Abstract: A solid-state battery cell is provided, which contains a sintered metal oxide cathode, in which a surface of the cathode has an array of cavities extending about 60-90% into a depth of the cathode; a glass or glass ceramic electrolyte separator forming a smooth layer on the cathode surface and extending into the depths of the cavities of the cathode; and a lithium-based anode in contact with the electrolyte on a side opposite the cathode. A method of making the solid-state battery cell is also described.

Abstract: A positive electrode active material which can improve cycle characteristics of a secondary battery is provided. Two kinds of regions are provided in a superficial portion of a positive electrode active material such as lithium cobaltate which has a layered rock-salt crystal structure. The inner region is a non-stoichiometric compound containing a transition metal such as titanium, and the outer region is a compound of representative elements such as magnesium oxide. The two kinds of regions each have a rock-salt crystal structure. The inner layered rock-salt crystal structure and the two kinds of regions in the superficial portion are topotaxy; thus, a change of the crystal structure of the positive electrode active material generated by charging and discharging can be effectively suppressed.

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to lithium metal based electrodes, formation thereof, and uses thereof. In an aspect is provided an electrode that includes a current collector layer, a boron-carbon containing nanostructure, and a lithium metal layer. In another aspect is provided an electrode that includes a current collector layer, boron-carbon containing graphene, and a lithium metal layer. In another aspect is provided an electrode that includes a current collector layer, graphene, a plurality of boron-carbon containing nanotubes, and a lithium metal layer. Batteries including such electrodes are also described.

Abstract: Provided is a powder of multi-functional composite particulates for a lithium battery, wherein at least one of the composite particulates has a diameter from 50 nm to 50 ?m and comprises a plurality of anode active material particles that are dispersed in a high-elasticity polymer matrix having a recoverable tensile strain no less than 5%, when measured without an additive or reinforcement, and a lithium ion conductivity no less than 10?8 S/cm at room temperature, wherein the polymer matrix forms a continuous phase (matrix). Preferably, the composite particulate further comprises a conductive reinforcement (e.g. CNTs, graphene sheets, CNFs, etc.) that forms a 3D network of electron-conducting paths in physical or electronic contact with the anode particles. A production method for these composite particulates is also provided.

Abstract: An all-solid secondary battery includes: a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material layer; a negative electrode including a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode active material layer on the negative electrode current collector; and a solid electrolyte layer between the positive electrode active material layer and the negative electrode active material layer, wherein the negative electrode active material layer includes first particles including a carbon material, and second particles including a metallic material that does not alloy with lithium metal.

Abstract: A method of producing an anode material for a lithium-ion battery includes combining an electrode precursor material and humic acid in an alkaline slurry, drying the alkaline slurry to produce a powder of humic acid-coated electrode precursor material, and heating the powder to produce the electrode material comprising graphene-coated particles.

Abstract: A positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery, which can improve the performance of the battery by mixing various carbons with positive electrode active material and applying it, and a preparation method thereof and a lithium secondary battery including the same. The positive electrode active material for the lithium secondary battery includes two or more types of active material composites in which sulfur is supported on the carbon materials contained therein, wherein the carbon materials contained in any one of the two or more types of active material composites differ in at least one of the average particle size and shape from the carbon materials contained in another type of active material composites.

Abstract: To provide a positive electrode active material capable of improving cycle characteristics of a lithium ion secondary battery and achieving a desirable output. In a positive electrode active material that is an aggregate of lithium compounds each including a lithium-containing transition metal oxide, a recess is formed between primary particles constituting the positive electrode active material. A solid film containing lithium is formed in at least a part of the recess. The solid film has a thickness of 10 nm or more and 70 nm or less. The coverage rate, which is the proportion of the surface area of the recess covered by the solid film formed with respect to the entire surface area of the recess, is preferably 30% to 70%.

Abstract: An anode including a current collector and an anode active material layer on the current collector are provided. The anode active material layer includes first oriented particles having a first tilt angle ?1 inclined with respect to the direction of the current collector, and second oriented particles having a second tilt angle ?2 inclined with respect to the direction of the current collector. The first tilt angle ?1 and the second tilt angle ?2 are different and both not greater than 70°.

