Abstract: The present invention relates to a battery parallel wire connection structure of an energy storage system, the system comprising: a power converter provided to select a power line from among a plurality of power lines to supply power; and a plurality of battery managers that are sequentially connected to the power converter and are operated by the power selectively supplied through the power line selected from among the plurality of power lines, wherein the power converter includes a power output port, each of the battery managers includes a power input port and a power output port, and the power input port and the power output port of the battery manager include a power supply port and a plurality of bypass ports, and may be internally wire-connected so that one of the bypass ports of the power input port is connected to the power supply port of the power output port.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are devices and methods providing directed media content to an individual on a mobile unit, as well as devices and methods for the rapid storage of power on mobile units to power the devices providing media content to an individual user. The disclosed devices and methods allow for such mobile units to power electronic components located on the mobile units. Furthermore, the disclosed devices and methods allow for securing a media-delivery device to a safety bar or other portion of a mobile unit without comprising the safety or integrity of the mobile unit.

Abstract: Discussed is a battery control apparatus that may include an information obtaining unit configured to obtain information about a mobility, information about a first battery configured to supply power to a module included in the mobility, and information about a second battery provided in the module and configured to supply power to the module as an auxiliary power source for the first battery based on an operation of the mobility and a controller configured to generate a control signal for controlling an operation of the first battery and an operation of the second battery based on the information about the mobility, the information about the first battery, and the information about the second battery.

Abstract: A method and a device for balancing a battery state are provided, in which the method includes executing a battery capacity balancing of a plurality of battery packs when voltage information of the plurality of battery packs is open circuit voltages or when balanced voltages of the plurality of battery packs are on the same curve fragment, such that balanced capacities of the plurality of battery packs can be calculated via aging voltage compensation parameters and/or aging capacity compensation parameters of the plurality of battery packs, and a capacity adjustment can be performed according to the balanced capacities. Therefore, the battery capacity balancing can be performed by obtaining voltages in different states, and the battery capacity of each battery pack can be accurately adjusted to achieve balance among the battery packs by taking the aging parameters of the battery packs into consideration.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a battery auto-balancing device and method for an energy storage system, the device comprising: a plurality of battery units each having a battery, a relay for controlling the connection of the batteries to a power line and a battery manager for detecting and transmitting the state of the batteries; and a power converter for detecting the state of the batteries of each of the plurality of battery units, grouping the batteries into a charging group and a discharging group, and performing charging by using the batteries in the charging group or discharging by using the batteries in the discharging group according to a battery operation mode.

Abstract: A switched-capacitor balancing and characterization system for balancing and characterization of a plurality of stacked battery cells includes at least one capacitor connectable to a plurality of battery cells via switches, configured to connect or disconnect the at least one capacitor to the battery cells and a processing unit configured to control the plurality of switches. The switched-capacitor balancing and characterization system is configured to perform simultaneous balancing and characterization of the battery cells. The disclosure further relates to a battery system comprising the switched-capacitor balancing and characterization system and the stack of battery cells and to a method for simultaneous balancing and characterization of a stack of battery cells, using a switched-capacitor balancing and characterization system and/or using a battery system.

Abstract: The invention relates to an energy storage (1) and a method of controlling an energy storage where at least one of a plurality of series connected energy modules (5a-5n) is connected in a reverse polarity energy module so that the positive terminal thereof is connected to the positive terminal of a first energy module of the plurality of series connected energy modules of the string, and the negative terminal is connected to the negative terminal of a second energy module of the plurality of series connected energy modules of the string or at least one energy module of the plurality of energy modules is bypassed for a specific current flow direction through the battery string.

Abstract: A system and method for balancing the voltages between a plurality of battery packs while charging the battery packs. A processing circuit detects the respective voltages across the battery packs and the amount of energy used by a DC load. The processing circuit configures DC-DC converters to draw energy from the battery packs to provide energy to a DC load. The processing circuit configures DC-DC converters to draw more energy from the battery pack having the higher voltage than from the other battery packs to provide the energy to the DC load. Drawing a higher amount of energy from the battery pack having the higher voltage causes the voltage difference between the battery packs to decrease until the voltages across the battery packs are about equal.

