Abstract: Various examples of high speed connectors and connector assemblies that use connector side plate designs and include structures for improved thermal performance are described. In one example, a connector assembly includes a housing, a side plate on one side of the housing, and a wafer assembly that includes a row of conductors and a protrusion, with the protrusion being located at one end of the row of conductors. The side plate can include an aperture, and the protrusion can be inserted into the aperture to align the row of conductors.

Abstract: An electrical connector includes a number of mating modules. The mating module includes a number of conductive terminals, a first metal shield, a second metal shield and cables. The conductive terminals extend along a mating direction. The conductive terminal includes a tail portion and a mating portion. The cable includes a core electrically connected to the tail portion. The conductive terminals include differential signal terminals, a first ground terminal and a second ground terminal. Compared with the prior art, the electrical connector of the present disclosure is a cable electrical connector. Besides, the conductive terminal extends along the mating direction, thereby simplifying the structural design of the conductive terminal. The present disclosure also discloses an electrical connector assembly having the electrical connector.

Abstract: A shield connection structure includes a shielded cable 20, a conductive interposing members 40 to be mounted on the shielded cable 20, a conductive inner shell 50 for covering the interposing member 40, a conductive annular outer shell 60 for covering the inner shell 50, and a retainer 80 made of synthetic resin and to be mounted in the outer shell 60. The interposing member 40 contacts an electromagnetic shield member 23 exposed from an insulation coating 24 and the inner shell 50 and electrically connects the electromagnetic shield member 23 and the inner shell 50. The inner shell 50 contacts the interposing member 40 and the outer shell 60 and electrically connects the interposing member 40 and the outer shell 60. The retainer 80 holds the inner shell 50 with the inner shell 50 held in contact with an inner surface of the outer shell 60.

Abstract: A mains plug for connecting a charging system of a motor vehicle to a socket outlet of an alternating current network comprises a contact housing having a first gripping area and a sensor unit having a first sensor electrode embedded in the contact housing. A first section of the contact housing is arranged between a first surface of the first gripping area and the first sensor electrode.

Abstract: A connector with overvoltage protection, and methods of use, for charging an electric aircraft. The connector includes a housing, at least a current conductor, a protection circuit, at least a sensor and a controller. The housing is configured to mate with an electric aircraft port of the electric aircraft. The at least a current conductor is configured to conduct a current. The protection circuit is configured to control transmission of electrical power through the connector. The at least a sensor is configured to detect an output voltage of the connector. The controller is communicatively connected to the at least a sensor. The controller is configured to determine an overvoltage output as a function of the output voltage, and activate the protection circuit based on detection of the overvoltage output.

Abstract: A swivel mount assembly for rotational mounting of an electronic device includes an insertable part to be inserted into an opening in a structure and a lip part. A securing body secures the assembly body to a surface of the structure. A rotatable body includes another insertable part to be inserted into an opening in the insertable part of the assembly body, a plate part, side walls with at least one side aperture, at least one roller disposed in at least one opening in the plate part, a platform part disposed at an opposing end of the sidewalls to support the electronic device, and a hold/release mechanism disposed between the plate part and the platform part to hold the cable and prevent it movement when in a first setting and to release the cable and permit its movement when in a second setting.

Abstract: The disclosed invention relates to a method of manufacturing a housing-integrated board mating connector, the method including: preparing a housing of an electrical device, the housing having a housing insertion hole formed therein and a part or the entirety of the housing being made of a conductive metal material; inserting a cylindrical ground gasket into the housing insertion hole; preparing a dielectric part and signal terminal part assembly in which a dielectric part surrounds a signal terminal part; and inserting the dielectric part and signal terminal part assembly into an inner circumferential surface of the ground gasket.

Abstract: An electrical connector (2) comprising a coding housing (4) for electrical and mechanical connection to a compatible connector (3) and comprising a plug body (6) for electrical and mechanical connection to an electrical assembly (5, 14, 15, 16), wherein the compatible connector (3) can be connected to the coding housing (4) along an insertion direction (A), and wherein the coding housing (4) and the plug body (6) have a mechanical connecting device (8). It is provided that the connecting device (8) is designed in order to connect the coding housing (4) and the plug body (6) to one another in an interlocking manner in the insertion direction (A), wherein the connecting device (8) prespecifies an assembly movement (B), which differs from the insertion direction (A), in order to connect the coding housing (4) and the plug body (6) to one another.

