Abstract: A power converter can include an input PFC stage that receives a rectified input voltage coupled to a flyback stage including a center-tapped primary winding magnetically coupled to a secondary winding and a main switch coupled in series with the primary winding. The output of the PFC stage can be coupled to the center tap of the primary winding, and an output of the power converter can be coupled to the secondary winding of the flyback stage. The converter can further include control circuitry coupled to the main switch and an auxiliary switch in the PFC stage that operates the main switch to regulate an output voltage of the power converter, selectively enables the auxiliary switch responsive to a low line voltage condition at the input of the power converter, and operates the enabled auxiliary switch synchronously with the main switch.

Abstract: A series resonant power converter, comprising: a first plurality, m, of resonant power converter modules, each comprising a switching stage, a resonant tank, a transformer, a rectifier stage and an output capacitor, the plurality of resonant power converter modules connected in series across a power supply, the resonant power converter further comprising a common output stage (500) connected across the series-connected plurality of resonant power converter modules, whereby a second plurality, n, of output levels at the common output stage.

Abstract: A matrix power converter includes an AC input port arranged to receive three phase power. The AC input port is connected to an input filter arranged to filter switching harmonics of the three phases of the received AC power. The input filter is connected to a 3-to-2 phase matrix converter arranged to convert the three phases of the received AC power to a two phases of AC power. The 3-to-2 phase converter is connected to a primary side of a load transformer arranged to receive the two phases of the AC power. A secondary side of the load transformer is connected to an AC-to-DC converter. The matrix power converter is characterized in that the 3-to-2 phase converter includes a nested directional switch including three power switch cell groups, one for each phase of the received AC input power.

Abstract: An apparatus includes first and second pluralities of switches, a controller for controlling these switches, gate-drivers for driving switches from the first plurality of switches, and first and second terminals configured for coupling to corresponding first and second external circuits at corresponding first and second voltages. During operation, the controller causes the first plurality of switches to transition between states. These transitions result in the second voltage being maintained at a value that is a multiple of the first voltage. The controller also causes the second plurality of switches to transition between states. These transitions resulting in capacitors being coupled or decoupled from the second voltage. The gate drivers derive, from the capacitors, charge for causing a voltage that enables switches from the first plurality of switches to be driven.

Abstract: In some examples, a circuit includes a state machine. The state machine is configured to operate in a first state in which the state machine gates a pulse width modulation (PWM) signal provided for control of a power converter according to a first signal provided by a voltage control loop. The state machine is configured to operate in a second state in which the state machine gates the PWM signal according to a second signal provided by a current limit comparator. The state machine is configured to transition from the first state to the second state responsive to the second signal being asserted after the first signal is asserted in a switching cycle of the power converter. The state machine is configured to transition from the current state to the first state responsive to the first signal being asserted after the second signal in a switching cycle of the power converter.

Abstract: A controller for a multi-level converter compares a first voltage proportional to an input voltage or an output voltage with a second voltage proportional to a voltage of a flying capacitor and adjusting a slope of a ramp signal for generating a pulse width modulation (PWM) signal so that the second voltage follows the first voltage in controlling the multi-level converter.

Abstract: A system for determining a power requirement for a device powered by a buck converter on a system on chip based on Time on pulses (Ton) is disclosed. A buck converter supplies output voltage to enable the device. The buck converter is driven by a Ton pulse generator generating Ton pulses to control charging of a load capacitor. A counter counts the Ton pulses during the supply of output voltage while the device is enabled. A controller is coupled to the counter and the buck converter. The controller determines the power requirement for the device based on the count of the Ton pulses. The power requirement may be used to adjust the trim value to change the width of the Ton pulses for greater energy efficiency.

Abstract: A converter includes an inductor and a transistor. A sense circuit couples to the transistor. The sense circuit generates a sense signal responsive to a current through the first transistor. A comparator has first and second comparator inputs and a comparator output. The comparator output controls a signal to the transistor's control input. An error amplifier has an error amplifier input and an error amplifier output coupled to the first comparator input. A slope compensation circuit couples to at least one of the error amplifier output or the sense circuit and generates a slope signal. A peak detection sample/hold (PK-S/H) tracks the slope signal and, responsive to the transistor being turned off, samples the slope signal and provides the sampled slope signal on its output. The PK-S/H output couples to whichever of the error amplifier or sense circuit to which the slope compensation circuit is not coupled.

