Abstract: The image forming apparatus manages information on a consumable item by a management chip and includes a control unit configured to control the management chip, and the management chip includes: a chip-side storage unit whose storage area is made up in units of blocks; a simultaneous writing unit configured to simultaneously write information on the consumable item in units of the blocks in the chip-side storage unit; and a predetermined unit writing unit configured to write information on the consumable item in predetermined units smaller than the block unit in the chip-side storage unit, and the control unit performs control so as to write information on the consumable item by the simultaneous writing unit at timing at which there is time constraint and performs control so at to write information on the consumable item by the predetermined unit writing unit at timing at which there is no time constraint.

Abstract: A screw is rotated to replenish toner from a hopper to a developing device. Rotation of the screw, toner stored in the hopper, and a toner density in the developing device are detected. Whether or not to replenish toner from the hopper to the developing device is controlled based on a detection result of rotation of the screw. The number of rotations of the screw during a predetermined time period is acquired. The predetermined time period corresponds to a time period during which the replenishment processing is being executed and over which a state in which toner in the hopper is detected is changed to a state in which toner in the hopper is not detected. An abnormality of the hopper is detected if the number of rotations in the predetermined time period is larger than a predetermined number.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a developing roller configured to develop an electrostatic latent image on a photosensitive drum to form a toner image; a belt onto which the toner image is transferred; a detection unit configured to detect a density of an image for detection formed on the belt; and a controller configured to perform hue adjustment based on a detection result of the detection unit. The image forming apparatus performs image formation in a second mode using a color gamut different from a color gamut in a first mode, and the controller obtains a lookup table, which indicates a correlation between image data to be used and input image data in the second mode, based on the detection result in the first mode and a correlation of density between the first mode and the second mode.

Abstract: In a stapling device, a first guide member and a second guide member are disposed one by one on both sides of a binding portion of the recording medium on a side of a recording medium placing of a placement table such that each of the guide members is rotatable, and the first guide member and the second guide member are rotatable between a first posture along a first direction in which one abutting end side extends and a second posture inclined with respect to the first direction in line symmetry with respect to an imaginary line that passes through the binding portion along a second direction orthogonal to the first direction.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a process cartridge comprising: a housing; a rotatable component; a driving force receiver configured to transmit a driving force to the rotatable component; an elastic member; wherein when the process cartridge is installed in an imaging device comprising a driving head, the driving force receiver has a first state and a second state relative to the driving head, the first state being a state in which the driving force receiver contacts the driving head and is in a pre-engaged position and the second state being a state in which the driving force receiver is engaged by the driving head; wherein when the driving force receiver is in the first state relative to the driving head, the elastic member is configured to urge the driving force receiver to transition from the first state to the second state as a result of rotation of the driving head.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a cleaning unit that includes a cleaning blade, a coating roller that comes in contact with an image carrier on an upstream side, in a conveyance direction, of the image carrier than the cleaning blade and coats toner onto the image carrier, and a plate member that comes in contact with the coating roller and coats toner onto the coating roller, and controls a contact force changer that changes a contact force of the plate member relative to the coating roller and/or a contact force of the coating roller relative to the image carrier, correspondingly to a change of an index with regard to the contact force of the coating roller.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image bearing member, a charging member for charging the image bearing member, an exposure unit for exposing the charged surface of the image bearing member, a developing apparatus that supplies a developer containing a toner particle and an external additive having an opposite charging polarity to the regular charging polarity of the toner particle to the image bearing member, a cleaning member for removing the developer from the image bearing member, a transfer member for transferring a developer image on the image bearing member onto a transfer subject material, and a voltage application unit for applying a voltage to the transfer member. During an image non-formation period as a lubrication operation to the cleaning member, (i) the developer is supplied to the image bearing member, and (ii) a voltage having an identical polarity to a voltage applied during the image formation operation is applied.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes image forming stations including respective electrophotographic photosensitive drums; an image transfer belt contactable to the drums; image transfer rollers, contactable to the transfer belt to urge the belt to the drums for transferring the toner images from the drums onto the belt, the rollers being provided with respective rotational shafts about an axis of which the rollers are rotatable; and a slidable member slidable in a direction in which the stations are arranged to retract the rollers away from the corresponding drums, the slidable member being provided with inclined surfaces contactable to the shafts, the inclined surfaces being disposed at such positions that the rollers are retracted from respective drums sequentially with the movement of the slidable member in the direction.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a main body including a first guide portion and a second guide portion, a process cartridge including a photosensitive drum, a support frame configured to support the process cartridge and move between an inside position and an outside position. The support frame includes a first side frame. The first side frame includes a first guided portion to be guided by the first guide portion. The second side frame includes a second guided portion guided by the second guide portion A dimension of the first side frame is greater than or equal to a dimension of the first side frame. A dimension of the second side frame is greater than or equal to a dimension of the second side frame.