Abstract: A wireless charging device includes a casing, a wireless charging module and a fan. The casing has an interior space, at least one air inlet, an air outlet and a support surface. The air inlet and the air outlet are in fluid communication with the interior space, the support surface faces away from the interior space. The support surface has at least one placement region, the placement region is located at one side of the air inlet, and the placement region is configured for the electronic device to be placed thereon. The wireless charging module is disposed in the interior space and corresponds to the at least one placement region. The fan is disposed in the interior space and configured to suck air into the interior space through the at least one air inlet and blow air out of the interior space through the air outlet.

Abstract: A wireless charging device is configured to charge two electronic devices. The wireless charging device includes a casing, a wireless charging module and a fan. The casing has an interior space, an air inlet, an air outlet and a support surface. The air inlet and the air outlet are in fluid communication with the interior space. The support surface faces away from the interior space, the support surface has two placement regions, the air inlet is located between the two placement regions, and the two placement regions are configured for the two electronic devices to be placed thereon. The wireless charging module is disposed in the interior space and corresponds to the two placement regions. The fan is disposed in the interior space and configured to suck air into the interior space through the air inlet and blow air out of the interior space through the air outlet.

Abstract: A battery pack includes a battery, a coupling portion, a connection determiner, a receiver, and a prohibition range controller. The prohibition range controller varies a prohibition range depending on the connection or non-connection of the electric work machine that is determined by the connection determiner, or the specification of the electric work machine connected to the coupling portion. The prohibition range is defined by a current range and a voltage range. A discharge from the battery is prohibited in the prohibition range.

Abstract: Systems and methods for extending battery backup power to an electrical substation include or utilize a latching direct current contactor having a current input and a current output, and a controller configured to monitor all alternating current inputs to an electrical substation, and to trip the latching direct current contactor when all alternating current inputs and auxiliary power to the electrical substation are dead, whereby direct current does not flow through the latching direct current contactor when supplied loads in the substation, such as relaying and communications, are not needed, and to close the latching direct current contactor when at least one alternating current input or auxiliary power is live, whereby direct current flows through the latching direct current contactor when the direct current supplied loads are needed.

Abstract: An adapter includes: a housing; a battery pack port for accessing a battery pack; a device port including multiple USB-type ports capable of accessing an electric device or a charging apparatus; a protocol matching module configured to perform a protocol handshake with the electric device or the charging apparatus; and a bidirectional DC-DC conversion module capable of converting electrical energy outputted by the battery pack into direct current power supply electrical energy or converting electrical energy from the charging apparatus into direct current charging electrical energy. The bidirectional DC-DC conversion module includes: a power switching element disposed on the power transmission loop between the battery pack port and the device port and capable of adjusting electrical energy in the power transmission loop; and a power control unit electrically connected to the power switching element and capable of controlling the conducting state of the power switching element.

Abstract: A rack-based system for charging, monitoring and maintaining a plurality of batteries is described. The system includes mechanical and electrical frameworks for achieving the foregoing as well as a communication framework for exchanging necessary data for achieving the same. A state machine and associated controllers and control signals are additionally provided for operating the present system.

Abstract: A wireless charging assembly configured to support and charge an electronic device. The wireless charging assembly includes a wireless charging host and a fan device. The wireless charging host includes a housing and a wireless charging assembly. The housing includes a supporting surface and an accommodation space. The supporting surface faces away from the accommodation space. The supporting surface is configured to support the electronic device. The wireless charging assembly is disposed in the accommodation space and configured to charge the electronic device. The fan device includes a casing and a fan. The fan is disposed in the casing. The casing is disposed on a side of the housing. The fan is configured to blow an airflow to the supporting surface.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a modular charging device and a cooling structure thereof. The modular charging device comprises a housing, at least one battery package socket located on the housing, and a PCB located in the housing, the at least one battery package socket being located at one or two sides of the PCB, at least one battery package being electrically connectable into the at least one battery package socket in a plug-in manner, and the battery package socket comprising a battery package insertion slot extending inwards from the housing to the PCB. A cooling structure for a modular charging device comprises an air inlet disposed at one end of a housing, an air outlet at another end, and a pathway between a first PCB and a second PCB, the fan causing an airflow to flow through the pathway.