Abstract: A connector apparatus for a medical device includes a cylindrical core of nonconductive material, a beam of conductive material, and a sleeve of conductive material. The cylindrical core includes an outside surface, an inside surface, a hollow center having a cross sectional area, and a slot opening in the cylindrical core extending from the outside surface to the inside surface. The beam is placed in the slot opening in the cylindrical core, wherein the beam reduces the cross-sectional area of the hollow center of the cylindrical core. The sleeve of conductive material is placed over the outside surface of the cylindrical core.

Abstract: A charger guard apparatus is described. The guard is equipped with a sabot, wall plate, and retaining cradle which, when assembled around a mobile device charger or any AC-powered male plug, is configured to prevent unwanted movement, damage, or loss to the charger or similar AC-powered device. The sabot is preferably composed of a top half and a bottom half which are configured to lock together around a male AC plug, including any AC/DC adapter or similar plug protrusion. The sabot is also configured to encapsulate any and all cable extending from an AC/DC adapter disposed within the sabot. The retaining cradle is configured to lock to the wall plate via retaining clips which are designed to mate with clip sockets of the wall plate.

Abstract: A rotating device and a rotating radar device. The rotating device comprises a fixed platform and a rotating platform; the top of the fixed platform and the bottom of the rotating platform are rotatably connected by a rotating shaft, a first bearing, and a second bearing; the rotating shaft is connected to the inner ring; the fixed platform includes a carbon brush and a first magnetic member; the rotating platform includes a second magnetic member and a rotor conductive ring; an outer ring of the first bearing is connected to the fixed platform; an inner ring of the second bearing is connected to the fixed platform, and an outer ring of the second bearing is connected to the rotating platform.

Abstract: Pressing jaws for opposite arrangement in crimping pliers, the pressing jaws having ribs, which extend in a rib longitudinal direction and move into each other during pressing. A guide surface extending transversely to the rib longitudinal direction outside of a working region of the ribs is formed, which guide surface interacts with a guide protrusion extending from the opposite pressing jaw. In another version, the pressing jaws have ribs, which are designed to mesh with each other and which have a rib longitudinal direction. Crimping pliers comprise two plier jaws, which are provided with oppositely arranged pressing jaws having ribs, which extend in a rib longitudinal direction and which, during pressing, move into each other and delimit a pressing jaw opening.

Abstract: A wire feeding and bonding tool and method for attaching wires to a component having first and second spaced-apart wire attach structures. Wire from a supply is fed through a capillary having at least a linear end portion with a feed opening. The capillary is positioned with respect to the component to locate a first portion of the wire extending from the feed opening adjacent to the first wire attach structure, and the wire is attached to the first attach structure. The capillary is moved with respect to the component along a wire feed path to feed the wire from the first wire attach structure to the second wire attach structure and to locate a second portion of the wire extending from the feed opening adjacent to the second attach structure. The wire is attached to the second wire attach structure, and cut from the supply.

Abstract: A laser system including: A. a laser apparatus configured to output a pulse laser beam; B. an optical pulse stretcher including a delay optical path for expanding a pulse width of the pulse laser beam; and C. a phase optical element included in the delay optical path and having a function of spatially and randomly shifting a phase of the pulse laser beam. The phase optical element includes a plurality of types of cells providing different amounts of phase shift to the pulse laser beam and arranged irregularly in any direction.

Abstract: The present disclosure is generally directed to techniques for thermal management within optical subassembly modules that include thermally coupling heat-generating components, such as laser assemblies, to a temperature control device, such as a thermoelectric cooler, without the necessity of disposing the heat-generating components within a hermetically-sealed housing. Accordingly, this arrangement provides a thermal communication path that extends from the heat-generating components, through the temperature control device, and ultimately to a heatsink component, such as a sidewall of a transceiver housing, without the thermal communication path extending through a hermetically-sealed housing/cavity.

