Abstract: A cylinder head gasket to be mounted between a cylinder block and a cylinder head of an engine includes: at least one bore-hole plate having a bore hole which corresponds to a cylinder bore of the cylinder block; and a main plate disposed so as to surround the bore-hole plate, wherein the bore-hole plate and the main plate are separated from each other without being in contact with each other, while being connected with each other with a heat insulating member interposed between the bore-hole plate and the main plate.

Abstract: A method for limiting the amplitude of reciprocation of a piston reciprocating in a cylinder of a free-piston Stirling engine. The method is the combination of both at least partially covering the heat rejecter cylinder port by the piston sidewall during a peak part of the inward reciprocation of the piston and at least partially covering the heat rejecter cylinder port by the displacer sidewall during a peak part of the outward reciprocation of the displacer. The piston and the displacer, at times during their reciprocation, fully cover the effective heat rejecter cylinder port when the piston amplitude of reciprocation is large and approaches the physical limit of the amplitude of reciprocation in order to avoid internal collisions by a reciprocating component.

Abstract: A nacelle comprising a fixed structure with a fixed cowling and a cowling movable in translation between closed and open positions, to open an opening between a duct and the exterior. A blocking door is rotatably movable on the movable cowling between a stowed position and a deployed position. A deployment system comprises an arm with a first end articulated on the blocking door and a second end that bears a stop, a slider fixed to the arm, a linear guide system is fixed on the fixed structure and guides the slide, and a cam. The stop is configured to lie against the cam when the movable cowling reaches an intermediate position from the closed position and to be guided by the cam to drive the rotation of the arm about the slider when the movable cowling moves from the intermediate position to an open position.

Abstract: An active locking system of a movable element for a thrust reverser of an aircraft nacelle includes an active locking device of the movable element, movable between a locking position and an unlocking position, an actuator of the locking device controlled by a command for actuating the locking device, a blocking device for blocking the locking device in the unlocked position, movable between a blocking position and an unblocking position, and a device for displacing the blocking device. The actuation command controls the closure of the movable element, and the device for displacing the blocking device displaces the blocking device in the unblocking position when the movable element is at a predetermined position.

Abstract: A lock for a cowl of a thrust reverser borne by a nacelle includes a striker fixed on the cowl, a hook that is configured to engage the striker and is elastically returned towards engagement with the striker, and a support fixed on the nacelle and supporting a locking/unlocking component interposed between the hook and the support. The locking/unlocking component is configured to allow, on the one hand, the hook to move in relation to the support between a locking position, in which the hook is engaged with the striker and exerts a pressure thereon, and a unlocking position, in which the hook is disengaged from the striker or is simply in contact therewith, and to allow, on the other hand, the hook to tilt in order to disengage it from the striker or engage it therein.

Abstract: A gas turbine engine generates noise during use, and one particularly important flight condition for noise generation is take-off. A gas turbine engine has high efficiency together with low noise, in particular from the fan. The fan tip relative Mach Number at take-off at a take-off lateral reference point, defined as the point on a line parallel to and 450 m from the runway centre line where the EPNL is a maximum during take-off, is below 1.09. This results in low fan noise, along with optionally enabling a reduction in noise attenuation material.

Abstract: The present disclosure comprises a thrust augmentation device for liquid rocket engines that will enable higher thrust throttling when launch vehicles require the additional thrust and be turned off when the additional thrust is no longer required. The present disclosure provide a higher mission-average engine specific impulse (Isp) performance by offering a greater nozzle exit area ratio and option of MR-shift in main combustion chamber. The present disclosure retains the technology advancements made in historical rocket engine development where cost and technical challenges were great, that is in the turbopump and main injector/combustion chamber, and take advantage of engine component that is least developed and understood, the nozzle section by providing a secondary propellant injection port and combustion zone to optimize liquid rocket engine performance required by launch vehicles.

Abstract: An electromagnetic positioning device having anchor means which are realized for actuating a positioning partner and which are movable in an anchor space relative to stationary core means (30), which conduct magnetic flux, as a reaction to an energization of stationary coil means (32), the coil means, which have a coil support (32) provided with a winding and at least one external contactable connector (46), being embedded at least in sections in the core means and/or being surrounded by said core means and the core means realizing an end surface (34), which is planar at least in sections, for interacting with the anchor means, wherein the core means and the coil means are embedded in and/or surrounded by a one-piece pot-like and/or cup-like housing (38) made of a material suitable for deep-drawing in such a manner that the core means rest on a membrane-like, continuous and closed base section of the housing, the base section realizing a boundary surface of the anchor space.