Abstract: A method includes providing wireless communication between a device having a holography module and a watch. The watch is being worn by a user and has sensors. The holography module outputs one or more holographic objects in three-dimensional space. User's selection of one of the holographic objects is detected by the watch. Direction of rotation of a crown of the watch is detected and rotational speed of the crown of the watch is measured by the watch. The watch communicates to the holography module the direction of rotation of the crown and the rotational speed of the crown. The holography module changes position of the selected holographic object by moving the selected holographic object. Direction of movement of the selected holographic object corresponds to the direction of rotation of the crown. Speed of the movement of the selected holographic object corresponds to the rotational speed of the crown.

Abstract: A drive device for a display element for displaying a quantity associated with time or derived from time, includes a cam that is pivoted about a first axis and designed to drive the movement of the display element, the cam having a peak, a lever that is pivoted about a second axis, and a spring that is designed to return the lever into contact with the cam, wherein an angle (?) is formed, in a plane perpendicular to the first and second axes, between (i) a straight line passing through (a) the contact point between the peak, in particular the point is farthest from the first axis, and the lever, and (b) the first axis, and (ii) a straight line passing through the first axis (A3) and the second axis, the angle (?) is less than or equal to 70°.

Abstract: An electronic timepiece device comprises an electronic processing unit determining first, geolocation parameters and second parameters concerning the current legal standard time, and establishing local horizontal coordinates of the Sun from predetermined calculation rules stored in a memory of the electronic processing unit.

Abstract: A back (1) for a watch case (50), the back (1) including a first element (10) arranged so as to be screwed onto the watch case (50), and a second element (20) including an end face bearing a pattern (M), the second element (20) being mounted such that it can move in rotation about an axis (C) passing through the centre of the case (50), wherein the second element (20) has a brake arranged so as to hold same relative to the first element (10) in different angular positions about the rotational axis (C), the brake being disposed between the first and second elements (10, 20).

Abstract: An electronic watch includes a pointer, a receiver (GPS receiver) configured to receive positional identification information for identifying a current location, a magnetic sensor, and a controller configured to acquire destination information indicating a position of a destination, identify a direction of the destination, based on the positional identification information, an output of the magnetic sensor, and the destination information, identify a distance to the destination, based on the positional identification information and the destination information, and display a direction of the destination with the pointer. The controller switches the pointer to a set hand movement operation when the identified distance a threshold value.

Abstract: Provided is clock signal generator configured to generate a target output clock signal based on a reference clock signal, the clock signal generator includes a digital-to-time converter (DTC) configured to delay a reference clock signal based on an input code to generate a delay clock signal, and output the delay clock signal, a DTC controller configured to determine an initial gain value of the DTC based on a result of comparing at least one delay amount of the DTC with a period of a previously generated output clock signal, and generate the input code based on the initial gain value, and a phase locked loop configured to generate the target output clock signal based on the delay clock signal and a division clock signal of the previously generated output clock signal, the target output clock signal being locked to the delay clock signal.

Abstract: An electronic device such as a wristwatch device or other device may have a display. The display may be used to continuously display information such as watch face information. A watch face image on the display may contain watch face elements such as watch face hands, watch face indices, and complications. To reduce burn-in risk for watch face elements, control circuitry in the electronic device may impose burn-in constraints on attributes of the watch face elements such as peak luminance constraints, dwell time constraints, color constraints, constraints on the shape of each element, and constraints on element style. These constraints may help avoid situations in which static elements such as watch face indices create more burn-in than dynamic elements such as watch face hands.