Abstract: A laser light generator is configured to generate one or more wavelengths of continuous wave laser light. The laser light generator is configured to collectively and simultaneously transmit each of the wavelengths of continuous wave laser light through an optical output of the laser light generator as a laser light supply. An optical fiber is connected to receive the laser light supply from the optical output of the laser light generator. An optical distribution network has an optical input connected to receive the laser light supply from the optical fiber. The optical distribution network is configured to transmit the laser light supply to each of one or more optical transceivers and/or optical sensors. The laser light generator is physically separate from each of the one or more optical transceivers and/or optical sensors.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates generally to a device, such as a wearable display device configured with a laser diode driver implementing dynamic voltage control for laser diodes. The laser diodes may include one or more of a red laser diode, a blue laser diode, and a green laser diode. The device may determine a load condition based on a frame to be displayed at the device, and determine a target voltage level for a laser diode operably coupled to the laser diode driver of the device based on the load condition (e.g., an image signal processor (ISP) frame buffer load). The device may generate the target voltage level for the laser diode based on a base voltage level. For example, the device may be configured with a voltage booster operably coupled to the laser diode driver to provide the target voltage level in addition to the base voltage level.

Abstract: A broad-spectrum laser for use in a MEMS laser scanning display device is provided. In one example, the broad-spectrum laser includes a laser diode emitter with plural quantum wells each having a different spectral peak. In another example, the broad-spectrum laser includes a laser diode emitter with a tunable absorber to achieve a broadened emissions spectrum. In another example, the broad-spectrum laser includes a laser diode emitter array having plural individual emitters with different spectral peaks.

Abstract: In various embodiments, pointing errors in a non-wavelength-beam-combining dimension of a laser system are at least partially alleviated via staircased collimation lenses.

Abstract: A power distribution system is releasably secured to a power distribution panel, and includes a circuit breaker to detect a fault condition and to automatically move a circuit breaker switch from the ON position to the OFF position. The power distribution system further includes a backplane connector to provide connection to the power distribution panel and an interconnect mechanism to connect the circuit breaker to the backplane connector when the circuit breaker is moved from a disengaged position to an engaged position with respect to the backplane connector. The power distribution system further includes a guard coupled to the interconnect mechanism and configured to cover portions of the enclosure of the circuit breaker. The guard further prevents the circuit breaker switch from moving from the OFF position to the ON position until the interconnect mechanism connects to the circuit breaker to the backplane connector.

Abstract: An external racking device for remotely racking in and racking out an electrical circuit breaker from a cabinet. The racking device includes a motor head equipped with an electric motor, the electric motor being provided with a rotating shaft ended with an adaptor, and arranged to be coupled with a racking mechanism of an electrical circuit breaker, so that when driven in rotation, the shaft, depending of rotation, trigger either the racking in or the racking out of the circuit breaker from the cabinet. The external racking device further includes monitoring means intended to enable or to disable the operation of the electric motor depending on the status of a circuit breaker to be racked in or racked out from a cabinet.

Abstract: A switchgear or control gear includes: a first compartment; at least one removable module; a plurality of main switchgear or control gear components; and a plurality of auxiliary switchgear or control gear components. The plurality of main switchgear or control gear components are sub-divided into a first group of components that have a lifetime greater than a threshold level and a second group of components that have a lifetime less than or equal to the threshold level. The plurality of auxiliary switchgear or control gear components are sub-divided into a first group of components that have a lifetime greater than the threshold level and a second group of components that have a lifetime less than or equal to the threshold level.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods and apparatus for providing and installing electrical wire connector clamps that may be inserted into knockout holes from the inside of an electrical box or panel, that are capable of holding multiple wires or cables, that may be run through the connector before it is slotted into the hole, and that use only a minimal amount of interior space of the electrical box or panel. Embodiments of the present invention include semi-cylindrical units that may be folded together around one or more wires for secure engagement with the wires and with a knockout hole of an electrical box or panel. Embodiments may be used in new construction, and to replace existing connector clamps in an electrical box or panel from the inside without damaging the walls surrounding the box or panel, in order to securely hold wires in an electrical box or panel, add new wire(s), hold multiple wires, and/or increase available space inside the box or panel.

Abstract: Aspects and techniques of the present disclosure relate to enclosures, such as, electrical enclosures, for example, explosion-proof enclosures, and including advantageous features and methods usable with such enclosures. Disclosed features and techniques relate to: an enclosure fastening device; a visual indicator; an enclosure handling assist arrangement; a control handle; and a reset controller.

Abstract: Disclosed is a sensor floor tile that utilizes a RF frequency transmissive disk that transmits sensor data from sensors located in a plenum of a raised floor system. An antenna is located adjacent to the disk so that sensor signals can be transmitted from the sensor located in the plenum under the floor tile to a wireless receiver located in an elevated location in a data center room, a computer room, a clean room, an office space, etc. A network connection can also be provided by the antenna when the antenna is connected to a router in the plenum.

