Abstract: Generating first map information, where the first map information includes information about a first reference object set, and the information about the first reference object set indicates a first identifier, in a geographic area, of each reference object in at least one reference object included in the first reference object set, and indicates a first position of each reference object in the at least one reference object. The first map information is generated, and the first map information indicates related information of each reference object in the first reference object set, to implement a manner of expressing the related information of the reference object more abundantly, so that maps provided by different map vendors may use reference objects in the first map information to perform position expression on an element or an event.

Abstract: A method includes storing, in computer memory, a tessellation comprising a plurality of tiles corresponding to a plurality of geographical regions. The plurality of tiles are stored with travel times in a plurality of transportation modalities across a plurality of edges of the plurality of tiles. The method also includes storing, in the computer memory, associations between a plurality of points of interest and corresponding tiles of the plurality of tiles based on locations of the plurality of points of interests relative to the plurality of geographic regions, determining, by one or more processors, a first set of the plurality of tiles reachable from a first tile of the plurality of tiles in up to a first total travel time based on the travel times across the plurality of edges, and identifying, by the one or more processors, a first set of the plurality of points of interest associated with the first set of the plurality of tiles.

Abstract: A MEMS gyrocompass and method are provided to mitigate systematic error in determination of a north angle. The MEMS gyrocompass includes one or more MEMS gyroscopes having a sense axis within a reference plane. Samples from an output of the MEMS gyroscope are obtained in at least two angles of rotation about an axis perpendicular to the reference plane. First fit coefficients are determined by fitting samples with first fitting functions determined as function of time. Second fit coefficients are determined by fitting components of earth rotation rate projected on the reference plane based on samples obtained by all the MEMS gyroscopes, which fitting is performed with a second fitting function determined as a function of rotation angle of the MEMS gyroscope with respect to a reference angle. The north angle is determined as an angle between the reference angle and true north based on the second fit coefficients.

Abstract: A device for determining an encoder magnet rotation angle is provided, wherein the device includes an encoder magnet and a number of n greater than or equal to two magnet sensors. The magnetic field includes a plurality of plane-parallel magnetic field planes, wherein a surface normal of the plane-parallel magnetic field planes is parallel to an encoder magnet rotation axis. The magnetic field further includes a plurality of magnetic field vectors in the plane-parallel magnetic field planes. The two magnet sensors are in at least one of the plane-parallel magnetic field planes, wherein a first magnetic field vector has a first angle at a position of a first magnet sensor, and wherein a number n?1 of further ones of the magnet sensors are arranged at positions in the magnetic field whose magnetic field vectors have an angle which satisfies the equation ? i = ? i - 1 + 360 ? ° n , wherein 1<i?n.

Abstract: A position detection device includes a magnet that generates a magnetic field to be detected, and a magnetic sensor. The magnetic sensor detects the magnetic field to be detected and generates a detection value corresponding to the position of the magnet. The magnetic field to be detected has a first direction that changes within a first plane, at a reference position in the first plane. The magnetic sensor includes four MR elements. Each of the MR elements includes a first magnetic layer having first magnetization that can change in direction within a second plane corresponding to the each of the MR elements. The first plane and the second plane intersect at a dihedral angle ? other than 90°. A detection value depends on the direction of the first magnetization.

Abstract: A reading device for capacitive sensing element comprises a differential capacitive sensing element, a modulator, a charge-voltage conversion circuit, a phase adjustment circuit, a demodulator and a low-pass filter. The modulator outputs a modulation signal to the common node of the capacitive sensing element and modulates the output signal of the capacitive sensing element. The two input terminals of the charge-to-voltage conversion circuit are connected to two non-common nodes of the capacitive sensing element. The charge-to-voltage converter read the output charge of the capacitive sensing element and convert it into a voltage signal. The modulator generates a demodulation signal through the phase adjustment circuit. The demodulator receives the demodulation signal from the phase adjustment circuit and demodulates the output of the charge-to-voltage conversion circuit. The low-pass filter is connected to the output of the demodulator for filtering the demodulated voltage signal to output the read signal.

Abstract: A rotary encoder comprises a sensor configured to measure an angle of a rotating shaft; and a controller configured to: determine a first angle of the rotating shaft at a first time; determine a second angle of the rotating shaft at a second time; calculate an angular velocity based on: 1) an angular difference between the first angle and the second angle; and 2) a time difference between the first time and the second time; and transmit an output packet comprising the angular velocity.