Abstract: An electronic device is provided. The electronic device includes a bezel as a first metallic component, a dial as a second metallic component to form a capacitor with the bezel, an inner ring as a dielectric disposed between the bezel and the dial, at least one processor configured to obtain a capacitance value generated by a touch input on the bezel.

Abstract: In the conventional semiconductor device, it is impossible for two CPUs to operate memories to be debugged at synchronous timings. According to one embodiment, the operation verifying program analyzes the operation verifying command received by the first semiconductor device 10 from the external device 31 by its own device (S32), transfers the operation verifying command to the second semiconductor device 20 (S31, S41), also analyzes the operation verifying command in the second semiconductor device 20 (S42), outputs the trigger signal (S34, S44) to the first semiconductor device 10 from the second semiconductor device 20 based on the result of the analysis, writes the memory setting values included in the operation verifying command to the memories in the respective semiconductor device (S35, S45) based on the trigger signal, and restarts the device operation based on the written memory setting values.

Abstract: The present invention provides a control device that executes model predictive control related to a predetermined control target corresponding to an actual target device which is an actual target of servo control in order to cause an output of the actual target device to track a predetermined command. The control device includes: an integrator which receives input of a deviation between the predetermined command and an output of the predetermined control target; and a model predictive control unit which has a prediction model that defines a correlation between a predetermined state variable and an input to the predetermined control target in a form of a predetermined state equation, and which performs model predictive control based on the prediction model according to a predetermined evaluation function in a prediction section having a predetermined time width using the output of the integrator as an input.

Abstract: A building management system includes building equipment operable generate training data relating to behavior of a building system and a controller configured to perform a system identification process that includes generating a prediction error function based on the training data and a system model, generating initial guesses of one or more parameters of the system model, running an optimization problem of the prediction error function for a first group of iterations, discarding, after the first group of iterations, a portion of the initial guesses based on one or more criteria and ranking a remaining portion of the initial guesses, running the optimization problem of the prediction error function for a top-ranked initial guess of the remaining portion to local optimality to identify a first set of values of the one or more parameters, and identifying the one or more parameters as having the first set of values.

Abstract: A content output apparatus includes a management unit configured to manage preference information relating to a preference regarding content and mode information relating to an output mode of content, a content decision unit configured to decide content to be output, based on the preference information or independently of the preference information, a mode decision unit configured to decide an output mode of the decided content based on the mode information, an output unit configured to output the decided content, in the decided output mode, and an acquisition unit configured to acquire a reaction of a user to the output content. The management unit changes the mode information, if the reaction of the user is negative and the output content is content decided independently of the preference information.

Abstract: A Building Management System (BMS) includes a plurality of building subsystems and communications interface. The building subsystems include device(s) for controlling aspect(s) of the building subsystem. The communications interface receives commands from a cloud-based controller and a local client device. The commands from the cloud-based controller and local client device are structured to modify setting(s) for a device of the building subsystems. A BMS controller receives, via the communications interface from the cloud-based controller, a command for modifying a setting of a device for a first building subsystem. The BMS controller identifies a local setting of the device provided by the local client device. The BMS controller identifies a priority of the command from the cloud-based controller in relation to a priority of the local setting. The BMS controller controls the device based on the respective priorities.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an apparatus and method capable of automatically identifying an obstacle in front of a mobile terminal, the apparatus comprising a transmitting module, a receiving module, and a controller MCU module. The transmitting module is in signal connection to the receiving module, the transmitting module and the receiving module are both in signal connection to the controller MCU module (STM32 series), and the controller MCU module is also in signal connection to a mobile terminal CPU.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and terminal equipment for planting vegetables on internet rental land, thereby enabling land lessees with idle land to cooperate with urban people seeking to eat green vegetables which are economical and practical, on the one hand, meeting the requirement that urban people eat green vegetables which are practical and reliable, on the other hand, enabling idle land to be reasonably utilized, especially wasting land in rural areas, and bringing considerable benefits to the land lessees; meanwhile, along with the popularization and application of the method and the terminal equipment, a large number of employment posts can be brought to rural areas, and the economic development of the rural areas can be promoted.

Abstract: A domain management resource monitors a behavior of a user controlling multiple resources disposed in a domain of a network environment. Based on the monitored behavior, the domain management resource identifies a repeated pattern of control in which the user controls a particular resource in the domain. The domain management resource derives a proposed control rule based on the repeated pattern of control. The proposed control specifies how to control the particular resource. The domain management resource presents the control rule for review and possible editing prior to programming the domain management resource to execute the control rule.