Abstract: A mobile charger for transporting and charging a plurality of batteries. The mobile charger includes a base including a bottom portion and a top portion extending from the bottom portion, a docking station slidably coupled to the top portion of the base such that the docking station is movable along the base, and a plurality of charger interfaces coupled to the docking station. The plurality of charger interfaces is configured to receive the plurality of batteries such that the plurality of batteries is charged by the base.

Abstract: A device may include an enclosure having a shell, a voltage conversion switch on the shell, an input terminal, and a jumpstart output terminal in electrical communication with the input terminal. The device may also include a circuit board disposed within the shell. The circuit board may include an integrated circuit in electrical communication with the voltage conversion switch, two or more supercapacitors in electrical communication with the integrated circuit, two or more relays coupled to the two or more supercapacitors. The integrated circuit may be configured to turn on or turn off the two or more relays to output a first voltage or a second voltage based upon a voltage selection by the voltage conversion switch. The input terminal may be configured to electrically connect to an output terminal of a portable battery. The enclosure may be configured to be attached on one side of the portable battery.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus includes a system device; a controller; a battery; a converter configured to convert an input voltage into an intermediate voltage at a predetermined voltage ratio, the input voltage is a voltage of input power from a power adapter; and a power feeder. The power feeder is configured to supply part or all of intermediate power that is power supplied from the converter, to the system device as system supply power; and charge the battery with part of the intermediate power left unsupplied to the system device, as charging power. The controller is configured to monitor a charging voltage and the system supply power, the charging voltage is a voltage of the charging power; and determine the input voltage based on the charging voltage and the system supply power.

Abstract: A method for determining a charging profile of a battery according to the present disclosure includes determining a reference state of charge (SOC) corresponding to a lithium deposition boundary potential using a test cell, determining a first charging profile by performing a constant current (CC) charging on the test cell until reaching the reference SOC and performing a constant voltage (CV) charging constantly maintaining a voltage between a negative terminal and a positive terminal after reaching the reference SOC, determining a second charging profile by performing the CC charging on the test cell until reaching the reference SOC and performing the CV charging constantly maintaining a voltage between the negative electrode surface and the positive terminal after reaching the reference SOC, and correcting a third charging profile obtained from a battery including a plurality of cells using a difference between the first charging profile and the second charging profile.

Abstract: Representative methods, apparatus and systems are disclosed for providing concurrent electrical stimulation and electrical recording in a human or non-human subject, such as for neuromodulation, with the apparatus coupleable to an electrode array. A representative apparatus is typically an integrated circuit including: stimulation circuits, recording circuits, and blocking circuits responsive to control signals to block the stimulation voltage or current on an electrode from a corresponding recording circuit, while other recording circuits may simultaneously record electrical signals from other electrodes and generate recorded data.

Abstract: A battery charging and discharging system includes: the battery charging and discharging circuit and a control circuit. The control circuit includes a processor. The processor is configured to: determine a first target current value corresponding to each of at least two feedback controls based on sampled data corresponding to the at least two feedback controls; determine a second target current value based on the first target current value corresponding to each of the at least two feedback controls; and comprehensively balance a first target current value of each feedback control, to adaptively determine a second target current value. A drive signal is generated based on the second target current value, and the drive signal is output to the DC/DC converter.

Abstract: A power management device includes a pattern analyzer configured to analyze a demand pattern that is a power pattern for consumption by an apartment complex, a charging scheduler configured to receive a first demand pattern from the pattern analyzer, and to calculate a second demand pattern obtained by adjusting charging time of an electric vehicle charger, a prediction voltage calculator configured to receive power data from the pattern analyzer, and to calculate a prediction voltage of the apartment complex, and a controller configured to calculate a recommendation voltage for conservation voltage reduction (CVR) by using the prediction voltage, wherein the controller may be configured to perform control such that the recommendation voltage is an operation power of the apartment complex, and the operation power may satisfy the second demand pattern.

Abstract: A portable energy system is provided and includes a controller configured to control a two-stage power-saving function that places the portable energy system into a first mode of operation at a first state-of-charge and into a second mode of operation at a second state-of-charge different from the first state-of-charge.

Abstract: A charging control method for controlling charging of a secondary battery includes: an acquisition step of acquiring information on heat of the secondary battery; and a control step of setting, based on the information on the heat of the secondary battery, a charging current value of the secondary battery to control an amount of heat generation by the secondary battery to a predetermined value.