Abstract: An electrical device such as, for example, a mechanical interlock including one or more interconnected electrical components configured to detect or monitor an operational state or condition is hereby disclosed. In one embodiment, the electrical device may include a communications bus, one or more sensor modules coupled to the communications bus, and a sensor hub module coupled to the communications bus, wherein the sensor module(s) generate signal(s) including data indicating a sensed condition. A communications module coupled to the sensor hub module may transmit the data indicating the sensed condition to a remote device, a remote computer network, or a remote cloud service. Additionally, and/or alternatively, the device may include a water detection sensor including first and second curved conductive traces. Additionally, and/or alternatively, the device may include a voltage limiter circuit providing a DC output voltage from a high voltage AC input.

Abstract: An electronic protection device for electric power distribution grids, the electronic protection device being adapted to control one or more switching devices in an electric power distribution grid and being capable of communicating, at local level, with one or more sensors or electronic devices of the electric power distribution grid and, at remote level, with a remote computerised platform. The electronic protection device is adapted to receive first grid monitoring data indicative of physical quantities related to the operation of the electric power distribution grid from the sensors or electronic devices, the first grid monitoring data including at least measured values indicative of a line current flowing along an electric line of the electric power distribution grid. The electronic protection device is adapted to carry out a predictive monitoring procedure of the operating conditions of the electric power distribution grid.

Abstract: A circuit breaker includes an electromechanical switch, a current sensor, a voltage sensor, and a processor. The electromechanical switch is serially connected between a line input terminal and a load output terminal of the circuit breaker, and configured to be placed in a switched-closed state or a switched-open state. The current sensor is configured to sense a magnitude of current flowing in a path between the line input and load output terminals and generate a current sense signal. The voltage sensor is configured to sense a magnitude of voltage at a point on the path between the line input and load output terminals and generate a voltage sense signal. The processor is configured to receive and process the current sense signal and the voltage sense signal to determine operational status information of the circuit breaker and determine power usage information of a load connected to the load output terminal.

Abstract: A composite circuit protection device includes: a first positive temperature coefficient (PTC) component; a first voltage-dependent resistor (VDR); a second VDR; and a plurality of conductive leads that correspondingly connect to the first PTC component, the first VDR and the second VDR. The second VDR and the first PTC component are electrically connected in series, the first VDR is electrically connected to the series connection of the first PTC component and the second VDR in parallel, and the first VDR has a varistor voltage greater than that of the second VDR as determined at 1 mA.

Abstract: A squib driver circuit for deployment of a deployable restraint in a vehicle. The safety restraint may have a minimum firing voltage. The voltage regulator may regulate the input voltage to be the minimum firing voltage at the input terminal. The squib driver circuit may be formed on a single chip. The squib driver circuit may include a high side driver and a low side driver. An input terminal for receiving an input voltage used to fire the deployable restraint. The high side driver may supply current from the input terminal to the deployable restraint. The low side driver may supply current from deployable restraint to the electrical ground.

Abstract: An electric safety circuit for an aircraft DC power supply circuit includes a first electric line connecting a first electric pole of a main DC power supply with a first electric connector of an electric load; a second electric line connecting a second electric pole of the main DC power supply with a second electric connector of the electric load; at least one electric safety switch arranged in at least one of the first and second electric lines and configured for selectively interrupting any electric current flowing through said at least one electric line; a first electric coil arranged in the first electric line.

Abstract: An inverter assembly includes an integrated coolant coupling port; a fluid connector having a chamfered lip and a fir tree circumferentially aligned with at least one O-ring on an outer body of the fluid connector; and a flexible hose configured to couple the integrated coolant coupling port to the fluid connector.

Abstract: Embodiments include redundant power supplies and method for fault detection in a redundant power supply. Aspects include monitoring a voltage at local output nodes of each phase of the redundant power supply, wherein the local output nodes are each connected to an output bus of the redundant power supply via a feedback path. Aspects also include creating an alert that a phase associated with the local output node has failed based on a determination that the voltage at the local output node is within a fault range.

Abstract: A power supply control apparatus includes: a first system configured to supply electric power of a first power supply to a first load; a second system configured to supply electric power of a second power supply to a second load; an inter-system switch capable of connecting the first system to the second system and disconnecting the first system from the second system; a battery switch capable of connecting the second power supply to the second system and disconnecting the second power supply from the second system; a primary ground fault detection unit configured to cut off the inter-system switch and conduct the battery switch when a ground fault of the first system or the second system is detected by the primary ground fault detection unit; a secondary ground fault detection unit as defined herein; and a failure determination unit as defined herein.

