Abstract: A polishing slurry including a hydrophilic nanocarbon particle having a nitrogen-containing functional group, and a weight ratio of a nitrogen element relative to a carbon element of the hydrophilic nanocarbon particle, the weight ratio expressed as N/C×100% is greater than or equal to about 5 wt %, and a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device using the polishing slurry.

Abstract: A reinforcing film comprises a pressure sensitive adhesive layer laminated and fixed on a principal surface of a film substrate. The pressure sensitive adhesive layer is formed of a photocurable composition containing a photocurable agent and a base polymer having a crosslinked structure. A frictional force of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer measured with a frictional force microscope at a frequency of 5 Hz is preferably 2 to 5 times a frictional force at a frequency of 0.1 Hz. After photocuring of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer, a frictional force of a photocured pressure sensitive adhesive layer measured with the frictional force microscope at a frequency of 5 Hz is preferably not less than 5 times a frictional force measured at a frequency of 0.1 Hz.

Abstract: Pressure-sensitive adhesives, adhesive tapes, and methods enable high bond strengths on non-polar or rough substrates. The pressure-sensitive adhesives and methods comprise (a) at least one poly(meth)acrylate, (b) at least one resin A selected from colophony resins and terpene-phenolic resins, (c) at least one hydrocarbon resin B1 having a softening point of greater than 50° C., and (d) at least one hydrocarbon resin B2 having a softening point of less than or equal to 25° C. The adhesive tapes comprise one or more layers of the pressure-sensitive adhesives, and the methods may produce adhesive bonds on substrates with low surface energy and/or on substrates with a mean roughness of at least 5 ?m.

Abstract: Provided is a release sheet including a substrate and a release layer, wherein the release layer is composed of a crosslinked product of a resin composition containing a polyolefin resin having a reactive functional group and a crosslinking agent; and the content of the polyolefin resin having a reactive functional group is from 50 to 90% by mass, and the content of the crosslinking agent is from 7 to 45% by mass, relative to the whole amount of the resin composition.

Abstract: The present invention provides a photosensitive adhesive comprising a composition of 0.1 portion to 1 portion by weight of photo initiator; 0.1 portion to 3 portions by weight of organic silicone; 10 portions to 32.5 portions by weight of isocyanate; 10 portions to 32.5 portions by weight of hydroxyethyl terminated polysiloxane; 10 portions to 32.5 portions by weight of polycarbonate diol; 5 portions to 17.5 portions by weight of hydroxyethyl acrylate; 0.01 portion to 0.5 portion by weight of catalyst; and 0.01 portion to 0.5 portion by weight of polymerization inhibitor.

Abstract: An objective is to provide a stretchable conductor sheet which is useful as a material for electrical wiring and electrodes for garment-type electronic devices, the material having excellent durability in terms of washing and durability in terms of perspiration. A fabric provided with an electrode and an electrical wiring, which are formed from a stretchable conductor sheet, is obtained by: providing a film having releasability with a first stretchable conductor layer which is formed from a paste material that uses carbon-based particles as a conductive filler, while using a flexible resin as a binder resin; subsequently forming a second stretchable conductor layer, while using metal-based particles as a conductive filler; laminating a hot melt adhesive layer thereon; superposing the resulting laminate on a fabric after removing unnecessary parts from the laminate by means of partial slits; and subjecting the resulting fabric to hot pressing.

Abstract: To provide an adhesive sheet, the sheet increasing manufacturing efficiency of products including an adhesive agent layer, while using the adhesive agent layer to which an electro-conductive organic polymer compound is added. An adhesive sheet for use in applying a wiring board to a surface onto which the wiring board is to be applied, the adhesive sheet is constituted by an adhesive agent layer including an electro-conductive organic polymer compound and an adhesive material; a first releasing sheet provided on front surface of the adhesive agent layer; and a second releasing sheet provided on a back surface corresponding to a back surface of the front surface in the adhesive agent layer.

Abstract: A method for preparing an opaque adhesive comprising adding a titanium dioxide nanoparticle or a quantum dot to a matrix of a binder. The titanium dioxide nanoparticle is spherical or rod-shaped. The process exhibits superior thermal and chemical stability. The non-transparent adhesive incorporates TiO2 nanoparticles or a quantum dots into an adhesive matrix to form a chromatic composite adhesive, wherein the TiO2 nanoparticle is rod-shape or sphere-shape.