Abstract: The disclosure is directed to apparatus and methods for detection of out of position (OOP) components in a carrier tape forming machine. An apparatus includes cross track sensors coupled to the bus interface circuitry, the cross track sensors configured to detect OOP components prior to overlaying the components on the carrier tape with cover tape, optical sensors to detect the OOP components on the carrier tape after overlaying with cover tape and prior to sealing and to detect reflections from OOP components seated on the carrier tape, an amplifier coupled to the optical sensors to amplify signals generated by the optical sensors and set a range for determining whether the components are OOP, and relays to receive indications of detected OOP components, and a controller coupled to the relays to stop the carrier tape forming machine as a function of signals received by the relays.

Abstract: Systems and methods for manhole localization along deployed fiber optic cables that employs cross-correlation methodologies and ambient road traffic operating proximate to the manholes including fiber optic telecommunications cables to detect the manhole locations using distributed fiber optic sensing (DFOS). Advantageously the manhole locations are determined without employing labor intensive field surveys.

Abstract: A measurement device includes a splitter splitting light from a light source into first and second lights; an optical frequency shifter shifting a frequency of the first light; a first optical modulator modulating intensity of the first light and generating probe light having two frequency components; a second optical modulator generating pump light by pulsing the second light; an optical detector detecting, when the probe light is incident from a first end of an optical fiber to be measured and the pump light is incident from a second side of the optical fiber, light emitted from the second side of the optical fiber; and a processor measuring, based on detected light intensity, temperature or distortion of the optical fiber, in which a frequency of a lower one of the two frequency components yields Brillouin gain, and a frequency of a higher frequency component yields Brillouin loss.

Abstract: In the method and the device described here for operating an electromagnetic, in particular magnetostrictive, or acoustic position measuring device (10) having at least one position sensor (44), at least one position encoder (20) and a waveguide (14), said position measuring device having a control device for triggering an interrogation pulse in the waveguide (14) and an evaluation unit for evaluating a wave form (400-450) recorded by the position sensor (44), wherein the time between the triggering of the interrogation pulse and the point in time at which the wave form (400-450) recorded by the position sensor (44) is recorded is measured to determine the position of the position encoder (20) via the relationship between distance and time, it is in particular provided that position recognition is implemented by means of the position encoder (20) by localising patterns in the wave form (400-450) recorded by the position sensor (44), wherein the localisation of such patterns is implemented on the basis of corr

Abstract: Disclosed is a modular, palletized system for a deployable sensor that provides for easy deployment with minimal interconnection to the vehicle carrying such system, and with no requirement for modification to the vehicle carrying such system. A pallet having a standardized construction for fitment onto a pallet-carrying portion of a vehicle carries a moveable carriage. The carriage in turn carries an arm and sensor head which may be moved through an opening in the vehicle (such as through the door of an airborne aircraft) and pivoted to deploy the sensor when intended for use, and to retract the sensor when such use is completed. As the system is specifically sized for fitment on a standard pallet profile, it may be installed on the pallet-carrying portion of such vehicle without need for retrofitting of the vehicle's body.

Abstract: A photoelectric flowmeter circuit includes a circuit power supply end. The photoelectric flowmeter circuit also includes a light-emitting element, including a first end electrically connected to the circuit power supply end and a second end electrically connected to ground. The photoelectric flowmeter circuit also includes a photosensitive triode, including a collector electrically connected to the circuit power supply end and an emitter electrically connected to the ground. The photoelectric flowmeter circuit also includes a direct current (DC) blocking circuit. The photoelectric flowmeter circuit also includes a circuit output end electrically connected to the collector of the photosensitive triode through the DC blocking circuit.

Abstract: [Problem] To provide an ultrasonic physical properties measurement device that suppresses the generation of a secondary flow inside a cylinder, is more portable, and can suppress changes in physical properties. [Solution] An ultrasonic physical properties measurement device 1 that: uses ultrasonic waves to measure the flow velocity profile of fluids that flow inside a cylinder 2, by rotating the cylinder 2 backwards and forwards in a fixed cycle; and calculates the physical properties of fluid from the flow velocity profile. The cylinder 2: has an upper end surface 21 and lower end surface 22 that are penetrated such that fluid can flow therethrough; and comprises a rotation mechanism 3 that supports all or part of the cylinder 2 in a state of immersion in the fluid and rotates the cylinder 2 backwards and forwards.