Abstract: Porous particulates for use in lithium ion batteries are described. The porous materials include silicon active materials carried in a carbon matrix that includes a solid-electrolyte phase. The combined matrix of the carbon and solid-electrolyte carries silicon nanoparticles and conducts lithium ions and electrons. The manufacture and use are further described.

Abstract: Processes and materials are provided for use in Si-based anodes that can improve or extend the cycle life of a battery while also lowering production costs. A composite material design is provided as a porous silicon-graphene-carbon (SiGC) composite particle that is a composed of submicron silicon wrapped with graphene, particulate, flexible conductive additives, and an outer conductive shell or coating made for the purpose of acting as anode material in an electrochemical cell (battery).

Abstract: A negative electrode active material for a secondary battery, including lithium titanium-based composite particles comprising: a lithium titanium oxide represented by LixTiyOz, wherein x, y and z satisfy 0.1?x?4, 1?y?5 and 2?z?12; Zr doped into the lithium titanium oxide; and an aluminum and sulfur containing compound coated on a surface of the lithium titanium oxide. The lithium titanium-based composite particles include at least one of primary particles or secondary particles formed by agglomeration of the primary particles, and an average particle size of the primary particles of the lithium titanium-based composite particles is in a range of 550 nm to 1.1 ?m.

Abstract: A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery includes: a positive electrode; a negative electrode; and an electrolyte. The positive electrode includes a positive electrode substrate and a positive electrode active material layer. The positive electrode active material layer is disposed on a surface of the positive electrode substrate. The positive electrode active material layer includes a first layer and a second layer. The second layer is disposed between the first layer and the positive electrode substrate. The first layer includes single-particles. The second layer includes aggregated particles.

Abstract: Articles and methods related to electrochemical cells and/or electrochemical cell components (such as electrodes) comprising species comprising a conjugated, negatively-charged ring comprising a nitrogen atom and/or reaction products of such species are generally provided. The electrochemical cell may comprise an electrode (e.g., a cathode) comprising a protective layer comprising a species comprising a conjugated, negatively-charged ring comprising a nitrogen atom and/or a reaction product thereof.

Abstract: Provided herein are nanostructures for lithium ion battery electrodes and methods of fabrication. In some embodiments, a nanostructure template coated with a silicon coating is provided. The silicon coating may include a non-conformal, more porous layer and a conformal, denser layer on the non-conformal, more porous layer. In some embodiments, two different deposition processes, e.g., a PECVD layer to deposit the non-conformal layer and a thermal CVD process to deposit the conformal layer, are used. Anodes including the nanostructures have longer cycle lifetimes than anodes made using either a PECVD or thermal CVD method alone.

Abstract: Systems and methods utilizing aqueous-based polymer binders for silicon-dominant anodes may include an electrode coating layer on a current collector, where the electrode coating layer is formed from silicon and a water soluble polymer and may comprise one or more of the following materials: pH modifiers, viscosity modifiers, strengthening additives, surfactants and anti-foaming agents. The electrode coating layer may include more than 70% silicon and the anode may be in a lithium ion battery.

Abstract: The present application provides a silicon-oxygen composite negative electrode material and method for preparation thereof and lithium-ion battery. The silicon-oxygen composite negative electrode material comprises a silicon-oxygen composite negative electrode material comprising SiOx, non-Li2Si2O5 lithium-containing compound, and Li2Si2O5; said Li2Si2O5 is coated on the surface of the non-Li2Si2O5 lithium-containing compound; 0?x?1.2. The preparation method comprises: mixing a first silicon source with a reducing lithium source and roasting, to obtain a composite material containing a non-Li2Si2O5 lithium-containing compound; the composite material containing the non-Li2Si2O5 lithium-containing compound is fused with a second silicon source and then subjected to heat treatment to obtain a silicon-oxygen composite negative electrode material.

Abstract: This application relates to a sodium-ion battery, a positive electrode plate for a sodium-ion battery, a battery module, a battery pack, and a device. The sodium-ion battery according to this application includes a positive electrode plate, a negative electrode plate, a separator, and an electrolytic solution. The positive electrode plate includes a positive active material. A molecular formula of the positive active material satisfies NaaLibM0.7Fe0.3?bO2±?, M is a transition metal ion, 0.67<a<1.1, 0<b<0.3, 0???0.1, and a ratio of Rct to Rf of the positive active material satisfies 1.0<Rct/Rf<20.0. Rct is a charge transfer resistance of the positive active material measured in a button battery based on alternating current impedance spectroscopy, and Rf is a diffusion resistance of the positive active material measured in the button battery based on the alternating current impedance spectroscopy.