Abstract: The present application provides an adhesive composition for a foldable display including a thermocurable resin; and a crosslinking agent, wherein the thermocurable resin includes a unit derived from a compound including at least one N or O; and at least one unshared electron pair in the molecule, and the thermocurable resin has a glass transition temperature of ?70° C. or lower, an adhesive film using the same, and a foldable display including the same.

Abstract: Barrier adhesive compositions include at least one polyisobutylene-containing polymer and a curable silsesquioxane additive. The curable silsesquioxane additive may contain free radically polymerizable groups. Barrier film articles include the barrier adhesive compositions and a film. The barrier film articles can be used to encapsulate organic electronic devices.

Abstract: An adhesive composition and a polarizing plate including an adhesive layer formed using the same are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, an adhesive composition includes 3-ethyl-3-(2-ethylhexyloxy)methyloxetane, 3-ethyl-3-hydroxymethyloxetane, 3,3?-oxybis(methylene)bis(3-ethyloxetane), an aromatic epoxy compound, and an alicyclic epoxy compound, wherein the 3-ethyl-3-(2-ethylhexyloxy)methyloxetane is present in an amount of 20 parts by weight to 50 parts by weight, the 3-ethyl-3-hydroxymethyloxetane is present in an amount of 2 parts by weight to 8 parts by weight, the 3,3?-oxybis(methylene)bis(3-ethyloxetane) is present in an amount of 2 parts by weight to 8 parts by weight, the aromatic epoxy compound is present in an amount of 7 parts by weight to 38 parts by weight, and the alicyclic epoxy compound is present in amount of 10 parts by weight to 50 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the adhesive composition.

Abstract: An adhesive composition and a polarizing plate including an adhesive layer formed using the same are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, an adhesive composition includes 3-ethyl-3-(2-ethylhexyloxy)methyloxetane, 3-ethyl-3-hydroxymethyloxetane, 3,3?-oxybis(methylene)bis(3-ethyloxetane), an acryl-based compound, an aromatic epoxy compound, and an alicyclic epoxy compound, wherein the 3-ethyl-3-(2-ethylhexyloxy)methyloxetane is present in an amount of 20 parts by weight to 40 parts by weight, the 3-ethyl-3-hydroxymethyloxetane is present in 2 parts by weight to 8 parts by weight, the 3,3?-oxybis(methylene)bis(3-ethyloxetane) is present in 2 parts by weight to 8 parts by weight, the acryl-based compound is present in 5 parts by weight to 20 parts by weight, the aromatic epoxy compound is present in 7 parts by weight to 40 parts by weight, and the alicyclic epoxy compound is present in 10 parts by weight to 50 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the adhesive composition.

Abstract: A sealing member according to the present invention is a sealing member against a synthetic oil containing an ester-type additive, and includes 95.0% by mass or more and 99.5% by mass or less of a para-phenylen diisocyariate-based polyurethane and 0.5% by mass or more and 5% by mass or less of a same compound as the ester-based additive. The sealing member according to the present invention has a smaller friction coefficient and more excellent deformability than conventional sealing members and that can inhibit swelling caused by a synthetic oil.

Abstract: Disclosed are the use of fluorine substituted olefins, including tetra- and penta-fluoropropenes, in a variety of applications, including in methods of depositing catalyst on a solid support, methods of sterilizing articles, cleaning methods and compositions, methods of applying medicaments, fire extinguishing/suppression compositions and methods, flavor formulations, fragrance formulations and inflating agents.

Abstract: Refrigerant compositions for an HVACR system that includes R1123, R32 and at least one more refrigerant. The refrigerant composition has a reduced GWP of about or less than 1500. Some of the refrigerant composition may be suitable for replacing R410A, R32, and/or R22. Methods for making the refrigerant composition including mixing an amount of R1123, and amount of R32, and an amount of at least one more refrigerant. Methods of retrofitting an existing refrigerant composition include adding an amount of at least one refrigerant to an existing refrigerant composition to produce a retrofitted refrigerant composition. The retrofitted refrigerant composition includes at least R1123 and R32.

