that the total reservations do not exceed an ideal value maximum shared reservation amount: indicating no modification to input quota value; setting output quota value to input quota value; and providing the output quota value.

Abstract: A data processing system includes a buffer, a design under checking (DUC), and a self-checking circuit. The buffer is used to buffer data generated from a source device. The DUC is used to perform a designated function upon data read from the buffer when operating under a normal mode. The self-checking circuit is used to apply logic functional checking to the DUC when the DUC operates under a self-checking mode. When the DUC operates under the self-checking mode, the buffer keeps buffering data generated from the source device.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are techniques for preventing or minimizing completion timeout errors on a computer device. An apparatus includes a processing logic circuit configured to perform transactions requested by a requester device, and a timeout prevention logic coupled to the processing logic circuit. The timeout prevention logic includes a timeout logic and a moderation logic. The timeout logic is configured to, when the processing logic circuit fails to complete a particular transaction requested by the requester device within a reconfigurable time period, generate a timeout event and complete the particular requested transaction. The moderation logic is configured to determine a number of timeout events generated by the timeout logic during a monitoring time period, and set the reconfigurable time period based on the number of timeout events generated by the timeout logic during the monitoring time period.

Abstract: A storage system maintains a cache and a non-volatile storage. An error recovery component queries a cache component to determine whether modified customer data exists in a memory preserve cache. In response to determining that the modified customer data exists in the memory preserve cache, and in response to a failure beyond a threshold number of times of initial microcode load (IML) attempts to recover the modified customer data, an error notification is transmitted for manual intervention to avoid loss of the modified customer data.

Abstract: Contextual graph matching based anomaly detection may include evaluating computer-generated log file data to create a master directed graph that specifies known events and transitions between the known events. The master directed graph may be processed to determine a plurality of decomposed master graph walks. Incoming computer-generated log file data may be evaluated to create an incoming directed graph that specifies unknown events and transitions between the unknown events. The incoming directed graph may be processed to determine a decomposed incoming walk. Overlap, distance difference, and correlation scores may be determined for each walk pair of a plurality of walk pairs including each of the plurality of decomposed master graph walks and the decomposed incoming walk. One of the decomposed master graph walks may be selected based on the overlap score, the difference score, and the correlation score, to detect an anomaly.

Abstract: Systems, products and methods for enabling symptom verification. Verifying a symptom may include eliminating repeated symptom definitions or eliminating symptoms having low accuracy. A computer system enables verification of a symptom including a rule for detecting a set of events related to a given problem. The computer system includes a symptom database which stores the symptom, a specimen database which stores a specimen including a set of events detected according to a rule of a certain symptom, and an analysis unit which analyzes the specimen stored in the specimen database using a new symptom in order to determine whether to add the new symptom to the symptom database. The present disclosure also includes a method and a computer program for enabling verification of a symptom including a rule for detecting a set of events related to a given problem.

Abstract: A method, including receiving, by a secure processor housed in a disaster-proof casing located at a local site, recurring wireless signals from an application server and from a storage system that are collocated with the processor at the local site, the application server configured to store data to the primary storage system, and to mirror the data to a remote site, each of the wireless signals indicating a status of the application server or the storage system at a given time. A status log including the respective statuses of the application server and the storage system at the received times is stored to a memory in the casing, and subsequent to failures of the application server, the storage system and the mirroring, the status log analyzed to compute a data loss at the local site resulting from the failures of the application server, the storage system, and the mirroring.

Abstract: A processor calculates a correlation between a first data item and a second data item, based on values of the first data item in a first log and values of the second data item in a second log, and determines an influence direction by comparing values of a first chronological item with values of a second chronological item. The processor collects third and fourth logs respectively generated later than the first and second logs. The processor determines whether the correlation holds with respect to values of the first data item in the third log and values of the second data item in the fourth log, and outputs an anomaly report, when the correlation does not hold, to indicate which of the first and second data items is a cause data item (i.e., the source of an anomaly), based on the influence direction.

Abstract: Data, attributes, and metrics from unavailable resource hosts may be collected and used for cluster analysis in order to correlate the different hosts and group similar hosts into clusters. The clusters may be ranked based on the collected information and used to provide a simple way to identify shared failure modes among the unavailable hosts. By identifying the hosts of each cluster, shared failures can be corrected for large groups of hosts at the same time, enabling the hosts to return to operational states.

Abstract: A fault tolerant operating method and an electronic device using the same are provided. The method includes: performing a first procedure by a first executive file installed in the electronic device; when an error occurs to cause the first procedure to abort, sending an aborted notification to a fault tolerant module by an operating system (OS) and obtaining an aborted address information of the first procedure by the fault tolerant module; and sending the aborted address information to the OS by the fault tolerant module, such that the OS calls the first executive file to continue executing the first procedure based on the aborted address information.