Abstract: A self-cleaning thermal conductivity sensor comprises: a bellows coupled to a support structure; a pneumatic or hydraulic cylinder; a sensor configured to measure a thermal conductivity of a fluid and extending from the pneumatic or hydraulic cylinder, wherein the sensor comprises an exposure end configured to contact the fluid during sensing by the thermal conductivity sensor, a temperature sensor, and a heat source; sensor wires connected with the thermal conductivity sensor and extending to a control system; a self-cleaning system comprising: a hood having walls extending radially outward and defining a volume; and a cleaning brush integrated with or adjacent the bottom of the support structure. In a retracted configuration, the exposure end of the sensor is positioned at a retracted position a distance from cleaning brush, and, in an extended configuration, the exposure end of the sensor extends a distance along the central axis away from the retracted position.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for preventing frost damage to one or more flow meters installed in a fluid distribution network containing a fluid, wherein each flow meter is configured to measure a temperature, preferably an air temperature, and to wirelessly transmit the measured temperature, such as via a mobile or a fixed wireless reading system to a processing unit. The method comprises: 1) during a period continuously monitoring (M_TMP) the temperatures measured by the plurality of flow meters over a period of time, 2) performing a data analysis (P_DA) on the temperatures of the plurality of flow meters from the period, 3) based on the data analysis, identifying (I_FDC) one or more ones of the plurality of flow meters as frost damage candidates in a future frost period, and 4) transmitting (T_WS) a warning signal indicative of the frost damage candidates or initiating frost protection measures to protect the frost damage candidates.

Abstract: An acoustic volume sensing device is disclosed. The device includes a housing comprising a reference volume chamber and a variable volume chamber, the reference volume chamber and the variable volume chamber connected by a resonant port, a first MEMS microphone located in acoustic relation to the variable volume chamber, a second MEMS microphone located in acoustic relation to the reference volume chamber, a MEMS speaker located in acoustic relation to the reference volume chamber, and a circuit board in electric connection with the first and second MEMS microphones and the MEMS speaker.

Abstract: A potassium nitrate level detection sensing module M in a strengthening furnace according to the present invention includes a level detection means, which is installed inside a glass strengthening furnace, installed at a height equal to a level line of strengthening liquid to be filled in the strengthening furnace F, and generates an electrical signal having a set threshold or more or an electrical signal having the set threshold or less when it comes into contact with the strengthening liquid and detects that the strengthening liquid filled in the glass strengthening furnace F has reached a set strengthening liquid level line. The potassium nitrate level detection sensing module in the strengthening furnace according to the present invention having such a configuration can automatically identify that potassium nitrate in a liquid state, which is melted in the strengthening furnace, has reached the set level line in the strengthening furnace.

Abstract: This detection device is provided with a transmission unit that generates electromagnetic waves, a compartment bottom portion by which electromagnetic waves are reflected, and a reception unit that receives electromagnetic waves. The transmission unit emits electromagnetic waves to a detection target region through a partition member for partitioning the detection target region from the transmission unit and the reception unit. The compartment bottom portion is provided on the optical path of the electromagnetic waves emitted from the transmission unit and reflects electromagnetic waves having passed through at least a portion of the detection target region. The reception unit receives electromagnetic waves that have been reflected by the compartment bottom portion and are inputted from the detection target region through the partition member.

Abstract: Disclosed is a residual feed estimation management server for a feed bin. The residual feed estimation management server for the feed bin according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a communication unit configured to communicate with a measuring terminal installed at a top of an inner side of a feed bin, a gradient generation unit configured to generate gradient information using height information on residual feed measured at a central point of the feed bin using a laser signal of the measuring terminal, and a remaining amount estimation unit configured to estimate a remaining amount of the feed using the gradient information.