Abstract: The thermally conductive composition comprises a thermally conductive filler dispersed in a liquid matrix.

Abstract: A method of improving rheological properties of a divalent brine based downhole treatment fluid at an elevated temperature comprises adding to the divalent brine based downhole treatment fluid a rheological modifier, which comprises a carboxylic acid ester, or a phosphate ester blended with an ethoxylated glycol, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing in an amount effective to improve the rheological properties of the divalent brine based downhole treatment fluid at a temperature of greater than about 200° F. The divalent brine based downhole treatment fluid comprises calcium bromide, calcium chloride, zinc bromide, zinc chloride, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a retarded acid system comprises an aqueous acid and a retarding surfactant. The aqueous acid may comprise from 5 wt. % to 25 wt. % of a strong acid, that is, an acid having a Ka greater than or equal to 0.01. The aqueous acid may further comprise from 75 wt. % to 95 wt. % water. The retarding surfactant may have the general chemical formula R—(OC2H4)X—OH where R is a hydrocarbon having from 11 to 15 carbon atoms and x is an integer from 6 to 10. The retarding surfactant may have a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance from 8 to 16.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to the creation of emulsifiers for use in an oil-based drilling mud. The disclosed emulsifiers may be created by the reaction of synthetic linear saturated fatty acids and polyamines under the conditions specified. The synthesized product may be used as a replacement for the wetting agent in conventional muds. Further improvements in conventional drilling muds are also disclosed where the synthesized product is used to replace incumbent wetting agents and the primary emulsifiers are replaced by synthetic fatty acids.

Abstract: An organic acid composition for use in oil industry activities, said composition comprising an arylsulfonic acid in water as well as the use of said composition to perform various operations in the oil industry. There is also disclosed a solid acid composition comprising a corrosion inhibitor ready for dissolution and use.

Abstract: Energy may be stored by injecting fluid into a fracture in the earth and producing the fluid back while recovering power and/or desalinating water. The method may be particularly adapted to storage of large amounts of energy such as in grid-scale electric energy systems. The fracture may be formed and treated with resin so as to limit fluid loss and to increase propagation pressure. The fluid may be water containing a dissolved salt or fresh water and a portion or all of the water may be desalinated using pressure in the water when it is produced.

Abstract: The present invention provides environmentally-friendly compositions and methods for recovering oil from oil sands. The present invention can also be used for reducing the viscosity and/or increasing the API gravity of oil. In specific embodiments, the invention utilizes compositions comprising biochemical-producing microorganisms and microbial growth by-products, such as biosurfactants, as well as cavitation, to enhance oil recovery.

Abstract: A fluid for treating a subterranean formation includes a solvent, a rheology modifier, and a composition that includes a mixture of cellulose fibers and cellulose nanoparticles. The cellulose nanoparticles have a positive zeta potential in a range of about +100 mV to about +10 mV, and a length in a range of from about 50 nm to about 500 nm, and the cellulose fibers have a length from about 50 microns to about 500 microns.

Abstract: The present invention relates to cyclic diazaboroles, in particular for use as triplet matrix materials in organic electroluminescent devices. The invention further relates to a method for producing the compounds according to the invention, and to electronic devices comprising same.

Abstract: A semiconductor light emitting element is provided. The semiconductor light emitting element has a semiconductor stack, an n-side conductor layer, a p-side conductor layer, a dielectric multilayered film, an n-side reflective layer and a p-side reflective layer, disposed in that order. The n-side and p-side reflective layers contain Ag as a major component and contain particles of at least one selected from an oxide, a nitride, and a carbide.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a manganese-doped InZnP quantum dot having high reproducibility and exhibiting superior optical efficiency, and a method of manufacturing the quantum dot. According to an aspect of an exemplary embodiment, the manganese-doped InZnP quantum dot is of manufactured by synthesizing an InZnP quantum dot by reacting indium acetate, zinc acetate, and tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphine; and then doping the InZnP quantum dot with manganese.