Abstract: A fuel vapor processing apparatus includes an adsorption passage has a first end connected to a fuel tank and a second end open to the atmosphere. The adsorption passage includes a first hollow chamber, a second hollow chamber, and a third hollow chamber. In addition, the adsorption passage includes a first adsorption chamber and a second adsorption chamber. The first adsorption chamber is positioned between the first hollow chamber and the second hollow chamber, and the second adsorption chamber is positioned between the second hollow chamber and the third hollow chamber. The adsorption chambers are configured to adsorb and desorb fuel vapor. A purge passage extends from the second hollow chamber toward an internal combustion engine. A bypass passage extends from the first hollow chamber to the third hollow chamber and bypasses the second hollow chamber. The bypass passage is provided with a shutoff valve that is open during a purge operation and is closed at other times.

Abstract: An EGR cooler includes a tube assembly formed by stacking a plurality of tubes in which exhaust gas flows and a cover plate having a mounting portion formed concavely to mount the tube assembly thereon. A baffle is mounted at the tube assembly and adjusts flow of coolant inflow from a cylinder block. An inlet cover is installed on a first side of an outer surface of the cover plate to supply the exhaust gas to each tube and an outlet cover is installed on a second side of outer surface of the cover plate to exhaust the exhaust gas from each tube. At least one coolant passage in which the coolant flows is formed between the plurality of tubes.

Abstract: The invention relates to a flap device for controlling a gas flow through a pipe, in particular to an exhaust gas flap device for an exhaust train of a motor vehicle, comprising at least one flap which is arranged in a flap housing, in particular in a tubular flap housing, rotatable, in particular rotatable by a drive unit, about an axis of rotation of a flap shaft between an open position and a closed position, with a spring means being provided which, on a rotation of the flap from the open position into the closed position, tangentially and/or radially elastically loads the flap shaft at the latest in the closed position of the flap, and with at least one section of the spring means being directly or indirectly rotationally fixedly connected to the flap housing with respect to a rotation about the axis of rotation.

Abstract: A cover for an air intake box that is installed within an engine bay of an automobile and beneath a hood of the automobile is presented. The air intake box comprises an air filter and a housing. The cover comprises a base structure configured to be mounted to the housing. The base structure has an opening sized to allow access to the air filter. A hood is configured to be mounted to the opening, wherein the hood is sized to seal the opening. The hood is configured to uncover the opening and comprises a decorative ornamentation and is replaceable and interchangeable. The base structure and the hood are configured to seal the air intake box when the cover is installed on the housing.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides air intake ports and/or intake manifolds having an altered configuration to improve the efficiency of the air intake ports, intake manifolds, and by extension, the engine.

Abstract: A fuel line for use in a fuel-carrying vehicle designed as a one-piece multi-chamber line having at least two separate fuel-carrying lines each forming a chamber. A first chamber carries fuel in a first flow direction and a second chamber carries fuel in the first or a second flow direction. Also proposed is a correspondingly adapted connection piece for joining to such a multi-chamber line.

Abstract: A fuel injector includes an injector body comprising an internal injector cavity, a flow passageway, and a drain conduit. The flow passageway is in fluid communication with at least one injector orifice. The fuel injector further includes a valve assembly comprising a valve seat and a valve member in fluid communication with the fuel circuit. The valve member is configured to move between an open position allowing fuel flow through the at least one injector orifice and a closed position inhibiting fuel flow through the at least one injector orifice. The fuel injector also includes a nozzle valve element fluidly coupled to the valve assembly, an actuator operably coupled to the valve assembly and the nozzle valve element, and a flexible member configured to elastically deform in response to pressure in the fuel injector. The flexible member is configured to inhibit flow to the drain circuit during an injection event.