Abstract: The embodiments of the present disclosure provide methods and systems for energy measuring based on natural gas data of a smart gas meter, including establishing the gas IoT. The object platform obtains consumed gas volume data and location data of the smart gas meter as first data and second data, and sending them to the management platform through the sensor network platform. The management platform generates consumed gas preprocessing data based on the first data and the second data, and generates energy measurement data after performing the computation outside the gas IoT on the consumed gas preprocessing data by the cloud platform outside the gas IoT. The management platform sends the energy measurement data to the user platform configured in a regional pipeline network center through the service platform. The user platform performs gas energy measurement of the smart gas meter based on the energy measurement data.

Abstract: The invention relates to a system (10) for weighing a predetermined mass of a food product, comprising an electric stepping motor (30) supported by a chassis (11) and having an output shaft, a food-product receiving member (22) which is able to move along the axis of travel between a position for receiving and a position for tipping out the food product, and an electronic control unit for controlling the electric motor. According to the invention, the receiving member is unable to move independently of the output shaft and the weighing system is configured so that, in the receiving position, the receiving member and food product apply a static torque to the output shaft, and that the electronic control unit is configured to apply a resistive torque, for a predetermined mass of the food product, to the output shaft so that when the static torque is at least equal to the resistive torque, the output shaft changes position.

Abstract: A system is provided that comprises an inlet fluid conduit, an outer frame, and an inner frame coupled to the outer frame via at least one mass measurement device, where the inner frame includes an opening. A bi-directional scale is pivotally connected to the inner frame along an axis of rotation, where the bi-directional scale comprises filter media positioned between a first material receiving receptable and a second material receiving receptable. The first material receiving receptacle is configured to receive a fluid mixture from the inlet fluid conduit. The system comprises a separator pivoting system coupled to the bi-directional scale.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus according to an embodiment includes a first recognition unit (122) that performs recognition processing based on a point group output by a photodetection distance measurement unit (11), and outputs three-dimensional recognition information of a target object, the photodetection distance measurement unit (11) including a light transmission unit (101) that transmits light modulated by a frequency continuous modulation wave and a light reception unit (103) that receives light and outputs a reception signal, and outputting, based on the reception signal, a point group including a plurality of points each having velocity information, a generation unit (125) that generates vibration distribution information indicating a vibration distribution of the target object based on the velocity information and the three-dimensional recognition information, and a detection unit (20) that detects an abnormality of the target object based on the vibration distribution information.

Abstract: A device may receive, from a fiber sensor device, sensing data associated with a fiber optic cable, the sensing data being produced by an activity that poses a threat of damage to the fiber optic cable, and the sensing data identifying: amplitudes of vibration signals, frequencies of the vibration signals, patterns of the vibration signals, times associated with the vibration signals, and locations along the fiber optic cable associated with the vibration signals. The device may process, with a machine learning model, the sensing data to determine a threat level of the activity to the fiber optic cable, the machine learning model having been trained based on historical information regarding detected vibrations, historical information regarding sources of the detected vibrations, and historical information regarding threat levels to the fiber optic cable. The device may perform one or more actions based on the threat level to the fiber optic cable.

Abstract: Low-cost, robust, and high performance microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) acoustic sensors are described. Described MEMS acoustic sensors can comprise a set of etch release structures in the acoustic sensor membrane that facilitates rapid and/or uniform etch release of the acoustic sensor membrane. In addition, MEMS acoustic sensors can comprise a set of membrane position control structures of the acoustic sensor membrane that can reduce the bending stress of the acoustic sensor membrane. MEMS acoustic sensors can further comprise a three layer acoustic sensor membrane that provides increased robustness. Further design flexibility and improvements are described that provide increased robustness and/or cost savings, and a low cost fabrication process for MEMS acoustic sensors is provided.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a test system and method. The test system is configured to analyze a system platform and includes a data collector and a test monitor. The data collector is configured to receive a signal transmitted between a controller and a memory of the system platform and is configured to process the signal to generate a processed signal. The test monitor is configured to encode the processed signal into a log information, so as to determine an operation status of the system platform according to the log information.

Abstract: The present application relates generally to silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) detector arrays. In one aspect, there is a system including an array of cells each including a single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) reverse-biased above a breakdown voltage of the SPAD. The system may further include a trigger network configured to generate pulses on a trigger line in response to SPADs of the array undergoing breakdown. The system may still further include a pulse-width filter configured to block pulses on the trigger line whose pulse width is less than a threshold width.