Abstract: A device and a method for managing batteries of a vehicle are disclosed. The device may include: batteries arranged in a vehicle, a plurality of temperature sensors mounted at different locations of the batteries, and a controller that, when a failure occurs at an arbitrary temperature sensor among the plurality of temperature sensors, estimates a temperature value at the failed temperature sensor using big data, and controls discharge of the batteries based on the estimated temperature value.

Abstract: Controllers and control methods for a power system are disclosed. The controllers can be configured to perform operations for correcting a state of a first node of the power system. The operations can include obtaining rules for correcting the state of the first node, each rule specifying a corrective action for the first node. The operations can further include obtaining instructions for the first node, the instructions at least partially specifying a configuration of the first node. The operations can further include generating a forecast for the state of the first node based on the instructions and monitoring the state of the first node. Based on the forecast state and the monitored state of the first node, the controller can select one of the rules and apply the corrective action specified by the selected rule to correct the state of the first node.

Abstract: A method including may storing, in a memory, a rate profile of a power grid, the rate profile providing a mapping between a plurality of rates. The method further including generating, using an electronic processor and based on the rate profile, a charging profile. The method further including charging, using a charging controller of a charger coupled to the electronic processor, based on the charging profile.

Abstract: A pneumatic energy supplying power for ultra-high voltage equipment, including a low voltage unit, an ultra-high voltage unit, and a connection unit for connecting the low voltage unit and the ultra-high voltage unit is provided. The low voltage unit includes a conversion module of low voltage side used for converting an electrical energy into a mechanical energy, and a gas compression pump driven by the conversion module of low voltage side to compress gas and output compressed gas. The ultra-high voltage unit includes a pneumatic motor driven by the compressed gas, and a conversion module of ultra-high voltage side driven by the pneumatic motor to generate power and output a power for load to the ultra-high voltage equipment. The connection unit includes an insulating gas-conveying pipe connecting the gas compression pump and the pneumatic motor to convey the compressed gas.

Abstract: An optimization method comprising: (a) receiving a target value for power received at an antenna, (b) selecting a number of rectifier stages from a first range, and selecting a rectifier transistor drain current from a second range, (c) determining a computed value of the received power, (d) determining an input voltage at which the computed value of the received power matches the target value, (e) determining an output voltage based on the input voltage, the number of stages, and the transistor drain current, (f) when at least one additional value from the first and/or the second range remains to be selected, incrementing the number of stages and/or the transistor drain current, and repeating steps (c) to (e), and (g) when all values from the first and the second range are selected, determining a final number of stages and a final transistor drain current at which the output voltage is highest.

Abstract: A wireless charging device includes a main housing having a first end and a second end and a channel extending between the first end and the second end, a wireless charging coil located within the main housing separately from the channel, and a top housing located adjacent to the main housing and having a top surface and a bottom surface. The top surface is configured to receive a device to be charged, and the bottom surface is directly exposed to the channel, wherein the top housing is comprised of a thermally conductive and electrically insulative material, and wherein the channel is configured to guide airflow along the bottom surface of the top housing to dissipate heat within the wireless charging device.

Abstract: A wireless charging device includes a casing, a support pad, a wireless charging module and a fan. The casing has an interior space, an air inlet, an air outlet and a support surface. The air inlet and the air outlet are in fluid communication with the interior space, the support surface faces away from the interior space, and the support surface has a placement region. The support pad is disposed at the placement region. The support pad has a plurality of protrusions to support the electronic device, and the protrusions form a plurality of channels towards the air inlet. The wireless charging module is disposed in the interior space and corresponds to the placement region. The fan is disposed in the interior space and configured to suck air into the interior space through the air inlet and blow air out of the interior space through the air outlet.

Abstract: A wearable device charging system comprising a base station and a wearable charging unit. The wearable charging unit configured to couple with, and charge, a wearable item while the wearable item is in an as-worn position. The wearable charging unit comprising a housing, a battery, and a charging system. The charging system may comprise an inductive charging system or a conductive charging system. The base station including a charging system for charging the wearable charging unit and a power input for coupling with an external power supply.

Abstract: A wireless power supply unit includes: a power transmitting coil; and a power receiving coil that wirelessly receives electric power from the power transmitting coil. One of the power transmitting coil and the power receiving coil is shaped so that, during use, a central portion thereof is located beyond an outer peripheral portion thereof, as viewed from another one of the power transmitting coil and the power receiving coil.