Abstract: A roller tappet for a high-pressure fuel pump or for a valve drive of an internal combustion engine is provided. The tappet can be guided in a direction of a longitudinal axis thereof in a housing receptacle and can be driven displaceably by a cam shaft of the internal combustion engine. The tappet includes a tappet body which has a guide cylinder, and a cup-shaped sleeve supported axially and radially on the guide cylinder. The sleeve includes a bearing surface for the pump piston or a valve drive element, and the guide cylinder includes a rotatable roller mounted on support flanks, by means of which roller the roller tappet can be supported on the internal combustion engine camshaft. The sleeve has, at its end region facing away from the bearing surface, a ring-shaped shoulder for radial support and an end ring for axial support on the guide cylinder.

Abstract: A combination outlet valve and pressure relief valve includes an outer housing having a passage. An inner housing is located within the passage and includes a first bore extending thereinto from one end and a second bore extending thereinto from the other end such that the first bore and the second bore terminate at an inner housing wall. An outlet valve assembly is located within the first bore and includes an outlet valve member, an outlet valve seat, and an outlet valve spring grounded to the inner housing wall and biasing the outlet valve member toward the outlet valve seat. A pressure relief valve assembly is located within the second bore and includes a pressure relief valve member, a pressure relief valve seat, and a pressure relief valve spring grounded to the inner housing wall and biasing the pressure relief valve member toward the pressure relief valve seat.

Abstract: An engine (1) includes a cylinder head (3), a retainer (80), a pressing member (70), and an injector (40). The cylinder head (3) has an attachment hole (15) formed therein. The retainer (80) is attached to the cylinder head (3). The pressing member (70) has a pressed surface (77) configured to be pressed by the retainer (80). The injector (40) is inserted into the attachment hole (15) and has an indentation (46) configured to be pressed by the pressing member (70). The indentation (46) is arranged inside the attachment hole (15). The pressed surface (77) is arranged outside the attachment hole (15).

Abstract: A fuel injector assembly includes a fuel injector and an annular filter coupled with the fuel injector, the annular filter being snap-fitted with one of a nozzle case or an injector body of the fuel injector and slip-fitted with the other of the nozzle case or the injector body. The annular filter has a perforated wall forming a filtration screen covering an actuation fluid inlet formed in the nozzle case and positioned upstream of the actuation fluid inlet to trap particulates in incoming actuation fluid.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for a fuel injector. In one example, a system comprises an injector spool valve having a fuel outlet shaped to flow fuel to different portions of a nozzle inlet based on an actuation of the injector spool valve, thereby adjusting a fuel injection angle of a fuel injection.

Abstract: A control device includes an injection control unit, an ignition control unit, an idling stop control unit, and a boost control unit. The injection control unit executes a rich reduction control that makes an air-fuel ratio richer than a stoichiometric air-fuel ratio when the engine operation has been resumed by resuming supply of fuel to a combustion chamber. Further, the boost control unit is configured to execute a valve-closing keeping control that keeps a wastegate closed until a condition for cancelling the valve-closing keeping control has been satisfied by the engine operation that was performed after closing the wastegate during execution of a fuel cut-off control.

Abstract: According to one or more embodiments presently described, a method of operating an internal combustion engine that includes injecting fuel into a combustion chamber to form an air-fuel mixture, where the combustion chamber includes a cylinder head, cylinder sidewalls, and a piston that reciprocates within the cylinder sidewalls. The method may also include detecting pre-ignition of the air-fuel mixture during a detected intake or compression stroke of the piston, determining that a super knock condition could occur, and mitigating formation of a super knock condition by deploying a super knock countermeasure within the detected compression stroke.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for estimating ethanol content in fuel, water content in fuel, and an age of the fuel in a vehicle engine. In one example, a method may include estimating fuel ethanol content, water content, or fuel age based on fuel rail temperature, and two or more of a resonant frequency (f) of pressure pulsations, a change in fuel rail pressure (?p), and a damping coefficient (?) of pressure pulsations in the fuel rail as estimated after a fuel injection or a pump stroke. One or more engine operating parameters may be adjusted based on the estimated fuel ethanol content, water content, and fuel age.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for estimating ethanol content in fuel, water content in fuel, and an age of the fuel in a vehicle engine. In one example, a method may include estimating fuel ethanol content, water content, or fuel age based on a resonant frequency (f) of pressure pulsations, a change in fuel rail pressure (?p), and a damping coefficient (?) of pressure pulsations in the fuel rail as estimated after a fuel injection or a pump stroke. One or more engine operating parameters may be adjusted based on the estimated fuel ethanol content, water content, and fuel age.