Abstract: Apparatuses, systems, and methods for Raman spectroscopy are described. In certain implementations, a spectrometer is provided. The spectrometer may include a plurality of optical elements, comprising an entrance aperture, a collimating element, a volume phase holographic grating, a focusing element, and a detector array. The plurality of optical elements are configured to transfer the light beam from the entrance aperture to the detector array with a high transfer efficiency over a preselected spectral band.

Abstract: A measurement system is disclosed which includes a vessel configured to suspend molecules of interest therein, optical sources configured to excite the molecules of interest by an excitation light activated and deactivated in a stepwise fashion, during the activation, the sources activated according to a pulse train, the molecules of interest emitting emission light in response to being excited by the excitation light, one or more sensor packages each comprising a plurality of photodetectors configured to receive emission light from the molecules of interest and, in response, provide an output voltage signal and an output current signal corresponding to photoelectron response of an incident photon on the one or more sensor packages, and a detector configured to determine successive single molecular decay of the molecules of interest, generate an emission pulse associated with each incident photon on the one or more sensor packages, and count the number of emission pulses.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a spectrometer receiving an optical input signal that includes an input optical spectrum. The spectrometer includes a fiber laser cavity pumped by a first optical replica of the optical input signal that generates stimulated Brillouin scattering traveling in a direction opposite to a direction of the optical input signal. The first optical replica of the optical input signal excites at least one lasing mode in the fiber laser cavity. The at least one lasing mode respectively includes at least one lasing mode frequency. The at least one lasing mode frequency is onset by a respective Brillouin frequency shift from the respective at least one input frequency. The spectrometer also includes an optical heterodyne receiver. The optical heterodyne receiver generates the electrical output signal. The spectrometer outputs a measurement of the input optical spectrum based on the respective Brillouin frequency shift and the at least one input frequency.

Abstract: A method of processing a substrate that includes: exposing the substrate in a plasma processing chamber to a plasma powered by applying a first power to a first electrode of a plasma processing chamber; turning OFF the first power to the first electrode after the first time duration; while the first power is OFF, applying a second power to a second electrode of the plasma processing chamber for a second time duration, the second time duration being shorter than the first time duration, an energy of the second power over the second time duration is less than an energy of the first power over the first time duration by a factor of at least 2; and detecting an optical emission spectrum (OES) from species in the plasma processing chamber.

Abstract: Methods, systems and devices are described that enable measurement and characterization of complex laser pulses by relying on three interferograms that are measured simultaneously. The described three-phase spectral interferometry (3 PSI) can meet the growing demand for optical recorders with long record and 1 ps or finer resolution. An example three-phase interferometric system includes a three-output optical splitter with a first input port to receive the input optical signal, a second input port to receive a reference optical signal with one or more unknown spectral characteristics. The three output ports of the optical splitter produce interferograms that correspond to relative phase shifts of substantially 120 degrees. Detectors are positioned to receive and measure the interferograms, which allows determination of the amplitude and phase of the input optical signal with very high accuracy.

Abstract: A fire measuring device for electric vehicles in a garage includes a fire parameter acquisition device for collecting fire parameters during the fire evolution process of electric vehicles in the garage, a fire monitoring device for dynamically recording the combustion process, a computer, a charging pile, and a water gun fire extinguishing mechanism. The fire monitoring device communicates with the computer. The fire parameters include heat release rate, temperature, radiation, released gas, and electric vehicle mass change. The invention adopts a fire measuring device for electric vehicles in the garage with the above structure. By measuring the parameters such as heat release rate, temperature, radiation, and released gas type during the firing process, the firing mechanism of the electric vehicle stored in the garage is further analyzed and studied to provide basic data for the technical development of electric vehicle fire safety and provide experimental guidance for personnel training.

Abstract: A temperature sensing device includes a substrate, a first reflective module, a first window cover, and a dual thermopile sensor. The first reflective module is disposed on the substrate, including a first mirror chamber with a narrow field of view (FOV), and the first reflective module focuses a thermal radiation from measured object to a first image plane in the first mirror chamber. The first window cover is disposed on the first reflective module, and the first window cover allows a selected band of the thermal radiation to pass through. The dual thermopile sensor is disposed on the substrate and located in the first mirror chamber, and the dual thermopile sensor senses a temperature data from the first image plane. Additional second reflective module, LED source plus pin hole with same FOV of dual thermopile sensor can illuminate the measured object for ease of placement of object to be heated.