Abstract: A DC-DC converter includes a current sense circuit. The current sense circuit includes a sense current output, an inductor current measurement circuit, an inductor current emulation circuit, a first switch, and a second switch. The inductor current measurement circuit has an output. The inductor current emulation circuit has an output. The first switch is coupled between the output of the inductor current measurement circuit and the sense current output. The second switch is coupled between the output of the inductor current emulation circuit and the sense current output.

Abstract: Systems, devices, and methods are discussed relating to plasma sources using load current switch timing of zero volt switching resonant topology.

Abstract: The technology of this application relates to a partial power converter that is configured to be connected to at least one photovoltaic panel as inputs and a direct current output bus, the at least one photovoltaic panel generating a direct current. The partial power converter includes a photovoltaic-side converter comprising at least two switching cells, a bus-side converter comprising at least two switching cells, the bus-side converter being configured to switch a total current of the photovoltaic-side converter, an energy storage element connected between the photovoltaic-side converter and the bus-side converter, and an indirect voltage source configured to regulate the energy storage element. The photovoltaic-side converter, the bus-side converter and the energy storage element are connected in parallel between the first node and the second node of the partial power converter.

Abstract: An energy accumulator module (EAM) is coupleable electrically in parallel between a power source and an electrical load via a first transmission line and a second transmission line, to receive a DC voltage from the power source. The EAM includes a power converter having inductor coupled at a first end to the first transmission line, and at a second end to a node, a switching stage including a buck leg and a boost leg, and a capacitor coupled electrically in series between the boost leg and the second transmission line. A controller module is configured to control the switching stage to operate in one of a charge mode to charge the capacitor, and a discharge mode to provide a current to the first transmission line.

Abstract: A multiphase power stage that includes addressing and communication techniques to read temperatures of the phases for thermal load balancing is disclosed. The disclosure describes driver modules that can be assigned addresses for serial communication on a common communication bus by temporarily communicating the addresses over dedicated pulse width modulation connections between the driver modules and the controller. After assignment, a temperature request message, addressed to a driver module, can trigger the driver module to transmit an analog temperature signal to a common temperature bus coupled between the driver modules and the controller. The temperatures of the driver modules may be collected in order to activate and deactivate driver modules based on their temperatures, which can balance a thermal load on the multiphase power stage.

Abstract: A method of setting a synchronous rectifier on-time value includes determining that a time interval has occurred, receiving a number of triangular current mode (TCM) pulses measured during the time interval, and determining a pulse comparison value equal to a number of switching period pulses during the time interval minus the number of TCM pulses during the time interval. The method also includes increasing the synchronous rectifier on-time if the pulse comparison value is greater than or equal to a threshold and decreasing the synchronous rectifier on-time if the pulse comparison value is less than the threshold.

Abstract: A converter includes first and second input terminals; an integrated circuit (IC) that is a non-resonant, step-down, and point-of-load IC, that is connected to the first and second input terminals, and that includes a feedback terminal and switch-output terminal; a voltage-sense circuit connected to the feedback terminal and the switch-output terminal; a transformer that includes a primary winding connected to the switch-output terminal; a capacitor connected in series with the primary winding; a rectifier connected to a secondary winding of the transformer; and first and second output terminals connected to the rectifier. The converter is operated in a resonate mode.

Abstract: A system for a direct current (DC)-DC converter includes a transformer, a bridge driver connected to a primary side of the transformer, and a bridge rectifier connected to a secondary side of the transformer, wherein one or more switches in the bridge driver are operable to configure the bridge driver into each of a half-bridge driver configuration and a full-bridge driver configuration, and to transition between the half-bridge driver configuration and the full-bridge driver configuration while the DC-DC converter is outputting power.

Abstract: Provided is a power conversion device that can be realized with a small circuit and is capable of stably converting AC power inputted from a three-phase power source system into DC power. In a power conversion device: an output terminal of a common converter cell in a J-numbered stage is connected, together with output terminals of common converter cells of the other two phases, to common lines; an output terminal of an independent converter cell in a K-numbered stage is connected to independent lines independently of converter cells of the other two phases; and a plurality of switches comprise a common switch for switching the connection relationship between the common lines and DC buses, and an independent switch for switching the connection relationship between the independent lines and DC buses.