Abstract: The hydraulic generator includes a first structure; a second structure, such that a water passageway from the inflow port to the outflow port is formed by the first structure and the second structure in a state that the second structure is attached to the first structure; a water turbine; and an electrical generator. The second structure is removable from the first structure, and includes a fixing portion fixing the fixed shaft.

Abstract: A connecting joint for attaching a wind turbine blade to a rotor hub includes an insert configured to be coupled to the wind turbine blade. The insert includes a main body having an outer surface configured to interface with the blade, a first tubular extension extending from the main body and having inner and outer surfaces configured to interface with the blade, and a second tubular extension extending away from the main body and having inner and outer surfaces configured to interface with the blade. A wind turbine blade having such a connecting joint is also disclosed. Additionally, a method of making a wind turbine blade including the connecting joint is disclosed.

Abstract: A connecting joint for attaching a wind turbine rotor blade to a rotor hub includes a bolt having a blade end configured to be coupled to the rotor blade and a hub end configured to be coupled to the rotor hub. The bolt includes a neck region adjacent the blade end, wherein the neck region has a cross dimension less than a cross dimension of the blade end of the bolt. A wind turbine blade having such a connecting joint is also disclosed. Additionally, a method of making the connecting joint is disclosed.

Abstract: A wind turbine blade (2) comprising an outer shell (6) incorporating a metallic foil component (20), a conductive blade component (12) in-board of the metallic foil component (20), and a fabric sheet assembly (22) positioned between the metallic component (20) and the conductive blade component (12). The fabric sheet assembly comprises: one or more non-conductive fabric sheets (28, 30) which define first and second outer surfaces (24, 26) of the fabric sheet assembly (22); and at least one conductive thread stitch (34) penetrating a depth of the one or more fabric sheets (28, 30) and being exposed at the outer surfaces (24, 26); thereby to enable equipotential bonding between the conductive blade component (12) and the metallic foil component (20).

Abstract: This invention relates to a root end structure, a wind turbine blade comprising such a root end structure and a method of manufacturing such a wind turbine blade. The root end structure comprises a plurality of fastening members distributed along a root end of a blade part, wherein a plurality of pultruded elements are arranged in between the fastening members. Each pultruded element has a second side surface facing a first side surface of an adjacent fastening member. Gaps are formed between the first and second side surfaces in at least the thickness direction, wherein the gaps enable an adaptive positioning of the pultruded elements relative to the outer layers during the vacuum assisted resin infusion process.

Abstract: The multi-piston bladeless wind turbine creates electrical energy using hydraulically connected pistons. The system may include a disk, a small piston in fluid communication with a large piston, and a crankshaft attached to the large piston. The disk transfers forces from the wind to the small piston. Hydraulic fluid then transfers the forces to the larger piston. When the disk and associated small piston have been forced to the end of their stroke by the wind, a gate in the disk is opened to reduce wind force on the disk by allowing air to travel through the disk. Subsequently, the disk and associated small piston are pushed back to the beginning of the stroke by the pressure created by the large piston's weight. This process is repeated by closing the gate in the disk. A crankshaft powering an electric generator is turned by the movement of the large piston.

Abstract: A method for controlling a wind turbine with rotor blades with an adjustable blade angle, comprising: operating the wind turbine in a part-load operation for wind speeds up to a rated wind speed, operating the wind turbine in a full-load operation for wind speeds above the rated wind speed, with the blade angle being increased in full-load operation with increasing wind speed, setting a limit angle as a minimum value of the blade angle, and controlling the wind turbine in such a way that the limit angle is undershot by at most a predetermined difference angle.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for controlling wind turbine power. The method includes: determining a compensation value for target active power based on a power difference between a net grid-connected power and the target active power; determining a setpoint value of active power based on the target active power and the compensation value; and performing a current-varying control and a pitch control based on the setpoint value of active power.

Abstract: A method for operating a wind turbine includes operating, via a controller, the wind turbine according to a speed set point during normal operation of the wind turbine. The method also includes receiving, via the controller, a command to shut down the wind turbine or to curtail operation of the wind turbine. In response to receiving the command, the method includes initiating, via the controller, a shutdown procedure or a curtailment procedure of the wind turbine. During the shutdown procedure or the curtailment procedure of the wind turbine, the method includes dynamically adjusting a rate of change of the speed set point as a function of a speed tracking error, which corresponds to a difference between an actual rotor speed of the wind turbine and the speed set point.