Abstract: A WPT transmitter pad comprising: a cover, a coil, a metallic frame, and a frame magnetic sheet between the metallic frame and the cover.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electromagnetic heating system (EHS) comprising a primary electromagnetic interface including one or more primary coils and a secondary electromagnetic interface including one or more secondary coils wherein a wireless power transfer can be provided between the primary and the secondary electromagnetic interfaces. The primary and/or the secondary coils can be configured to produce heat which can heat vehicles, water vessels, constructions, foods and drinks, human bodies, animal bodies, plants. The EHS can include defined electrocomponents. The coils can form heating oscillators. The system can include repeating interfaces and can be coupled with other heating systems. The system can be buoyant, provided with an insulation, a heat accumulating material, it can be modularly configured. An electromagnetic heating method is proposed for proximity or vicinity heating.

Abstract: A circuit of wireless charging and a method of charging a battery. The circuit includes: a wireless receiver, configured to receive a charging power transmitted by a wireless transmitter of a wireless charging apparatus through electromagnetic induction; a charge pump circuit configured to receive a boosted input voltage from the voltage output end, and step down the input voltage to an output voltage of the charge pump circuit, to charge a battery; a step-down converter circuit configured to perform the step-down charging on the battery at least in a case that a charging mode is in a constant voltage mode; and a controller configured to select one between the charge pump circuit and the step-down converter circuit as a charging path to charge the battery based on a voltage difference between the input voltage from the voltage output end of the wireless receiver and a charging voltage of the battery.

Abstract: The wireless charging device according to an embodiment may comprise a rectangular shield assembly in which a shield and a first coil for delivering power to a terminal including a second coil by magnetic induction coupling are formed, a main PCB including an inverter that converts DC power into AC power and supplies it to the first coil, and a sub-PCB attached to one corner of the shield assembly and including a USB Type-C port. The sub-PCB may be disposed outside the first coil. The USB Type-C port may be exposed in a direction perpendicular to a plane on which the terminal is placed.

Abstract: A system including a power device for wireless charging of a battery of a portable device, and the power device has an antenna to emit a magnetic field with a carrier frequency to power the portable device which includes an antenna exposed to the magnetic field and connected via a matching stage to a rectifier stage, to rectify an antenna signal, and the portable device comprises a charge stage, to sense and limit the rectified antenna signal. The portable device includes a detuning stage to change the resonance frequency of the antenna of the portable device and that the charge stage is configured to limit the input voltage (UI) for the charger IC by steering the detuning stage to detune the resonance frequency of the antenna of the portable device away from the carrier frequency of the magnetic field.

Abstract: Example wireless charging methods and apparatus are described. In one example, a wireless charging module includes a control circuit, a charging coil, a tunable capacitor module, and a converter circuit. The converter circuit includes at least one of a rectifier circuit or an inverter circuit. The tunable capacitor module is connected in series between the charging coil and the converter circuit. The tunable capacitor module includes a plurality of capacitors and at least one controllable switch. The control circuit controls the at least one controllable switch to be turned on or off, to control an equivalent capacitance value of the tunable capacitor module. The equivalent capacitance value of the tunable capacitor module includes one of a first capacitance value or a second capacitance value.

Abstract: The technology described herein relates to polarization adaptive wireless power transmission systems. In an implementation, a wireless power transmission system is described. The wireless power transmission system includes an antenna array and control circuitry operatively coupled to the antenna array. The control circuitry is configured to determine polarization information of a beacon signal received from a client device at multiple antennas of the antenna array. The beacon signal is transmitted by a client device in a wireless power delivery environment. The control circuitry is further configured to configure polarization information associated with each of the multiple antennas to match the polarization information determined at respective antennas of the multiple antennas. The present technology enables different wireless power receiver clients to have different polarizations. The wireless power transmission system can efficiently send power to the client devices by matching their polarization.

Abstract: Systems and techniques are provided for providing power for target devices. For example, a process can include performing, at an environment infrastructure system, a device discovery procedure to discover a target device in an environment; obtaining power requirement information corresponding to the target device; obtaining a distance between a power providing component of the environment infrastructure system and the target device; determining a power amount to transmit to the target device based at least in part on the distance, the power requirement information, and an operation to be performed at the target device; determining a direction from the power providing component to the target device; transmitting the power amount in the direction to provide power to the target device for performing the operation; and receiving an operation result from the target device based on the operation.