Abstract: A fundamental harmonic matching control technique (FHMT) can optimize the use of the switching devices needed to operate a dual active bridge DC/DC converter, which reduces the peak and RMS currents thereby reducing the switching power losses. The FHMT control techniques can also reduce the current rating of the switching devices, transformer, and the inductor of the dual active bridge DC/DC converter.

Abstract: This bidirectional DC-DC converter comprises: a transformer; a first bridge circuit for converting DC power and AC power to each other which are input and output between a first DC power supply and the primary side of the transformer; a second bridge circuit for converting DC power and AC power to each other which are input and output between a second DC power supply and the secondary side of the transformer; a first resonant circuit connectable between the first bridge circuit and the primary side of the transformer; a second resonant circuit connectable between the second bridge circuit and the secondary side of the transformer; a first bypass switch for switching the connection state of the first resonant circuit between the first bridge circuit and the primary side of the transformer; a second bypass switch for switching the connection state of the second resonant circuit between the second bridge circuit and the secondary side of the transformer; and a control unit for controlling each of the first bypas

Abstract: A controller used in an isolated switching converter with a transformer, a primary switch and a secondary switch, the controller has a maximum sense circuit for providing a first voltage signal representative of a maximum value of a first voltage across the secondary switch, and a timer for starting timing when the first voltage increases to a second voltage signal less than the first voltage signal and stop timing when the first voltage increases to the first voltage signal, and the timing duration of the timer is a first time interval. The secondary switch is turned on for a second ON-time after a current flowing through the secondary switch decreases to zero. The second ON-time of the secondary switch is adjusted so that the first time interval of the next switching cycle is close to a first time threshold.

Abstract: Dynamic transformer loading systems for staging a plurality of transformers in accordance with current load requirements of a changing load. In one aspect, a dynamic transformer loading system is disclosed. The dynamic transformer loading system may include two or more transformers arranged in parallel; multiple current transducers, respective ones of the current transducers being in signal communication with respective ones of the transformers; multiple contactors, respective ones of the contactors enabling a given transformer or transformers to be operationally removed from the dynamic transformer loading system; and a transformer load controller which receives as input measurements from the current transducers, and in response outputs signals to the contactors. Methods of staging a plurality of transformers are also disclosed.

Abstract: A power source device includes a capacitive load; and an AC power source, as a voltage source, which applies AC voltage to the capacitive load. A series circuit composed of an inductor and a capacitor is connected to the AC power source. A series circuit composed of a load inductor and the capacitive load is connected in parallel to one of the inductor or the capacitor. If an inductance of the inductor is defined as Lp, a capacitance of the capacitor is defined as Cp, an inductance of the load inductor is defined as Ls, an equivalent capacitance of the capacitive load is defined as Cs, and a frequency of the AC power source is defined as fv, the following expressions are satisfied, 0.8/((2?·fv){circumflex over (?)}2)<Lp·Cp<1.2/((2?·fv){circumflex over (?)}2) 0.8/((2?·fv){circumflex over (?)}2)<Ls·Cs<1.2/((2?·fv){circumflex over (?)}2).

Abstract: The invention relates to methods for controlling a frequency converter which supplies electric power to an inductive load. The converter comprises a power supply circuit with an input connected to a voltage source and an output connected to a power circuit by means of a first and a second conductive lines; the power supply circuit provides a direct voltage between the first and the second conductive lines to a first input of the power circuit. The power circuit comprises an inverter circuit and an intermediate circuit connected between the conductive lines to be interposed between the power supply circuit and the inverter circuit. The inverter circuit comprises three power transistors connected between the first conductive line and three output terminals, respectively, of the inverter, three additional power transistors connected between the second conductive line and said three other output terminals, respectively.

Abstract: The present document relates to multi-phase power converters. In particular, the present document relates to a multi-phase power converter comprising a first phase with a first power stage and a first inductor, a second phase with a second power stage and a second inductor, and a first substrate extending along a first substrate plane. The first power stage, the first inductor and the second inductor may be arranged above the first substrate. The second power stage may be arranged below the first substrate.

Abstract: An electronic device includes a rectifier circuit including: a first reception coil; a second reception coil; a first diode connected in a forward direction from a first end of the first reception coil and to a second end of the first reception coil; a second diode connected in a forward direction from a first end of the second reception coil and to a second end of the second reception coil; and a first capacitor, wherein an input end of the first diode is connected to an output end of the second diode through the first capacitor.