Abstract: Provided is a safety system for a wind turbine, the wind turbine including a nacelle, a hub and a rotor blocking system with several rotor locks, each engageable into a locked position for blocking a rotor of the wind turbine from rotating, the safety system including a central switching unit comprising one switch for each of the rotor locks for manually engaging a corresponding rotor lock into the locked position when activating the related switch, and a feedback unit generating and providing a safe-signal in a safe state of the hub, in which every rotor lock is engaged into the locked position. A method for providing safety to a person in the wind turbine as well as a wind turbine with the inventive safety system is also provided.

Abstract: A method of controlling a wind turbine for the avoidance of edgewise vibrations. The method comprises determining a whirling mode frequency of a rotor blade of the wind turbine; determining an avoidance zone based on the whirling mode frequency, the avoidance zone being a rotor speed range; receiving a rotor speed setpoint; and either adjusting the rotor speed to a value outside the rotor speed range if the rotor speed setpoint is within the rotor speed range or adjusting the rotor speed to a value corresponding to the rotor speed setpoint if the rotor speed setpoint is outside the rotor speed range.

Abstract: A system and method for protecting an idling wind turbine power system from damage during loss of grid power. The wind turbine power system has a plurality of rotor blades. The method includes monitoring an incoming wind direction at the wind turbine power system. When the incoming wind direction is changing at a predetermined attack angle, the method also includes rotating at least one of the rotor blades of the wind turbine power system to a pitch angle that is offset from a feather position by a predetermined number of degrees to reduce and/or eliminate flutter phenomenon from occurring.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a wind turbine and a method of operating a wind turbine for reducing edgewise vibrations, wherein the wind turbine comprises a wind turbine control system having at least one vibration sensor for measuring the edgewise vibrations and a controller for receiving the vibration signal from the vibration sensor. The sensor unit is preferably an accelerometer arranged in a stationary frame of reference. The controller determines at least one whirling mode frequency and the vibration level thereof. The controller initiates a corrective action if the measured vibration level exceeds a threshold value. The corrective action is preferably an adjustment of the pitch angle of the wind turbine blades which in turn dampens the edgewise vibrations.

Abstract: A controller for a wind turbine is disclosed, comprising: a processor; an input/output interface; and a memory including instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to: i) select a setting xi from a list of settings X1, . . . , XN; ii) operate the turbine according to setting Xi for a period of time t1; iii) record a power output signal over t1; iv) repeat steps i) to iii) for another setting in Xi, . . . , XN until all N settings have been used; v) repeat steps i) to iv) for a number of cycles c; vi) calculate a summarised power output for each setting over all cycles; and vii) compare the summarised power outputs across settings and determine whether any setting X* results in a higher power output than other settings tested. A method of identifying power production improvements in a wind turbine, a computer program, and a wind turbine are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method for mounting or dismounting a wind turbine component of an energy generating unit in a multirotor wind turbine is disclosed. The multirotor wind turbine comprises a tower configured to support one or more load carrying structures each arranged for supporting at least two energy generating units arranged at or near its ends and at opposite sides of the tower. The method comprises positioning or dispositioning a first wind turbine component at a first end of the load carrying structure, yawing the load carrying structure approximately 180 degrees, and positioning or dispositioning a second wind turbine component at the second end of the load carrying structure opposite the first end. The method may be used in erecting or servicing a multirotor wind turbine.

Abstract: An operating condition of a wind turbine facility or at least one wind turbine is acquired, and an estimated value of a measurable physical quantity corresponding to the operating condition is calculated. It is determined whether an abnormality is present in the wind turbine by comparing the estimated value and the actual value.

Abstract: A wind turbine includes a nacelle which houses components including a generator connected to a rotor. The nacelle includes a cover and a skeleton, the skeleton including a plurality of connected elongated skeleton members. The skeleton members include a first skeleton member, a second skeleton member non-parallel to the first skeleton member, and a bolt extending in parallel with the second skeleton member for connecting the second skeleton member and the first skeleton member. Also, a method is presented for removing a component housed in a nacelle of a wind turbine, including disconnecting a second skeleton member from first skeleton members, removing the second skeleton member from a path of removal of the component, and removing the component along the path.