Abstract: Modular circuit protection devices and configurable panelboard systems include arc-free operation, thermal management features providing safe operation in hazardous environments at lower cost and without requiring conventional explosion-proof enclosures and without entailing series connected separately provided packages such as circuit breaker devices and starter motor contactors and controls.

Abstract: A method for preventing an electrical grid from failure in case of a temporary overvoltage includes providing an electrical grid line, a surge arrester and a disconnector device with a disconnector unit. The method further includes connecting the surge arrester at one terminal to the electrical grid line, connecting the surge arrester at its other terminal to a first terminal of the disconnector device, and connecting a second terminal of the disconnector device to ground potential. The method further includes interrupting the electrical connection in between the electrical grid line and the ground potential in response to a temporary overvoltage. The method further includes protecting the surge arrester from failure due to a thermal overload caused by the temporary overvoltage by operating the disconnector device before the surge arrester fails due to a thermal overload of the surge arrester.

Abstract: A system includes a first power stage circuit having a first PWM input, a first voltage input and a first power output. The first power stage circuit is configured to provide a first current at the first power output responsive to a PWM signal at the first PWM input, and configured to receive a voltage at the first voltage input. The system includes a second power stage circuit having a second PWM input, a second voltage input and a second power output. The second voltage input is coupled to the first voltage input, and the second power stage circuit is configured to provide a second current at the second power output responsive to the PWM signal at the second PWM input. The second power stage circuit is configured to receive the voltage at the second voltage input, the voltage representing an average of the first current and the second current.

Abstract: In an embodiment, an airport electric vehicle charging system includes a current transducer electrically coupled with a power source; a solid state converter electrically coupleable with an aircraft at or near an airport gate and configured to provide and maintain power to the aircraft; and a controller. The system further includes a first feedback loop between the controller and the current transducer; a second feedback loop between the controller and the solid state converter; and a battery charger electrically coupled with the power source and configured to charge one or more electric vehicles. The first feedback loop provides a first feedback signal generated by the current transducer to the controller. The second feedback loop provides a second feedback signal generated by the solid state converter to the controller. The battery charger is configured to consume power from the power source in accordance with the first and second feedback signals.

Abstract: Systems include one or more critical datacenter connected to behind-the-meter flexible datacenters. The critical datacenter is powered by grid power and not necessarily collocated with the flexible datacenters, which are powered “behind the meter.” When a computational operation to be performed at the critical datacenter is identified and determined that it can be performed more efficiently or advantageously at a flexible datacenter, the computational operation is instead obtained by the flexible datacenters for performance The critical datacenter and flexible datacenters preferably share a dedicated communication pathway to enable high-bandwidth, low-latency, secure data transmissions. A queue system may be used to organize computational operations waiting for distribution to either the critical datacenter or the flexible datacenter.

Abstract: Responding to grid events is provided. The system determines, based on an event, to modify an electrical load of a site. The system selects a parameter for the site to adjust to modify the electrical load. The system identifies a script constructed from previously processed interactions between a human-machine interface of the building management system to adjust the parameter for the site. The system establishes a communication session with a remote access agent executed by a computing device of the site to invoke the building management system of the site. The system generates a sequence of commands defined by the script to adjust the one or more parameters for the site. The system transmits the sequence of commands to cause the remote access agent to execute the sequence of commands on the human-machine interface of the building management system to modify the electrical load of the site.

Abstract: A method comprises, at a power balancing circuit for three-phase AC power: feeding three power phases to respective loads; measuring power drain on the three power phases by the respective loads; based on measuring, detecting an unbalanced power drain across the three power phases due to a relatively light power drain on one or more lightly loaded power phases and a relatively high power drain on one or more heavily loaded power phases; computing an amount of power to be drained from the one or more lightly loaded power phases and to be fed to the one or more heavily loaded power phases to balance the power drain across the three power phases; and transferring the amount of power from the one or more lightly loaded power phases to the one or more heavily loaded power phases to balance the power drain across the three power phases.