Abstract: A photonic thermometer module assembly includes: a sheath; a sheath bottom plug; a sheath top flange; a top sealing flange; a heat exchanger; a photonic thermometer disposed on the heat exchanger such that the photonic thermometer determines a temperature of the sheath; and an optical fiber array in optical communication with the photonic thermometer and that optically couples the photonic thermometer to an exterior environment of the photonic thermometer module assembly, wherein the photonic thermometer module assembly is compatible with International Temperature Scale of 0 (ITS-90) fixed-point cell infrastructure and conventional drywell and oil-bath calibrations, and the photonic thermometer module assembly provides temperature measurements from ?200° C. to +700° C.

Abstract: A device that uses a UV sensing element capable of converting photons from a high temperature thermal source, to an electrical current. Such current is then compared with the theoretical current to be obtained from a source with the dimensions of the actual source. The theoretical current is obtained by integrating.

Abstract: At least one thermal imaging camera mounted or positionable in a location that enables the camera to capture a thermal image of at least part of one lateral side of a harvester when the harvester is operational in a field. The camera may for example be mounted on a movable component or subsystem of the harvester, such as the unloading tube of a combine harvester according to an embodiment of the invention. When the unloading tube is in the unloading position, the camera is enabled to capture an image of the unloading side of the harvester. The system further includes a processing unit and a control unit, configured to process and analyze captured thermal images, and compare temperature-related parameters derived from said images to a threshold.

Abstract: A bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) measurement system and method, an electronic device, and a storage medium. The BRDF measurement system includes: a blackbody, a spectroradiometer and a controller; where in case that the blackbody is heated to a target temperature, it undergoes a solid-liquid phase change; the spectroradiometer is used to measure the blackbody and transmit a first measurement signal to the controller, and in case that the blackbody irradiates a to-be-measured point on a sample surface, the spectroradiometer is further used to measure radiation from the to-be-measured point, and transmit a second measurement signal to the controller; and the controller is used to obtain a BRDF of the to-be-measured point based on the first measurement signal, the second measurement signal, the target geometric relationship, a target mapping relationship and a dimension parameter of the blackbody.

Abstract: A method of instrumentation for a construction plant tire (20) for measures the temperature inside a rubber compound of the tire. The method comprises a step of identifying areas for installing sensors (10) each having a microprocessor, radio transmission means, a temperature measuring probe, and power supply means. The sensors (10) are then inserted in cavities (205, 206, 207) in the rubber compounds, and the sensors are held in a fixed position while the tire (20) is running to communicate the measurement results to a remote receiver located in a vehicle.

Abstract: Disclosure regards a temperature sensor and a temperature-sensing data processing module, including two counting units, each configured to set a reference clock signal and a frequency conversion signal to be a counting-clock signal and a counting-sample signal according to a control signal, wherein during a sampling period consisting of at least one signal cycle of the counting-sample signal, the two counting units count the numbers of rising edges and falling edges of the counting-clock signal; and a count-control unit configured to generate a doubled-frequency counting value based on a sum of the number of rising edges and the number of falling edges to generate a temperature value based on the doubled-frequency counting value and a temperature-frequency fitting function. Therefore, problems regarding temperature estimation errors in the prior art are effectively solved.

Abstract: A room operating unit (ROU) which is integral part of a HVAC system has an operating unit providing different functionalities, a device terminal and an analog sensor unit including an electrical circuit for determining room temperature. Depending on the construction of the device, self-heating effects caused by the heat generating components of the device may affect the result of the temperature measurement, i.e., the ambient temperature of the sensor unit may be higher than room temperature. Therefore, the sensor unit comprises a compensation circuit for correcting the temperature output by the sensor unit by eliminating self-heating effects.

Abstract: A method for tuning a distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) system. The method may include determining a signal strength from a first Raman Pump in the DAS system, sweeping a laser pulse output from a transmitter; wherein the sweeping is an incremental increase of a power of the laser pulse output from a minimum pulse power to a maximum pulse power, and measuring a first signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) for each of the incremental increase of the power of the laser pulse output. The method may further comprise selecting a maximum SNR from the first SNR for each of the incremental increase of the power of the laser pulse output and configuring the first Raman Pump and the laser pulse output based at least in part on the maximum SNR.