Abstract: A homogenously mixed metal manganese oxide. The mixed metal manganese oxide includes a homogenous mixture of manganese and at least two more metals. The additional metals may be cesium, nickel, copper, bismuth, cobalt, magnesium, iron, aluminum, scandium, vanadium, chromium, silver, gold, titanium, or, lead. A method of making the metal manganese oxide material includes mixing salts of manganese and the additional metals. The mixture may be activated and digested at an elevated temperature. Also, a battery having a cathode made from the homogenously mixed metal manganese oxide.

Abstract: The cathode active material is capable of reducing cathode resistance of a secondary battery by enhancing electron conductivity thereof without reducing discharge capacity of the secondary battery. The method for manufacturing a cathode active material includes: mixing transition metal-containing composite compound particles containing lanthanum with a lithium compound to obtain a lithium mixture; calcinating the lithium mixture at a temperature equal to or lower than the melting point of the lithium compound; and then subjecting the lithium mixture to main firing at a firing temperature within a range of 725° C. to 1000° C. Lithium carbonate is preferably used as the lithium compound, and in this case, the calcination temperature is within a range of 600° C. to 723° C. It is preferable to obtain the transition metal-containing composite compound particles containing lanthanum by a coprecipitation method and to uniformly disperse a lanthanum element in the particles.

Abstract: A positive electrode active material for lithium ion secondary battery is provided. The positive electrode active material for lithium ion secondary batteries contains a lithium transition metal complex oxide represented by composition formula (1): Li1+aNibCocMdXeO2+? (in composition formula (1), M represents at least one selected from Al and Mn, X represents at least one metallic element other than Li, Ni, Co, Al, and Mn, and a, b, c, d, e, and ? are numbers satisfying ?0.04?a?0.08, 0.80?b<1.0, 0?c<0.2, 0?d<0.2, 0<e<0.08, b+c+d+e=1, and ?0.2<?<0.2), wherein the positive electrode active material includes secondary particles formed through aggregation of multiple primary particles, and, in the primary particles inside the secondary particles, the atomic concentration D1 of X at a depth of 1 nm from the interface between the primary particles and the atom concentration D2 of X at the central portion of each of the primary particles satisfy D1>D2.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a positive electrode active material having improved electrochemical characteristics and improved stability, and a lithium secondary battery using a positive electrode including the positive electrode active material, and more particularly, to a positive electrode active material which may prevent decreases in electrochemical characteristics and stability of the positive electrode active material, which are caused by Li impurities, in advance by controlling the content of the Li impurities remaining on the surface of the positive electrode active material without a washing process to reduce the amount of residual lithium present on the surface thereof, and a lithium secondary battery using a positive electrode containing the positive electrode active material.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a positive electrode active material and a lithium secondary battery including the same, and more particularly, to a positive electrode active material which exhibits a predetermined peak intensity ratio and a predetermined voltage ratio in a graph illustrating the voltage (V) and the battery capacity (Q) at the 3rd cycle and having an X axis indicating the voltage (V) and a Y axis indicating a value (dQ/dV) obtained by differentiating the battery capacity (Q) with respect to the voltage (V) when charging/discharging is performed under predetermined conditions, and a lithium secondary battery including the same.

Abstract: A controlled oxidizing method is provided for preparing a high-performance nickel-rich lithium ion battery cathode material having a composition of LiNixM1-xO2, where 0.6<x<0.9, and M is one or more metals selected from the group consisting of Co, Mn, Fe, Ti, Zr, V, and Cr. The method comprises combining a water-soluble salt precursor of nickel and a water-soluble salt precursor of the one or more M metals with one or more oxidizing agents to form an aqueous solution. The aqueous solution is alkalized to a selected pH value to produce precipitated precursors. The precipitated precursors are mixed with a lithium precursor to form a lithiated precursor. The lithiated precursor is calcined to form the nickel-rich lithium ion battery cathode material.

Abstract: A Composition of matter defined by the general formula of M1M2M3M4X3 wherein: X is carbon; and M1, M2, M3, and M4 each represent a different transition metal selected from the group consisting of Ti, Ta, Sc, Cr, Zr, Hf, Mo, V, and Nb.