Abstract: Systems and methods for automatic repair, replacement, and/or configuration of various network devices within a communications network are disclosed. The system may receive indication of a failed network device and automatically perform diagnostic on the network device to determine any problems associated with the hardware and/or software components within the network device. Subsequently one or more repair, replacement, and/or configuration procedures may be automatically initiated in an attempt to resolve the problems and restore the failed network device.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are described for an on-chip reliability controller. For example, one embodiment of a processor comprises: a set of one or more cores to execute instructions and process data; a reliability controller to perform one or more self-test/diagnostic operations, the reliability controller to aggregate reliability data resulting from the self-test/diagnostic operations; a reliability estimator integral to the reliability controller to use the aggregated reliability data to perform a probability analysis to determine reliability estimates for one or more components of the processor; and a control unit integral to the reliability controller to adjust one or more variables and/or circuitry related to operation of the processor responsive to the reliability estimates.

Abstract: An aspect includes a method for auto-disabling dynamic random access memory (DRAM) error checking based on a threshold. A method includes receiving data at a DRAM and executing error checking logic based on the data. The error checking logic detects an error condition in the data and it is determined, at the DRAM, whether detecting the error condition in the data causes an error threshold to be reached. The error checking logic is disabled at the DRAM in response to determining that detecting the error condition in the data causes the error the error threshold to be reached.

Abstract: A system for error correction code (ECC) management of write-once memory (WOM) codes includes, for example, a controller for selecting between one of a WOM (Write-Once Memory) mode and an ECC (error correction code) mode. A codec is arranged to operate in the selected mode. The codec while operating in the ECC mode is arranged to identify a bit position of at least one bit error in response to ECC parity bits of a first received data word. The codec while operating in the WOM mode is arranged to receive a WOM-encoded word from an addressed location in a WOM device, to receive a second received data word to be encoded and written to the addressed location, and to generate WOM-encoded word for writing to the addressed location in the WOM device. The WOM-encoded word for writing to the addressed location is optionally ECC encoded.

Abstract: A data storage device is disclosed comprising a non-volatile storage medium (NVSM), wherein a plurality of codewords and corresponding parity sector are written to the NVSM and then read from the NVSM. Each codeword read from the NVSM is processed using a Viterbi-type detector, thereby generating codeword reliability metrics. The codeword reliability metrics for at least some of the codewords are processed using a low density parity check (LDPC) type decoder, thereby generating a LDPC reliability metric for each symbol of at least one codeword. The LDPC reliability metrics for at least one of an un-converged codeword are processed using the parity sector, thereby updating the un-converged codeword reliability metrics. Processing the codeword reliability metrics with the LDPC decoder and updating the reliability metrics with the parity sector is repeated at least once before updating the LDPC reliability metrics of at least the un-converged codeword using the Viterbi-type detector.

Abstract: A method for responding to a read request from a user for a set of encoded data slices (EDSs) in a distributed storage network begins with a processing module determining that a threshold number of encoded data slices is not available and continues with the processing module determining that one or more copies are available for the set of EDSs. The method continues with the processing module determining whether a combination of the one or more additional EDSs within the copy of the set of EDSs and the available EDSs from the set of EDSs is at least a read threshold number of EDSs, and when a read threshold is available based on the combination the processing module responds to the request using the combination.

Abstract: A multilayered index is implemented for data stored in a data storage system. The multilayered index may include a granular index that specifies the location of specific files or abstractions within the data storage system, while a skip table specifies segments of the abstractions, and may point to both the granular index and the data storage devices of the data storage system. In redundancy coded systems, the use of multilayered indices may enable asynchronous retrieval of data during normal or adverse operation (such as during periods of varying data availability).

Abstract: The disclosed computer-implemented method for distributing information across distributed storage devices may include (1) dividing, at a computing device, each of “K” distributed storage devices (DSDs) in a plurality of DSDs into “P” portions, where “P” is a sum of “M” data portions and “N” parity portions, (2) creating “K” erasure-coded volumes, where each volume includes one portion on different DSDs, “M” data portions, and “N” parity portions, and (3) combining the “K” volumes to create a file system. Various other methods, systems, and computer-readable media are also disclosed.

Abstract: Scale out data protection with erasure coding is presented herein. Based on an initial number of storage devices determined to have been included in an initial stage of a data storage cluster, an initial protection scheme for the initial stage can determine first coding fragment(s) for data stored within the data storage cluster to facilitate a first recovery, from the initial stage, of the data using the first coding fragment(s). Further, in response to a defined number of additional storage devices being determined to have been added to the data storage cluster to generate a modified data storage cluster, the initial protection scheme can be modified to obtain a modified protection scheme that can determine, for the modified data storage cluster, second coding fragment(s) for the data to facilitate a second recovery of the data using the first coding fragment(s) and the second coding fragment(s).