Abstract: A self-cleaning temperature sensor comprises: a bellows coupled to a support structure; a pneumatic or hydraulic cylinder; a sensor configured to measure a temperature of a fluid and extending from the pneumatic or hydraulic cylinder, wherein the sensor comprises an exposure end configured to contact the fluid during sensing by the sensor; sensor wires connected with the sensor and extending to a control system; and a self-cleaning system comprising: a hood having walls extending radially outward a distance along a central axis wherein the hood defines a first volume; and a cleaning brush integrated with or adjacent the bottom of the support structure. In a retracted configuration, the exposure end of the sensor is positioned at a retracted position a distance from cleaning brush, and, in an extended configuration, the exposure end of the sensor extends a distance along the central axis away from the retracted position.

Abstract: MEMS force sensors for providing temperature coefficient of offset (TCO) compensation are described herein. An example MEMS force sensor can include a TCO compensation layer to minimize the TCO of the force sensor. The bottom side of the force sensor can be electrically and mechanically mounted on a package substrate while the TCO compensation layer is disposed on the top side of the sensor. It is shown the TCO can be reduced to zero with the appropriate combination of Young's modulus, thickness, and/or thermal coefficient of expansion (TCE) of the TCO compensation layer.

Abstract: A progressive stopper for a pressure sensing element is able to redistribute and reduce the stress of a diaphragm exposed to high pressure via multi-step contacts, such as at least dual contacts, where the diaphragm (designed for detecting pressure within a defined pressure range) is enabled to withstand much higher pressures above of the defined pressure range, such that the progressive stopper prevents catastrophic failure of the diaphragm. The progressive stopper is created to redistribute and reduce stress on the diaphragm significantly and effectively. The progressive stopper does not limit the output of the pressure sensing element such that the pressure sensing element is able to maintain the output voltage above the maximum output voltage of the defined pressure range when the diaphragm is exposed to high pressures with reduced stresses and strains.

Abstract: A pressure sensor module and a dispensing apparatus improving accuracy of pressure measurement are provided. A pressure sensor module includes: a flow channel substrate in which a flow channel and a branch channel are formed; and a distortion detection unit configured to detect a pressure. The branch channel is branched from the flow channel and is connected to the distortion detection unit at one end of the branch channel. The distortion detection unit is disposed at least partially via a bond layer to block the one end of the branch channel. A protrusion is provided to surround the one end of the branch channel.

Abstract: A piezoelectric measuring device includes a sensor element that generates a measurement signal for a pressure and a data acquisition device to evaluate the measurement signal. The sensor element includes an operational amplifier with an inverting input and an output, a feedback capacitance in parallel with the inverting input and the output, and a reset switching element in parallel with the inverting input and the output. The operational amplifier provides an electrical supply voltage and the data acquisition device includes a measurement cycle circuit configured to activate the electrical supply voltage before a measurement cycle and deactivate after the measurement cycle. The sensor element includes a power-on reset logic to detect the electrical supply voltage accordingly close or reopen the reset switching element.

Abstract: A pressure-measuring device including an optical fibre with a thinned portion, a laser, called the heating laser, arranged to emit an optical wave, called the heating wave, into the thinned portion, a measuring means including a sensor that is arranged to measure a backscattered optical wave that is generated by an optical wave, called the interrogation wave, and that originates in the thinned portion of the optical fibre, and a processing unit arranged and/or programmed to measure a pressure of a fluid, preferably a gas, encircling the thinned portion, on the basis of the measurement of the backscattered wave.

Abstract: A wheel-state obtaining system includes: air pressure sensors each provided for a corresponding one of a plurality of wheels to detect an air pressure of a tire of the wheel; and temperature sensors each provided for a corresponding one of the wheels to detect a temperature of an inside of a tire of the wheel; and a controller. The controller obtains a temperature conversion air pressure, which is the air pressure of each tire when the temperature is a set temperature, based on a detected air pressure and a detected temperature. When a reduction amount of the temperature conversion air pressure of one of the wheels is greater than a reduction amount of the temperature conversion air pressure of each of other wheels except the one of the wheels, the controller determines that the air pressure of the tire of the one of the wheels is in an abnormal state.