Abstract: A phosphor and a method for making the phosphor are disclosed. In an embodiment a phosphor for emission of red light includes SrxCa1?xAlSiN3:Eu, wherein x is: 0.8<x?1, wherein between 0.1% and 5% inclusive of the Sr, Ca and/or Sr/Ca lattice sites are replaced by Eu, wherein, in a x-ray structure analysis, the phosphor in orthorhombic description exhibits a reflection (R) having Miller indices 1 2 1, wherein the phosphor has a structure including (Si/Al)N4 tetrahedra arranged in a 3D network, in which layers in an a-c plane are linked in a b-direction, and wherein pure Sr positions and positions having a mixed Sr/Ca population are intercalated between the network, layer by layer.

Abstract: A nanocrystal has a semiconductor core and a semiconductor shell at least partially surrounding the core. The shell includes at least a first discrete layer of a small-bandgap semiconductor that may be an embedded layer of the shell or provided as a capping layer, or both. The small bandgap semiconductor may include one or more Group IV elements. The shell may include multiple discrete layers. The colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals may have one or more of the following advantages: higher quantum efficiency; improved photoluminescence efficiency at room or elevated temperatures or at high optical excitation flux; improved stability; and improved color purity. In certain embodiments, these performance advantages may be achieved without the need for toxic elements such as arsenic and cadmium.

Abstract: The invention pertains to the field of nanotechnology. More particularly, the invention relates to highly luminescent nanostructures, particularly highly luminescent nanostructures comprising a ZnTe core and CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, or ZnTe shell layers. The nanostructures show strong absorbance at 450 nm and have a high OD450/mass ratio. The invention also relates to methods of producing such nanostructures.

Abstract: Corrosion inhibiting formulations including a substituted benzimidazole, a mercaptocarboxylic acid, a 2-thioxodihydropyrimidine-dione, a sulfhydryl alcohol, a surfactant, and a solvent. Methods for preventing, inhibiting, or reducing metal (e.g. carbon steel) corrosion utilizing these formulations are described. The formulations are effective against corrosion of metallic substrates in sweet (i.e. CO2), sour (i.e. H2S), and/or high salinity environments commonly found in petroleum industry.

Abstract: Disclosed are a liquid-crystalline medium which contains at least one compound of formula IA, and in addition at least one compound of formula CC-n-V and/or CC-V-V1, where the percentage proportion of the compound(s) of formula IA is greater than or equal to the percentage proportion of CC-n-V, and/or the percentage proportion of the compound(s) of formula IA is greater than the percentage proportion of CC-V-V1, where the percentage proportion is based on the liquid-crystalline medium, and the use thereof in active-matrix displays, in particular based on the VA, PSA, PVA, PS-VA, SS-VA, SA-VA, PA-VA, PALC, FFS, PS-FFS, PS-IPS or IPS effect.

Abstract: The invention relates to a polymerisable LC material comprising at least one monoreactive mesogenic compound, at least one di- or multireactive mesogenic compound and pentaerythritol tetrakis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate). Furthermore, the present invention relates also to a method for its preparation, a polymer film with improved thermal durability obtainable from the corresponding polymerisable LC material, to a method of preparation of such polymer film, and to the use of such polymer film and said polymerisable LC material for optical, electro-optical, decorative or security devices.

Abstract: Continuous charcoal production system in a vertical reactor with a concentric charging zone (1) and drying zone (2), a carbonization zone (3), a cooling zone (4) and a discharge zone (5), and a method for recovering energy from carbonization gases for the production of this charcoal, comprising the extraction of carbonization gas from the drying zone (2) and subdividing it into recirculating gas and heating gas, with the remaining gas exceeding the energy required to generate electricity; burning the heating gas in a hot gas generator (11); injecting the recirculating gas into a heat recovery unit (9); injecting the heating gas after combustion into the heat recovery unit (9), indirect heating of the recirculating gas; and reinjecting the heated recirculating gas into the carbonization zone (3) of the reactor (R).

Abstract: The invention relates to the field of organic substance processing, in particular to the method for processing the shredded wood waste, plant industry products, food industry waste, livestock and poultry waste. Products obtained during the thermal processing of organo-containing raw materials can be used as a fuel. The method comprises drying, hermetic supply of raw materials to the pyrolysis reactor, thermal decomposition of raw materials without air access in the pyrolysis reactor to produce solid products and vapour-gas mixture, the subsequent separation of it by condensation into liquid products and gaseous products.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a fuel composition for diesel engines. The fuel composition comprises 0.1-99% by weight of a component or a mixture of components produced from biological raw material originating from plants and/or animals and/or fish. The fuel composition comprises 0-20% of components containing oxygen. Both components are mixed with diesel components based on crude oil and/or fractions from Fischer-Tropsch process.