Abstract: An electrical control system which controls an electrical device from two or more locations with independent control function, the system including a wall adapter having a first integrated circuit board, a first enclosure, and a second enclosure. The first enclosure includes a first push button, a first synchronizing push button, and a second IC board electrically connected to the wall adapter; and the second enclosure includes a second push button, a second synchronizing push button, and a third IC board. Each of the wall switch, the first synchronizing push button, and the second synchronizing push button is a system power control button and part of a synchronizing circuit that synchronizes the electrical control system to default system power controls upon being pressed by a user. Each of the first and second push buttons is a local button that controls a respective controlled receptable of a respective enclosure.

Abstract: A circuit for coupling a field bus and a local bus. A field bus controller is equipped to send and receive process data over the field bus. A local bus controller is equipped to send and receive the process data over the local bus. A data management unit is connected to the field bus controller and the local bus controller. The data management unit is equipped to transfer the process data between field bus controller and local bus controller. A memory area connected to the data management unit for copying and storing the process data. A processor connected to the data management unit and connected to the memory area. The processor is equipped to set up the data management unit to copy the process data into the memory area and the processor is equipped to read out the process data copied in the memory area.

Abstract: A generator system for operation of at least one generator and at least one breaker includes an interface, a database, and a generator controller. The interface is configured to receive an architecture for the generator system. The database includes at least one generator parameter and at least one breaker parameter. The generator controller is configured to determine generator layouts from the architecture for the generator system. The generator controller determines a generator system command based on a comparison of the generator layouts, the at least one generator parameter, and the at least one breaker parameter.

Abstract: A system comprises a plurality of electronic devices and a server. Each of the plurality of electronic devices is configured to report a working status parameter to the server. The server is configured to receive working slams parameters from the plurality of electronic devices, determine a first electronic device being faulty from the plurality of electronic devices based on working status parameters sent by the plurality of electronic devices, and send an indication to a control device corresponding to the first electronic device. The server is further configured to receive a response from the control device indicating a request for maintenance of the first electronic device in response to a user's selection on the control device.

Abstract: Systems and methods for time use optimization are provided. One embodiment of a method includes determining time of use pricing data associated with purchase of energy from an energy provider, partitioning a predetermined amount of time into a plurality of segments, where the plurality of segments corresponds with the higher cost tier and the lower cost tier, and creating an energy set point schedule for setting a set point of a controllable device, where the energy set point schedule sets the set point of the controllable device to a predetermined value for each of the plurality of segments. Some embodiments include determining energy utilized by the controllable device during at least a portion of the energy set point schedule and iteratively altering the energy set point schedule, based on a comparison of the energy utilized and a current status of the energy set point schedule.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method for automating process control interlock testing, verification and documentation. Various control system entities can be utilized by a created control system program that understands the required response of the control system to various operating conditions and interlocks. By continuously monitoring control system entities the created program evaluates the control systems ability to shut down the process and equipment. The automated method verifies that all utilized control system programming, software, hardware, communicated and/or hardwired interconnections are working properly. The automated method and continuous monitoring can determine that an interlock is incapable of shutting down the process as required and can notify the operator of a failed or malfunction interlock.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the computer-supported providing of information, available in the form of computer code, for a service of a process module, which can be coupled for forming an automated process section with other process modules, comprising the following steps: providing an operator with a selection option for statuses of the service of the process module from a predefined status diagram with at least two statuses; receiving an input for establishing at least one status from the predefined status diagram for the service; providing a list of those units of the process module which emit first signals and/or receive second signals; for each status of the service, enabling and receiving corresponding inputs for providing first data, which specifies an assignment of possible first and second signals of units from the list as a cause to possible first and second signals of units from the list as an effect; and, based on the first data, determining second data which specifies an assignment of p

Abstract: A threat detection system for industrial controllers, comprising: at least one Programmable Logic Controller (PLC); at least one physical device connected with the PLC; a Deterministic Fictitious Programmable Logic Controller (DFPLC) deterministically programmed to respond with at least one predetermined signal to at least one input signal received; and a monitoring unit connected with the DFPLC; the DFPLC disguised as a PLC; and the monitoring unit configured to send at least one input signal to the DFPLC, receive at least one response from the DFPLC and communicate at least one alert upon the at least one response being other than an expected response according to the deterministic programming of the DFPLC.