Abstract: A system and method for monitoring signal quality metrics coupled with closed-loop control improves rectifier signal quality and stability. The closed-loop control passes the metric through a high-pass filter and captures error values. This signal is then passed to a controller to adjust rectifier settings. The measured signal, where signal quality is derived could be VRECT, FCLK, network coil measurements, is used for ASK demodulation, or the like. The controller identifies noise levels and noise types in real-time, and sets parameters of the rectifier to preserve system stability. The controller may set baud rates and preamble thresholds in a wireless power transfer system in response to identified noise levels and types.

Abstract: A rectifier modulates a signal in a rectifier by turning on a low side field effect transistor to produce a load at a coil network in response to a low side field effect transistor in an alternative diagonal being on. The system measures signal quality to determine a necessary modulation depth for ASK communication; then determines a switching time and magnitude of a ballast signal to apply to the low side field effect transistor to achieve that modulation depth.

Abstract: Between positive and negative electrode ends of battery 50, fuse 51, main contactor 52 and electrolytic capacitor C21 are connected in series. Between positive and negative electrode ends of electrolytic capacitor C21, inverter 54 in which upper phase side EFT (54U, 54V, 54W) and lower phase side FET (54X, 54Y, 54Z) are bridge-connected is connected. Resistor R1 for precharging electrolytic capacitor C21 is connected to main contactor 52 in parallel. The resistance value of resistor R1 is set so that in a precharging period until a key switch is turned on after battery 50 is connected, when the upper phase side FET is OFF-controlled and the lower phase side EFT is ON-controlled, the charge voltage value of electrolytic capacitor C21 is set to be able to limit a gate-source voltage of the upper phase side FET to a voltage at which the upper phase side FET is not turned on.

Abstract: A control system of the present disclosure is a control system for controlling an operation of a power converter which performs power conversion between a motor for driving a vehicle and a power supply, and includes a data acquisition unit for acquiring data from equipment inside a vehicle and a control unit for reducing a drive frequency of a switching element included in the power converter when it is determined, on the basis of the data acquired by the data acquisition unit, that it is a state where a driver can allow a noise.

Abstract: A power converting apparatus includes a converter, a smoothing unit, inverters, and a control unit. The inverters are connected to the converter, the inverters being in parallel connection with each other. The inverter converts power output from the smoothing unit into a first alternating-current power, and outputs the first alternating-current power to a device in which a motor is installed. The inverter converts power outputted from the smoothing unit into a second alternating-current power, and outputs the second alternating-current power to a device in which a motor is installed. The control unit controls an operation of the converter and the inverters to reduce a current flowing in the smoothing unit and concurrently controls an operation of the inverter in accordance with an operation state of the inverter and a load unit including the device.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a neuro-stimulator, and more particularly, to a rotational triboelectric nanogenerator for a neuro-stimulator providing, as a device that may directly utilize nerve stimulation triboelectricity generated by rotational energy for nerve electrical stimulation, a device that may adjust waveforms and stimulation parameters of electricity generated during frictional contact through a combination of various materials with triboelectric properties and patterns of materials and electrodes, implement various nerve stimulation parameters by adjusting an external rotational speed or a distance between friction layers, does not require complicated circuits or voltages and batteries to drive the batteries, and may be driven through relatively small volume, inexpensive materials, a simple structure, and a simple operation method.

Abstract: A vibration energy harvester, a power accumulator and a power supplier, including: a multi-stable shell with one or more bistable regions and at least one piezoelectric element fixed on a surface of the multi-stable shell. Each of the bistable regions has two different stable configurations, and different combinations of the stable configurations of the one or more bistable regions make the multi-stable shell have a plurality of different stable configurations. The one or more bistable regions are switched between the two stable configurations thereof when being excited by vibration energy, so that the multi-stable shell is switched between the plurality of stable configurations to deform the piezoelectric element to generate electric energy.

Abstract: This is an electro-mechanical device systematically coupled for complete green energy generation for both AC and DC systems. This self-generating and self-charging Homeostatic Continuous-Flow generator is able to provide uninterrupted energy to power a load and also replenish itself without any external energy/power feed/source. An initial/cranking battery powers a controlled motor engine attached with a dynamo/magneto to mechanically generate boosted current which feeds the load and re-feeds itself. For safety, a battery management system for power/energy control is incorporated. For vehicles, the DC system is connected to the vehicle's accelerator/throttle, the speed control systems and the generator's dynamo/magneto, generating an output that powers the entire vehicle's electrical system interwoven.