Abstract: Use of silicon as a negative electrode active material particle causes a problem of expansion and contraction of the negative electrode active material particle due to charging and discharging. A negative electrode active material particle or a plurality of negative electrode active material particles are bound or fixed using a graphene compound to inhibit expansion and contraction of the negative electrode active material particle due to charging and discharging. In an all-solid-state secondary battery, an interface between a solid electrolyte and a negative electrode or an interface between the solid electrolyte and a positive electrode has the highest resistance. In order to reduce the interface resistance, at least the negative electrode active material particle is surrounded by a graphene compound to increase the conductivity. Alternatively, a positive electrode active material particle is surrounded by a graphene compound to increase the conductivity. Carrier ions, e.g.

Abstract: Disclosed is a sulfur-carbon composite including a porous carbon material coated with a thiophene-based polymer doped with a dopant and sulfur on at least a portion of an interior and a surface of the porous carbon material, and a positive electrode for lithium secondary battery, and a lithium secondary battery including the same. Also disclosed is a method for preparation thereof.

Abstract: An all-solid-state battery includes: a positive electrode collector layer; positive electrode active material layer; solid electrolyte layer; negative electrode active material layer; and a negative electrode collector layer, wherein the positive and negative electrode active material layer contains a positive and negative electrode active material respectively, and the negative electrode active material contains a compound represented by the following general Expression (I): Lia1Vb1Tic1Ald1(PO4)3 (where, in Expression (I), a1, b1, c1, and d1 indicate numbers in which they satisfy 2.8?a1<5, 0.6?b1?2, 0.1?c1?1.4, 0?d1?0.7, and 1.9?b1+c1+d1?2.1); a relationship between a volume CV of positive electrode active material contained in its active material layer and a volume AV of the negative electrode active material contained its active material layer satisfies the following Expression (1): 0.

Abstract: An electrochemical device includes a cathode, an anode, a separator and a binding layer. The separator is disposed between the cathode and the anode, and at least one binding layer is included between the cathode and the anode. The binding layer includes a high molecular polymer. A contact angle of the high molecular polymer to ethylene carbonate is 0° to 90°. By adjusting the contact angle of the high molecular polymer to the ethylene carbonate in the binding layer of the electrochemical device, a binding force of the binding layer can be effectively increased, deformation of the anode or the cathode due to volume swelling during charge and discharge cycles is reduced, and peeling from the separator is avoided.

Abstract: A negative electrode slurry includes a negative active material including a first active material in an amount of greater than or equal to about 5 wt % and less than or equal to about 100 wt %, a binder for binding the negative active material, and a solvent for dispersing the negative active material and the binder in the negative electrode slurry, wherein the first active material contains silicon atoms in an amount of greater than or equal to about 20 wt % and less than or equal to about 100 wt %, the binder includes a particulate dispersed body and a water-soluble polymer containing an acrylic acid-acrylonitrile-based copolymer, and when a sum of an amount of the negative active material and an amount of the binder is 100 wt %, an amount of the water-soluble polymer is greater than or equal to about 0.5 wt % and less than or equal to about 2 wt %.

Abstract: This application provides a negative electrode plate, a lithium metal battery, and an apparatus including the lithium metal battery. The negative electrode plate includes a negative electrode current collector and a lithium-metal negative electrode disposed on at least one surface of the negative electrode current collector, where a polymer protective film is disposed on a surface of the lithium-metal negative electrode away from the negative electrode current collector, the polymer protective film includes a citric acid copolymer, and a number-average molecular weight Mn of the citric acid copolymer is 10,000 to 1,000,000. In this application, a polymer protective film with high tensile strength, high puncture strength, high elongation, and high electrolyte holding capacity may be formed on the surface of the lithium-metal negative electrode in the negative electrode plate.

Abstract: A negative electrode including a negative electrode active material layer including a negative electrode active material, wherein the negative electrode active material includes a core and a coating layer disposed on the core. The core includes natural graphite and an amorphous carbon layer on the natural graphite, wherein the natural graphite has an average particle diameter, D50, of 10 ?m to 14 ?m.ONH The negative electrode active material includes 1,500 ppm wt % to 2,000 ppm wt % of oxygen, 200 ppm wt % to 300 ppm wt % of nitrogen, and 200 ppm wt % to 300 ppm wt % of hydrogen as measured by an ONH analysis, and the coating layer includes carbon nanofibers.