Abstract: A heating deicing system for a blade and a control method thereof, a blade and a wind turbine are provided according to the present disclosure. The heating deicing system for the blade includes an isolating device, which is arranged in a blade cavity and divides a part of the blade cavity close to a leading edge of the blade into multiple sub-cavities sequentially distributed along a length direction of the blade, and each of the sub-cavities is provided with a heating device. The heating deicing system for the blade includes a controller, which is configured to separately control opening and closing of each set of multiple sets of heating devices in each sub-cavity to heat the multiple sub-cavities in response to a blade deicing instruction.

Abstract: An energy generation device is disclosed which includes a reservoir adapted to receive a supply of water, a spring proximate the reservoir, a supply of calcium chloride, a drive shaft connected to the spring, an electric generator connected to the drive shaft, and a processor, the processor adapted to release the supply of calcium chloride when the supply of water in the reservoir is frozen.

Abstract: An SMA actuator arrangement is assembled using a strut element shaped to comprise a sacrificial strut body and crimp tabs held apart by the sacrificial strut body. A SMA wire is laid across the crimp tabs which are folded and pressed to form crimps holding the SMA wire. The crimps are then attached to static and moving parts, after which the sacrificial strut body is removed. The method allows the crimping to be performed without hindrance from the static and moving parts, the sacrificial strut body holding the relative locations of the crimps prior to attachment.

Abstract: An atmosphere-breathing pulsed plasma thruster includes an inlet, a discharge section with an anode in fluid communication with the inlet, and a nozzle in fluid communication with the discharge section. Electrode assemblies extend radially through the discharge section and include a second electrode in the discharge section and an elongate portion extending outwardly. An electrode control mechanism moves the plurality of electrode assemblies between an inner position nearer to the anode and an outer position farther from the anode. At least one igniter extends between the anode and a cathode. An ignition circuit connects the anode and the cathodes to a first source of electric energy, and connects the igniter to a second source of electric energy through a controllable switch. A processor controls the position of the second electrodes, for example, in response to changes in atmospheric pressure.

Abstract: A displacement adjusting device of a swash plate pump includes: a tilting piston slidably inserted in a housing's accommodating hole, the tilting piston pressing the swash plate pump's swash plate; a sleeve forming a control pressure chamber between the sleeve and tilting piston, the sleeve including a pump port, tank port, and output port; a spool slidably held by the sleeve, the spool switching whether to bring output port into communication with one of the pump port and tank port or block the output port from the pump and tank port; a tilting spring urging the tilting piston and spool away from each other; and a solenoid including a rod that presses the spool from an opposite side to tilting spring. In the sleeve, reaction force chamber and communication passage are formed. The communication passage being a passage through which the control pressure chamber communicates with reaction force chamber.

Abstract: A displacer assembly includes a first displacer including a first displacer lower lid portion and extending along a displacer center axis, a second displacer including a second displacer upper lid portion and disposed so that the second displacer upper lid portion is adjacent to the first displacer lower lid portion along the displacer center axis, and a cross-shaped connector including a first connector pin and a second connector pin, and connecting the second displacer upper lid portion to the first displacer lower lid portion so that the second displacer is inclinable forward, rearward, rightward, and leftward with respect to the first displacer.

Abstract: A pump cassette comprising an outer flexible membrane covering flowpaths, valve chambers and pump chambers of the cassette is designed to be actuated by a control gasket on a base unit arranged to move designated valve and pump portions of the cassette membrane. The performance of a cassette valve may improved by optimizing the configuration of the valve control region of the control gasket overlying the cassette valve. This may improve both fluid flow through the valve and reduce the amount of vibratory noise associated with opening the valve. The gasket valve control or actuation region is at least partially bounded by a vacuum channel facing the outside of the gasket so that a constant vacuum can be applied between the gasket valve control or actuation region and the adjacent portion of the cassette membrane.

Abstract: According to an embodiment, a piezoelectric pump includes a pressure chamber. A groove is provided to a bottom portion of the pressure chamber. The groove includes an inlet and an outlet on a bottom portion of the groove, liquid being caused to flow in the pressure chamber through the inlet and to be discharged from the pressure chamber through the outlet.

Abstract: The disclosure provides an electrochemical pump which comprises a substrate and at least one planar electrode and a micro-delivery device comprising the same. The substrate has an upper surface. The planar electrode is disposed on the upper surface and comprises at least one sharp corner.