Abstract: A deposition apparatus includes a plate; electrostatic chucks including a first surface on which the plate is disposed; and a second surface on which a substrate is supported; and a control device that controls a flatness between the electrostatic chucks, and each of the electrostatic chucks includes driving shafts disposed through an area of an edge of the first surface of each of the electrostatic chucks, and the control device controls the flatness between the electrostatic chucks through the driving shafts by measuring a height deviation between the electrostatic chucks.

Abstract: A method for magnetic braking of a steering column included in a steering system of a vehicle to facilitate installation and uninstallation of the driver in the vehicle and to protect angular mechanical stops arranged on either side of the steering column, said vehicle including a vehicle engine, said steering system including at least: the steering column connected to a steering wheel, the angular mechanical stops arranged on either side of the steering column, a force feedback module fixed to the steering column, said force feedback module including an electric motor, a reducer and a torque and/or angle sensor, said method including the magnetic braking of the steering column connected to the steering wheel applied by the electric motor of the force feedback module when said electric motor of the force feedback module is not powered.

Abstract: This invention refers to a rheostatic braking method, applied on a BLDC motor (10) used in hermetic compressors, comprising: selecting a first phase and a second phase, connected to the BLDC motor (10), which will be short-circuited, at a certain electric position of the BLDC motor (10), wherein the first phase and the second phase selected are the phases having the major induced voltage and the minor induced voltage at a certain electric position of the BLDC motor (10); maintaining a third open phase to monitor the electric position of the BLDC motor (10) by means of monitoring the induced voltage at this third open phase; and separating the rheostatic braking in six electric positions, each electric position being associated to two electric sections: a first section before zero crossing of the induced voltage of the third open phase; and a second section after the zero crossing.

Abstract: A dual motor system includes a first motor providing a lower speed range and a second motor providing a higher speed range, wherein the motors are coaxially arranged and aligned on and drive a common shaft, and a motor control system controlling the speed of the first motor and engaging the second motor as needed. The first motor provides a lower two-thirds of a full speed range, and the second motor provides the upper one-third in the form of one or more discrete fixed speeds. The system may also include a flow control system for automatically controlling the speed of the motors for particular applications, such as flow control in a pool.

Abstract: A motor driving apparatus includes a first motor including first windings respectively corresponding to phases, a second motor including second windings respectively corresponding phases, a first inverter including first switching elements and connected to a first end of each of the first windings, a second inverter including second switching elements, a first changeover switch including third switching elements respectively connected to a second end of each of the first windings at one end and connected to each other at the other end, a second changeover switch including switches selectively connecting the second inverter with the second end of each of the first windings or the second inverter with a first end of each of the second windings, and a controller configured for controlling the states of the first switching elements, the second switching elements, the third switching elements and the switches based on preset conditions.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a motor driving device includes an output part that supplies an exciting current to an exciting coil, a position detection part that detects a rotational position of a rotor, and a driving control part that produces a driving signal that is based on a detection signal from the position detection part and supplies it to the output part. The position detection part has first, second, and third detection elements that are integrally integrated together with the driving control part and detect rotational positions of the rotor.

Abstract: A method of controlling a sensorless motor (32). The method contains the steps of determining a current speed of the motor (32); selectively using a first method, a second method, or a third method to determine a position of a rotor of the motor (32), depending on the current speed of the motor (32); and transmitting a drive signal to the motor (32) based on the determined position of the rotor. A sensorless motor assembly is also disclosed. According to the method, multiple rotor position detection methods are provided to the sensorless motor (32) which cover a full speed range of the motor (32).

Abstract: An apparatus and method for determining electrical characteristics has an acquisition circuit and a control circuit. The control circuit causes a first modulation circuit to issue a first set of modulated signals to a first source of alternating current energy, wherein the first set of modulated signals has a first deadtime and wherein a high side switch and a low side switch of the first modulation circuit are turned off. The control circuit further causes the acquisition circuit to acquire a first electrical characteristic of the first source of alternating current energy from the first source of alternating current energy during the first deadtime.