Abstract: The group of inventions relates to a process of co-converting hydrocarbon feedstock with a high content of unsaturated hydrocarbons and aliphatic alcohols into components of high octane gasolines or aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as to catalysts of such a co-conversion. The method of co-converting hydrocarbon fractions and oxygenates into high octane components of fuels or aromatic hydrocarbons including contacting a hydrocarbon stream mixed with oxygenates with a catalyst under a reduced pressure and with heating. The process is carried under using a catalyst that contains the HZSM-5 zeolite that passed thermal and steam treatment.

Abstract: The invention relates to method and plant for the production of high-octane gasolines from raw hydrocarbon fractions, fractions of gaseous olefins and oxygenates. A method has been proposed, wherein the feedstock component flow is supplied to a unit for supplying flows to be treated, into the reactor, wherein the reaction is carried out in the presence of a zeolite-containing catalyst, high-octane gasoline is isolated by separation of the conversion product, while diverting simultaneously the reaction water and the exhaust gases.

Abstract: Processes herein may be used to thermally crack various hydrocarbon feeds, and may eliminate the refinery altogether while making the crude to chemicals process very flexible in terms of crude. In embodiments herein, crude is progressively separated into at least light and heavy fractions. Depending on the quality of the light and heavy fractions, these are routed to one of three upgrading operations, including a fixed bed hydroconversion unit, a fluidized catalytic conversion unit, or a residue hydrocracking unit that may utilize an ebullated bed reactor.

Abstract: An integrated process catalytically cracks whole light crude oil into light olefins, especially propylene and ethylene. The process is integrated with an adjacent conventional fluid catalytic cracking unit whereby the heavy liquid product mixture (light and heavy cycle oils) from whole crude oil cracking is mixed with vacuum gas oil (VGO) for further processing. The process comprises recycling total product fraction of light cracked naphtha (LCN) and mixing with fresh crude oil feed. High propylene and ethylene yields are obtained by cracking; the whole light crude oil and LCN in an FCC configuration using a mixture of FCC catalyst and ZSM-5 additive at a temperature between, that of conventional FCC and steam cracking.

Abstract: Apparatus and processes herein provide for converting hydrocarbon feeds to light olefins and other hydrocarbons. The processes and apparatus include, in some embodiments, feeding a hydrocarbon, a first catalyst and a second catalyst to a reactor, wherein the first catalyst has a smaller average particle size and is less dense than the second catalyst. A first portion of the second catalyst may be recovered as a bottoms product from the reactor, and a cracked hydrocarbon effluent, a second portion of the second catalyst, and the first catalyst may be recovered as an overhead product from the reactor. The second portion of the second catalyst may be separated from the overhead product, providing a first stream comprising the first catalyst and the hydrocarbon effluent and a second stream comprising the separated second catalyst, allowing return of the separated second catalyst in the second stream to the reactor.

Abstract: Embodiments disclosed herein relate to systems and processes for producing olefins and/or dienes. The processes may include: thermally cracking a hydrocarbon containing feed to produce a cracked hydrocarbon effluent containing a mixture of olefins and paraffins; and catalytically cracking the cracked hydrocarbon effluent to produce a catalytically cracked effluent containing additional olefins and/or dienes. The systems may include a reaction zone for thermally cracking a hydrocarbon containing feed to produce a cracked hydrocarbon effluent containing a mixture of olefins and paraffins; and, a catalytic cracking reaction zone for catalytically cracking the cracked hydrocarbon effluent to produce a catalytically cracked hydrocarbon effluent containing additional olefins and/or dienes.

Abstract: A process for steam cracking a whole crude including a volatilization step performed to maintain a relatively large hydrocarbon droplet size. The process may include contacting a whole crude with steam to volatilize a portion of the hydrocarbons, wherein the contacting of the hydrocarbon feedstock and steam is conducted at an initial relative velocity of less than 30 m/s, for example. The resulting vapor phase, including volatilized hydrocarbons and steam may then be separated from a liquid phase comprising unvaporized hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbons in the vapor phase may then be forwarded to a steam pyrolysis reactor for steam cracking of the hydrocarbons in the vapor phase.