Abstract: A system and method capable of encoding design intent for an article of manufacture wherein the original design intent encoding is abstract from any particular manufacturing process or machine, but allows for dynamic process adjustment accounting for real-world variations of stock material such that the design intent is preserved and the processing time and effort are not significantly affected. Because design intent is preserved, tool selection and machine process can be optimized to maximize quality and minimize manufacturing time and cost.

Abstract: Example implementations relate to generating instructions for robotic tasks. A method may involve determining task information of a path-based task by an end-effector on an object, where the task information includes (i) at least one task parameter, and (ii) a nominal representation of the object. The method also involves based on the task information, determining one or more parametric instructions for the end-effector to perform the task, where the one or more parametric instructions indicate a toolpath for the end-effector to follow when performing the task. The method also involves generating, based on sensor data, an observed representation of the object, and comparing the observed and the nominal representations. The method further involves based on the comparison, mapping the parametric instructions to the observed representation of the object. The method yet further involves sending the mapped instructions to the end-effector to cause the robotic device to perform the task.

Abstract: An information handling system includes a chassis and a payload. The chassis directs an airflow along the payload. The payload includes a heatsink for cooling a first component using a first portion of the airflow and an airflow directing heatsink for cooling a second component. The airflow directing heatsink uses both of the first portion of the airflow and a second portion of the airflow for cooling the second component.

Abstract: A method of load characteristic identification and acceleration adjustment for a machine tool is provided. A first acceleration of a transmission system is set according to the weight of a workpiece, and the working platform and the workpiece are driven at the first acceleration. A first elastic deformation of the transmission system and an amount of first position error of the transmission system are calculated when transmission system is moved at the first acceleration. A dynamic error is calculated according to the first elastic deformation and the first position error. When the dynamic error is less than or greater than a target error, a second acceleration is set to the transmission system, and a second elastic deformation and a second position error are calculated when the transmission system moves at the second acceleration unit the dynamic error is converged to the target error.

Abstract: An instant correction method for an encoder includes the following steps. The motion of a device under test is sensed to obtain a first wave signal and a second wave signal. The first and second wave signals are sampled to generate N first digital signal values and N second digital signal values. N positioning positions are generated according to the N first and second digital signals, and the N positioning positions are added to a calculation group. A regression analysis is performed for the calculation group to generate a regression curve. The (N+1)-th prediction position is predicted using the regression curve. The ideal position of the device under test is determined at a time point of the (N+1)-th prediction position according to an ideal position curve. An error value between the (N+1)-th prediction position and the ideal position is applied to correct the device under test.

Abstract: An evapotranspiration mitigation method, system, and computer program product include checking a condition via a first sensor connected to an outside of a device to compute an evapotranspiration level and activating a roof opening of the device to deploy a roof from the device if the evapotranspiration level is greater than a pre-determined threshold.

Abstract: A system for detecting and evaluating environmental quantities and events is formed by a detection and evaluation device and a mobile phone, connected through a wireless connection. The device is enclosed in a containment casing housing a support carrying a plurality of inertial sensors and environmental sensors. A processing unit is coupled to the inertial sensors and to the environmental sensors. A wireless connection unit, is coupled to the processing unit and a wired connection port, is coupled to the processing unit. A programming connector is coupled to the processing unit and is configured to couple to an external programming unit to receive programming instructions of the processing unit. A storage structure is coupled to the processing unit and a power-supply unit supplied power in the detection and evaluation device. The mobile phone stores an application, which enables a basicuse mode, an expert use mode, and an advanced use mode.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for mapping timer channels to protection groups. One embodiment of the method can be implemented in a microcontroller unit (MCU) that comprises a central processing unit (CPU) coupled to a plurality of timer channels and a plurality of programmable group output disable (PTGOD) circuits. The CPU can select a first group of the timer channels to respond to an assertion of a first output disable signal from a first of the PTGOD circuits. Each timer channel of the first group can disable an output signal in response to receiving the assertion of the first output disable signal.