Abstract: A photovoltaic power plant and a secondary frequency modulation control method therefor are disclosed. The photovoltaic power plant includes a photovoltaic power station and an active power control system, wherein the photovoltaic power station includes a photovoltaic array and a photovoltaic inverter, the photovoltaic inverter being used for converting direct-current electric energy generated by the photovoltaic array into alternating-current electric energy; and the active power control system is used for performing power allocation on the photovoltaic inverter based on a power control AGC instruction value when running data of the photovoltaic power plant meets a pre-set secondary frequency modulation condition, and adjusting an active power output from the photovoltaic inverter based on an AGC instruction value of the photovoltaic inverter subjected to power allocation. The photovoltaic power station can improve the accuracy of power control and the stability of a power system.

Abstract: A distributed energy management system includes a photovoltaic (PV) source, and a plurality of controllable loads in communication with the PV source. The plurality of controllable loads include a first controllable load including a first interactive plug associated with a first connected state timer and a first disconnected state timer, and a second controllable load including a second interactive plug associated with a second connected state timer and a second disconnected state timer. The PV source is configured to determine a maximum PV power, determine a difference between the maximum PV power and a current PV power, responsive to determining that the difference is less than or equal to a threshold power, set the reference AC voltage as a first voltage, and responsive to determining that the difference is greater than the threshold power, set the reference AC voltage as a second voltage greater than the first voltage.

Abstract: A mobile offshore drilling unit includes a plurality of electric thrusters to dynamically position the drilling unit, and a microgrid electric power generation system for providing power to the plurality of electric thrusters, the microgrid electric power generation system including at least one combustion generator electrically coupled to a main electric power bus and at least one thruster electric power system, the thruster electric power system including a thruster electric power bus, an additional electric power bus connected to the thruster electric power bus via an interface device, and a circuit breaker electrically coupling the additional electric power bus to a main electric power bus for isolating the thruster electric power bus from the main electric power bus in case of loss of power on the main electric power bus.

Abstract: Described is an apparatus for extending cycle-life of a battery cell, where the apparatus comprises: a monitor to monitor a rate of degradation of a battery cell overtime; a comparator to compare the rate of degradation with a threshold; and logic to adjust one or more charge parameters of the battery cell when the rate of degradation crosses the threshold. Described is a method which comprises: monitoring a rate of degradation of a battery cell overtime; comparing the rate of degradation with a threshold; and adjusting one or more charge parameters of the battery cell when the rate of degradation crosses the threshold. Described is a machine-readable storage media having machine executable instructions stored thereon that, when executed, causes one or more processors to perform the method described above.

Abstract: A movable platform includes one or more propulsion units configured to provide a driving force to the movable platform and a control unit operatively coupled to the one or more propulsion units. The control unit is configured to: communicate with a plurality of batteries adapted to supply current to the one or more propulsion units; obtain one or more electrical characteristics of each of the plurality of batteries; and determine, based on the electrical characteristics, a controlling signal to set a power supply state for at least one of the plurality of batteries.

Abstract: A method for conducting an operation including a power tool battery pack. The battery pack can include a housing, a first cell supported by the housing and having a voltage, and a second cell supported by the housing and having a voltage. The battery pack also can be connectable to a power tool and be operable to supply power to operate the power tool. The method can include discharging one of the first cell and the second cell until the voltage of the one of the first cell and the second cell is substantially equal to the voltage of the other of the first cell and the second cell.

Abstract: The invention provides a power tool, which comprises a motor, at least two battery packs supplying power to the motor and arranged in parallel. The power tool also comprises a relay control circuit used for connecting the motor and the battery packs, and the relay control circuit is provided with a controller, and a plurality of relay switch circuits connected with the controller. The controller is used for detecting the electric energy and/or an user state of battery packs and generates battery pack selection signals, the relay switch circuits and the battery packs are arranged one-to-one, the relay switch circuits receive the battery pack selection signals and control turning on/turning off of relays switches therein, and further switch the battery packs in the on state, to make only one battery pack in the on state at the same time.

Abstract: Systems and methods for operating an electric energy storage system are described. The systems and methods include ways of coupling electric energy storage cell stacks to an electric conductor or bus. The coupling is performed to reduce current flow through contactors and to increase a life span of the contactors.

Abstract: A lithium battery designed to replace lead-acid battery. The lithium battery has a plurality of battery cells connected in series and a battery management unit. The battery management unit includes a controller, a sensing unit connected to the plurality of battery cells and the controller, a charging control unit connected to the controller, and a discharging control unit connected to the controller. The battery management unit prevents the batteries connected in parallel from mutually charging each other and also prevents the batteries being depleted completely by outputting a low voltage in pulse mode when the battery has low charge.