Abstract: A motor control apparatus configured to convert an input power supplied from a power supply to an output alternating-current power having a predetermined voltage and a predetermined frequency is provided. The motor control apparatus includes an inverter circuit configured to supply the output alternating-current power to a motor, and is configured to perform a control to suppress an amplitude of a first harmonic component that occurs synchronously with a rotation rate of the motor in a power input into the motor to be lower than or equal to a predetermined value and to suppress an amplitude of a second harmonic component that occurs in an electromagnetic exciting force of the motor at a same frequency as the first harmonic component to be lower than the amplitude of the second harmonic component in a case of the amplitude of the first harmonic component being suppressed to a minimum.

Abstract: A method for controlling the operation of an electric machine, particularly an electric machine of a motor vehicle, wherein the electric machine is controlled to generate torque based on alternating current produced by a control device from a direct current supplied by an electrical energy storage. A function current which is determined depending on an actual operating point of the electric machine and which reduces a waviness of the direct current is impressed on the alternating current.

Abstract: A motor drive device includes: an inverter unit that supplies alternating current to a motor including a plurality of stator windings; a connection switching unit that is disposed between the inverter unit and the motor and switches a connection state of the stator windings; a rotor flux estimation unit that calculates an estimated rotor flux that is an estimated value of a rotor flux of the motor on the basis of current information that is a result of detection of a current value of the alternating current; and a determination processing unit that determines the connection state on the basis of the estimated rotor flux. The motor drive device determines an anomaly of the connection state while the motor is in operation.

Abstract: A method of calibrating an electrical machine to determine an angular offset between a motor sensor indicated position and an actual rotor position, including the steps of: supplying electrical current to stator windings; identifying a quadrant of a rotor where a rotor pole is located; approximating a line between a torque value measured at a lower angular boundary of the identified quadrant and a torque value measured at an upper angular boundary of the identified quadrant; and determining an angular offset by locating an angular position where torque exerted by the rotor is zero.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method and apparatus for estimating a rotor position angle of an electric machine, an electric machine control system comprising the apparatus, and a computer-readable storage medium. The method comprises obtaining a back emf of a stator of the electric machine; performing a second-order generalized integrator operation on the back emf, to obtain a signal with a phase lag of 90 degrees with respect to the back emf; dividing the phase-lagging signal by a resonant frequency of the back emf to obtain a stator flux linkage of the stator, then subtracting an inductive magnetic flux of the stator from the stator flux linkage to obtain a rotor flux linkage; and computing a rotor position angle based on the rotor flux linkage.

Abstract: A stepping motor driver which drives a stepping motor according to a position angle command includes: a current detector that detects a phase current; an inverter that applies a current to a winding; and a control unit that controls the inverter.

Abstract: A drive arrangement comprising an electric motor can be operated. The drive arrangement comprises the electric motor, an electrical circuit for operating the electric motor, and a control device for actuating the electrical circuit; wherein the electric motor has at least one stator comprising at least three coils and a rotor comprising at least two magnetic poles; wherein the electrical circuit has at least a first potential connection and a second potential connection, which can be connected to different potentials of a DC voltage source; wherein the electrical circuit comprises three half-bridges between the potential connections, wherein each coil is electrically conductively connected to each half-bridge via a respective first connection and to the other coils via a respective second connection.

Abstract: A motor/generator/transmission system includes: an axle; a stator ring having a plurality of stator coils disposed around the periphery of the stator ring, wherein each phase of the plurality of stator coils includes a respective set of multiple parallel non-twisted wires separated at the center tap with electronic switches for connecting the parallel non-twisted wires of each phase of the stator coils all in series, all in parallel, or in a combination of series and parallel; a rotor support structure coupled to the axle; a first rotor ring and a second rotor ring each having an axis of rotation coincident with the axis of rotation of the axle, at least one of the first rotor ring or the second rotor ring being slidably coupled to the rotor support structure and configured to translate along the rotor support structure in a first axial direction or in a second axial direction.

Abstract: A motor driving apparatus driving a motor that has a plurality of windings respectively corresponding to a plurality of phases includes a first inverter including a plurality of first switching elements and connected to a first end of each of the windings, a second inverter including a plurality of second switching elements and connected to a second end of each of the windings, and a controller determining a voltage command of the first inverter based on a voltage command of the motor and the active vector corresponding to a duty of the second switching elements and controlling the first switching elements through pulse width modulation based on the voltage command of the first inverter.