Abstract: A system and a method for executing a work process on an object. The system includes at least one work station, an acquisition device, a control device and an auditor device.

Abstract: The invention relates to a system for vehicle body construction, comprising a central control unit (1) and at least two electrically operated actuation devices (2), which each have their own control unit (2.1) for controlling the movement of said actuation devices. According to the invention, the control unit (2.1) of one of the two actuation devices (2) is connected to the central control unit (1) via the control unit (2.1) of the other of the two actuation devices (2).

Abstract: According to some embodiments, an operating environment measurement of an industrial asset may be received from at least one sensor. A high-fidelity physics-based model may represent operational performance of the industrial asset and the performance's dependency on the operating environment measurement. A surrogate model creation engine may automatically create a surrogate model of the industrial asset based on the operating environment measurement and results from the high-fidelity physics-based model. An optimization platform may receive the surrogate model and use the surrogate model along with an optimization algorithm to generate a set of optimized fluid flow control system parameters for the industrial asset. In this way, a fluid flow control system may be designed to improve the performance of the industrial asset.

Abstract: A building system includes building equipment operable to consume one or more resources and a control system configured to generate, based on a prediction model, predictions of a load on the building equipment or a price of the one or more resources for a plurality of time steps in an optimization period, solve, based on the predictions, an optimization problem to generate control inputs for the equipment that minimize a predicted cost of consuming the resources over the optimization period, control the building equipment to operate in accordance with the control inputs, monitor an error metric that characterizes an error between the predictions and actual values of the at least one of the load on the building equipment or the price of the one or more resources during the optimization period, detect an occurrence of a trigger condition, and in response to detecting the trigger condition, update the prediction model.

Abstract: A numerical controller for generating block information of a path by analyzing an axis movement command described in a machining program includes a command analysis unit for analyzing the machining program in which the axis movement command for a plurality of sections is described in one block in a reading processing for the one block to specify a plurality of coordinate values, a command synthesis unit for generating a plurality of direction vectors constituting the path based on the plurality of coordinate values and generating a resultant vector obtained by adding the direction vectors, and a block information generation unit for generating the block information based on the resultant vector.

Abstract: A method for assigning a workpiece to be processed to a mobile unit of an indoor location system used in a manufacturing hall in industrial processing of workpieces is provided.

Abstract: An equipment monitoring management method includes the following steps. A positioned picture layer including a base map divided into a plurality of grids is provided, wherein each of the grids has a first coordinate value and the base map of the positioned picture layer corresponds to the site layout. A first set file including an equipment identifier and a second coordinate value corresponding to the equipment identifier is generated by receiving an input of relevant equipment information. The second coordinate value corresponding to the equipment identifier is compared with the first coordinate values according to the first set file to determine the grid associated with the second coordinate value corresponding to the equipment identifier and an equipment icon is generated according to the equipment identifier or equipment name. The equipment icon is displayed on the grid associated with the second coordinate value corresponding to the equipment identifier.

Abstract: An indoor location system includes mobile transceiver units to support a manufacturing control of process courses in an industrial manufacturing of workpieces in a manufacturing plant. The indoor location system includes an analysis unit configured to determine a position of a mobile transceiver unit to be localized from runtimes of electromagnetic signals between transceiver units, and an energy consumption control unit configured to output a control signal for deactivating a localizing mode of a position signal module of at least one of the mobile transceiver units if participation of the at least one mobile transceiver unit in position determination operations is not required and to output a control signal for activating the localizing mode of the position signal module of the at least one of the mobile transceiver units from a deactivated state when participation of the at least one mobile transceiver unit in a position determination operation is required.

Abstract: A system for controlling automation includes a machine which collects data generated by performance of an operation by the machine. A user device displays a machine control interface (MCI) corresponding to the machine. The MCI displays the collected data to a touch interface of the user device, and defines at least one touch activated user interface element (UIE) for manipulating the data. The user device can be enabled as an automation human machine interface (HMI) device for controlling an operation performed by the machine, such that a touch action applied to a UIE of the MCI controls the operation. A prerequisite condition to enabling the user device as an automation HMI device can include activation of an enabling switch selectively connected to the user device. The MCI can be stored in a memory of the enabling switch and retrieved from the enabling switch by the user device.