Abstract: A graphene oxide used as a raw material of a conductive additive for forming an active material layer with high electron conductivity with a small amount of a conductive additive is provided. A positive electrode for a nonaqueous secondary battery using the graphene oxide as a conductive additive is provided. The graphene oxide is used as a raw material of a conductive additive in a positive electrode for a nonaqueous secondary battery and, in the graphene oxide, the atomic ratio of oxygen to carbon is greater than or equal to 0.405.

Abstract: To provide a positive electrode active material capable of improving cycle characteristics of a lithium ion secondary battery and achieving a desirable discharge capacity. A positive electrode active material that is an aggregate of lithium compounds each including a lithium-containing transition metal oxide, includes particles having a surface on which a solid film including a plurality of types of lithium salts is formed. The solid film preferably includes a fluorine compound and a phosphorus compound. The solid film preferably contains 70 mol % or more of fluorine atoms with respect to the total number of moles of the fluorine atoms and phosphorus atoms.

Abstract: An anode active material for a lithium secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a carbon-based particle, and a coating layer bonded to at least a portion of a surface of the carbon-based particle. The coating layer includes boron and a conductive material. An electrolyte decomposition reaction is suppressed by the coating layer, and capacity and life-span of the battery can be improved.

Abstract: This positive electrode is characterized by comprising a positive electrode collector, a positive electrode mixture layer that contains a lithium-containing transition metal oxide, and a protective layer that is arranged between the positive electrode collector and the positive electrode mixture layer, and is also characterized in that: the protective layer contains an inorganic compound that has a lower oxidative power than the lithium-containing transition metal oxide; a part of the lithium-containing transition metal oxide penetrates through the protective layer so as to be in contact with the positive electrode collector; and the coverage ? of the main surface of the positive electrode collector by the protective layer is 50% or more.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for hydrophilicizing a semi-finished element, in particular an electrode element, a bipolar element and/or a heat exchanger element, made of a plastic material or plastic composite material containing at least one thermoplastic and/or at least one thermosetting plastic. In order that the wettability of the component surface for aqueous media can be increased with smaller structure changes, with lower costs and with less effort, provision is made for the hydrophilicizing to be caused at least partially by applying carbon particles at least in sections on at least one surface of the semi-finished element and the carbon particles to be applied by rubbing, pressurised gas jet and/or by electrostatics at least in sections on the at least one surface in such manner that the carbon particles remain adhered to the surface.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell is provided having an anode, a cathode, and an alkaline electrolyte. The cell is sealed and generates energy via a water-splitting reaction. In accordance with aspects and embodiments, the cathode comprises a surface layer having a first work function and base metal having a second work function. The work function of the surface layer metal is greater than the work function of the base metal. The differences in work functions cause transient charge to travel from the base metal to the surface layer. A double layer of charge forms at the interface of the surface layer and electrolyte that stores energy and drives a water-splitting reaction. Hydrogen gas produced from the water-splitting reaction at the cathode is spontaneously oxidized at the anode, releasing energy, and powering an external load. In some embodiments, the disclosed sealed electrochemical cells may be capable of delivering electrode current densities of 25 mA/cm2 at 0.55V to an external load.

Abstract: Compositions, systems, and methods for producing nanoalloys and/or nanocomposites using tandem laser ablation synthesis in solution-galvanic replacement reaction (LASiS-GRR) are disclosed. The method may include disposing a first metal composition within a reaction cell, adding a quantity of a second metal composition into the reaction cell, ablating, with a laser, the first metal composition disposed in the quantity of the second metal composition within the reaction cell, and tuning one or more reaction parameter and/or one or more functional parameter during the tandem LASiS-GRR in order to tailor at least one characteristic of the metal nanoalloy and/or the metal nanocomposite.

Abstract: Nanoporous oxygen reduction catalyst material comprising PtNiIr. The nanoporous oxygen reduction catalyst material is useful, for example, in fuel cell membrane electrode assemblies.

Abstract: An alkaline dry battery, including: a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and an alkaline electrolyte. The positive electrode includes a manganese dioxide, the negative electrode includes zinc and/or a zinc alloy, and the alkaline electrolyte includes at least one sulfonyl group-containing anion selected from the group consisting of a bis(perfluoroalkylsulfonyl)imide anion, a bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide anion, and a fluorosulfonate anion.