Abstract: Processes herein may be used to thermally crack various hydrocarbon feeds, and may eliminate the refinery altogether while making the crude to chemicals process very flexible in terms of crude. In embodiments herein, crude is progressively separated into at least light and heavy fractions. Depending on the quality of the light and heavy fractions, these are routed to one of three upgrading operations, including a fixed bed hydroconversion unit, a fluidized catalytic conversion unit, or a residue hydrocracking unit that may utilize an ebullated bed reactor. Products from the upgrading operations may be used as feed to a steam cracker.

Abstract: Processes herein may be used to thermally crack various hydrocarbon feeds, and may eliminate the refinery altogether while making the crude to chemicals process very flexible in terms of crude. In embodiments herein, crude is progressively separated into at least light and heavy fractions. Depending on the quality of the light and heavy fractions, these are routed to one of three upgrading operations, including a fixed bed hydroconversion unit, a fluidized catalytic conversion unit, or a residue hydrocracking unit that may utilize an ebullated bed reactor. Products from the upgrading operations may be used as feed to a steam cracker.

Abstract: Processes herein may be used to thermally crack various hydrocarbon feeds, and may eliminate the refinery altogether while making the crude to chemicals process very flexible in terms of crude. In embodiments herein, crude is progressively separated into at least light and heavy fractions. Depending on the quality of the light and heavy fractions, these are routed to one of three upgrading operations, including a fixed bed hydroconversion unit, a fluidized catalytic conversion unit, or a residue hydrocracking unit that may utilize an ebullated bed reactor. Products from the upgrading operations may be used as feed to a steam cracker.

Abstract: Improvements to the gasifier furnace design and process method to facilitate continuous production of mainly H2, CO and granulated solid from molten liquid or the liquid slag in the presence of carbonaceous material. It is a method of quenching molten liquid and cooling post quenched hot granulated solid which is done within a long horizontal reaction chamber space of the furnace in the presence of C and H2O. A moving layer of continuously gas cooled granulated solid protects the moving floor underneath by substantially reducing the possibility of heat transfer from the horizontal reaction chamber to such moving floor and its parts and preventing direct contact between the post quenched hot solid granulates and such moving floor. Such moving floor having plurality of gas passages and is disposed above a plenum that receives gas from outside source and uniformly distributes the gas to pass through all the gas passages.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a process for the production of a syngas suited for further conversion to fine chemicals and/or automotive fuels from biomass by a thermochemical process conducted in a several steps procedure, said process comprising; a) Providing a stream of biomass material; b) Providing an aqueous alkaline catalyst stream comprising sodium and/or potassium compounds; c) Mixing comminuted biomass and alkaline catalyst and optional additives to form an alkaline biomass slurry or suspension; d) Treating alkaline biomass slurry or suspension in a hydrothermal treatment reactor at a temperature in the range of 200-400° C.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a bio-liquid fuel wherein microalgae containing an oil/fat are brought into contact with a supercritical or subcritical methanol, or a supercritical or subcritical ethanol, in the presence of a catalyst that is an oxide containing at least one metal selected from the group consisting of metals of group 2 to group 13 in the periodic table, lanthanoids and actinoids.

Abstract: Automated methods and systems for blending high sulfur hydrocarbons, particularly those derived from transmix, into low sulfur hydrocarbon streams are provided. Also provided are methods for splitting transmix into usable hydrocarbon fractions and blending the fractions back into defined hydrocarbon streams.

Abstract: Marine fuel compositions that are low sulfur and have improved wax flow viscosity are disclosed. An example marine fuel composition may have the following enumerated properties: a sulfur content of about 0.50% or less by weight of the marine fuel composition; a density at 15° C. of about 0.86 g/cm3 to about 1.01 g/cm3; a kinematic viscosity at 50° C. of about 1 centistoke to about 700 centistokes; and a ratio of kinematic viscosity to wax flow viscosity of greater than 1, wherein the wax flow viscosity is determined using a minimum operating viscosity of about 8 centistokes at 50° C.