Abstract: A plurality of wireless charging systems may be employed within a network at a venue or other physical area to precisely locate a battery-operated node of the network. The location of the node may then be used to manage a transaction between that node and another node within the network when the transaction is associated with that precise location.

Abstract: A wireless power system has a wireless power transmitting device and a wireless power receiving device. The wireless power transmitting device uses a wireless power transmitting coil to transmit wireless power signals to the wireless power receiving device. The wireless power transmitting device determines whether an external object is present. The external object may be a foreign object such as a coin or paperclip or may be a wireless power receiving device. External objects are detected using quality-factor measurements. Wireless communications are used to discriminate between foreign objects and wireless power receiving devices. Quality factor measurements may be compensated for aging and temperature effects using temperature measurements and compensation factors based on frequency and measured resistance.

Abstract: The wireless charging device according to an embodiment may comprise a shielding assembly where a shield, a first coil for power transfer by magnetic inductive coupling, and a bracket are formed, an NFC coil fixed to the bracket, and a main PCB including an inverter that converts DC power into AC power and supplies it to the first coil. The bracket may be formed outside the first coil. The shielding assembly may further include a coil connector for connecting the first coil and the NFC coil to the main PCB. The coil connector may consist of a plurality of protruding pins, and the plurality of protruding pins may be inserted into holes formed at corresponding positions on the main PCB so that the first coil and the NFC coil are electrically connected to the main PCB.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an electronic apparatus capable of transferring power wirelessly to a power receiver apparatus, apparatus includes: a signal generation circuitry configured to generate a first signal 5 for wireless power transfer; an antenna configured to radiate an electromagnetic wave on a basis of the first signal; an actuator capable of mechanically changing an orientation of the antenna; and a controlling circuitry configured to control a transmission power of the first signal according to the orientation of the antenna.

Abstract: A system of a power device and a portable device for wireless charging of a battery of the portable device. The power device includes an antenna to receive power adjustment information to increase or to decrease the power of the magnetic field emitted by the antenna of the power device and an antenna exposed to the magnetic field and connected via a matching stage to a rectifier stage. The portable device includes a voltage limiter, to limit the rectified antenna signal, and to provide an input voltage at an input pin of a charger IC. A charge voltage control stage is built to generate the power adjustment information for the power device to increase or to decrease the power of the magnetic field emitted by the antenna of the power device to steer the waste current within an upper limit and a lower limit.

Abstract: There is described a wireless power transfer system utilizing a new excitation-quadrature-quadrature transmitter pad which includes one excitation coil and at least two decoupled quadrature auxiliary coils. A described resonant tank design method is proposed for constant-current charging and zero phase angle conditions. When there is a lateral misalignment in the receiver pad, the auxiliary coil that is better coupled with the receiver pad conducts more current than the more distant auxiliary coil does, reducing the leakage magnetic field in the surrounding area and/or improving transmission efficiency.

Abstract: Various embodiments of the teachings herein include a material layer. The material layer may include: a first ply including a first material adjoined along its planar extent by a second material, and integrally bonded along a first connecting section, the first having a lower relative permeability ?? than the second; a second ply integrally bonded to the first and at least partially covering the latter on a planar side, the second ply including a third and a fourth material connected along a planar extent along a second connecting section, the region of the third material or the fourth at least partially overlapping the first connecting section; and a third ply including a fifth and a sixth material, arranged on the first ply on a planar side opposite the second ply. The fourth material and the sixth material comprise a matching substance material different in relative permeability from the second material.

Abstract: This non-oriented electrical steel sheet contains a base material having a chemical composition including, in mass %, Si: 3.2 to 4.5%, wherein the tensile strength is 550 MPa or more, and a ratio (P120B/Fe700B)B between a peak-to-peak height Fe700B of Fe at 700 eV and a peak-to-peak height P120B of P at 120 eV when crystal grain boundaries are measured through Auger electron spectroscopy is not more than twice a ratio (P120i/Fe700i)i between a peak-to-peak height Fe700i of Fe at 700 eV and a peak-to-peak height P120i of P at 120 eV when the inside of crystals is measured through Auger electron spectroscopy.