Abstract: A fuel cell system includes: a fuel gas supply flow path for supplying fuel gas from a fuel gas supply source to a fuel cell; a fuel gas circulation flow path for circulating fuel off-gas to the fuel gas supply flow path; a turbopump disposed in the fuel gas circulation flow path and configured to pressurize and feed the fuel off-gas to the fuel gas supply flow path by rotating in a first rotational direction; an ejector disposed in the fuel gas supply flow path and configured to merge the fuel gas and the fuel off-gas pressurized and fed by the turbopump and to supply merged gas to the fuel cell; and a controller configured to control rotation of the turbopump. The controller rotates the turbopump in a second rotational direction in the case of increasing a pressure in the fuel cell to a predetermined pressure using the fuel gas.

Abstract: A humidifier module is provided having a water vapor-permeable membrane having spacers defining a flow field arranged on either side of the membrane and having a yarn stitched into the membrane. The spacers defining the flow field are formed by the yarn stitched into the membrane. A humidifier, a method for making a humidifier module and a method for making a humidifier are also provided.

Abstract: A fuel cell system includes a fuel cell, a cathode off-gas discharge channel, a gas-liquid separator, and a cover member. The gas-liquid separator includes a body, a first discharge channel including a first valve seat at an end, and a first valve device including a first valve element and a first driver. The cover member covers at least the first discharge channel and the first valve seat in the gas-liquid separator, and includes a gas channel defining portion that defines a gas channel communicating with the cathode off-gas discharge channel between the cover member and the gas-liquid separator. The gas channel is configured such that a cathode off-gas flowing into the cover member comes into contact with the first discharge channel and the first valve seat and does not come into contact with the first driver.

Abstract: A process that includes pre-cooling a H2 gas feedstock with a compressed liquid natural gas via a heat exchanger, introducing the pre-cooled H2 gas feedstock into an active magnetic regenerative refrigerator H2 liquefier module, and delivering liquid H2 from the active magnetic regenerative refrigerator H2 liquefier module to a liquid H2 vehicle dispenser.

Abstract: The invention relates, inter alia, to a purging system, which is provided for purging at least one energy source device and/or at least one energy sink device of an energy system, comprising a purging device, which is provided in such a way that the purging device is able to produce a discharge volumetric flow (42) containing hydrogen during a purging process. The aim of the invention is to further advantageously modify a purging system of the type in question in order to avoid explosion hazards due to hydrogen in the discharge volumetric flow after a purging process, by means of economical measures of simple design.

Abstract: A method is described for generating carbon-neutral electricity using purified hydrogen as an energy source. A recyclable LOHC is provided to the process for reversible dehydrogenation. Hydrogen generated by dehydrogenation is purified and electrochemically converted to electricity. Heat for maintaining the dehydrogenation reaction temperature is derived from combustion of a portion of the liquid products from dehydrogenation, the portion combusted being less than or equal to the portion of carbon-neutral component included in the recyclable LOHC.

Abstract: A membrane-electrode assembly and a method for manufacturing the same are provided. The membrane-electrode assembly includes a pattern layer formed between a separator and a subgasket through a UV curing process.

Abstract: A solid electrolyte having high electrical conductivity even in a low-temperature region is provided. A solid electrolyte containing a hexagonal perovskite-related compound, in which the compound is a compound represented by the following general formula (1), and an electrolyte layer and a battery using the solid electrolyte are disclosed. Ba7-?Nb(4?x-y)Mo(1+x)MyO(20+z) (1), in the formula (1), M is a cation of at least one element; a represents a Ba deficiency amount and represents a value of 0 or more and 0.5 or less, x represents a value of ?1.1 or more and 1.1 or less, y represents a value of 0 or more and 1.1 or less, and z represents an oxygen non-stoichiometry and represents a value of ?2.0 or more and 2.0 or less, provided that in the formula (1), |x|+y?0.01 is satisfied.

Abstract: The fuel cell includes several assembled cells with end plates at the top and bottom of the cells that are compressed using an external retention kit. An end plate that is at the top or bottom of the assembly which separates the compression force on the active area and sealant around the cell. The end plates give the freedom and flexibility to adjust compression force on specific areas in the assembly accurately without interfering with other components and the active area.