Abstract: Disclosed herein is a plasmonic molecular device consisting photoisomerizable molecular switch-tethered gold triangular nanoprisms and methods for using such device for the detection of biomarkers. The molecular device exhibits unprecedentedly large localized surface plasmon resonance shifts during the photoisomerization of molecular switches. The fabricated molecular device with zwitterionic structure has been utilized to develop adaptable nanoplasmonic biosensor for ultrasensitive. highly specific and programmable detection of microRNAs and proteins from patient biofluids.

Abstract: Compositions and methods for measuring the concentration of chemical species in oilfield environments, water processing and treatment, natural gas processing plants and pipelines, and other applications and other applications using fluorescent nanoparticles that are easily detectable while also being inert within the microenvironment are disclosed.

Abstract: A method for detection of Mycobacterium bovis based on fluorescent semiconducting nanoparticle nano-genosensors (Quantum Dots, QDs), genomic probes and a quencher is provided. Upon exposure of the nano-genosensor to M. bovis DNA, the quencher is displaced, and the DNA binds to the probe bond to the fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticle composed of Cadmium Telluride (CdTe), thus causing an increase in fluorescence (turn-on). The photonic nano-genosensor emits fluorescence proportional to the amount of Mycobacterium bovis DNA present in a sample.

Abstract: A method for generating at least a first control area for a biological analysis includes depositing on a surface a solution comprising a first control analyte in order to generate the first control area. A system is configured to carry out the method. A method is also provided for analysing a biological sample including at least one first target analyte.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to a method (a) for the quantification of polysorbate in aqueous formulations containing polysorbate and one or more (poly)peptides having the following steps: (a.1) providing a sample of the aqueous formulation; (a.2) adding of a solution containing the fluorescent dye N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine to the sample of step (a.1) to obtain a fluorescent dye containing sample to be tested in a fluorescence micelle assay; (a.3) optionally incubating the fluorescent dye containing sample of step (a.2); (a.4) performing a fluorescence micelle assay with the fluorescent dye containing sample obtained in step (a.2) or step (a.3) and (a.5) determining the content of polysorbate present in the sample from the fluorescence micelle assay performed in step (a.4); with the proviso that the method is being performed without the use of a HPLC-system. An additional method (b) of the present invention also allows a high-throughput-screening of a great number of samples.

Abstract: A method of determining the presence of an analyte of interest in a blood sample within a test device including a sensor in aqueous media includes transmitting light to the test device at a first excitation wavelength at which light absorption of the sensor remains substantially constant as pH of the aqueous media changes, measuring an intensity of a first fluorescence signal emitted from the sensor in the test device in response to the first excitation wavelength, transmitting light to the test device at a second excitation wavelength, the second excitation wavelength being different from the first excitation wavelength, measuring an intensity of a second fluorescence signal emitted from the sensor in the test device in response to the second excitation wavelength, and normalizing, with the first fluorescence signal, the intensity of the second fluorescence signal emitted from the test device in response to the second excitation wavelength.

Abstract: A multiplexing module implements receiving a plurality of laser pulses from a pulsed laser source via an input coupler element; splitting each laser pulse into a plurality of beamlets; introducing a delay between adjacent beamlets of the plurality of beamlets; and outputting a plurality of beamlets associated with each respective laser pulse via an output coupler element, wherein the input coupler and the output coupler are separate elements of the multiplexing module.

Abstract: An information processing device according to an aspect of the present disclosure includes a fluorescence separation unit (131A) that is an example of a separation unit that separates at least one of a stained fluorescence component or an autofluorescence component from a fluorescence component obtained from a specimen image of fluorescent staining, a generation unit (131B) that calculates separation accuracy for each of pixels from a difference between the specimen image and an image after separation obtained by separating at least one of the stained fluorescence component or the autofluorescence component from the fluorescence component, and generates a separation accuracy image indicating the separation accuracy for each of the pixels, and an evaluation unit (131C) that identifies a pixel including an outlier of the separation accuracy from the separation accuracy image.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method, a microscope (1) and a computer program for localizing and/or imaging light-emitting molecules (M) in a sample(S) contained in a sample reservoir (6) comprising illuminating the sample(S) by a light source (2) comprised in or connected to a microscope (100), detecting light emitted by the light-emitting molecules (M) in the sample(S) by a detector (3) comprised in or connected to the microscope (100), wherein the light-emitting molecules (M) comprise a bright state (B) and a dark state (D), determining, based on the detected light (F), a current value of one or more parameters, wherein at least one or the parameters co-depends on the photo-physical or photo-chemical properties of the light-emitting molecules (M) other than their average photon emission rate, and adjusting a composition of a fluid in the sample reservoir (6) to optimize the one or more parameters during the localization or imaging of the light-emitting molecules.

Abstract: An apparatus for localizing single fluorescent molecules comprised in a sample using single molecule localization microscopy. The apparatus comprises a scanning unit configured to scan the sample using a light beam at a first wavelength having a predetermined irradiance, an image acquisition unit configured to acquire a first image and a second image at a second wavelength, a localization unit configured to localize the single fluorescent molecules in the second image. Additionally, the apparatus comprises a determination unit configured to determine, based on the first image, one or more local densities of the single fluorescent molecules; and a calculation unit configured to calculate one or more local irradiances of the light beam as a predetermined function of each one of the one or more local densities of the single fluorescent molecules. The scanning unit is further configured to scan the sample using the one or more local irradiances of the light beam.

Abstract: An apparatus, system and methods that allows simultaneous acquisition of tunneling currents and Raman spectra for molecular sensing, detection, identification or sequencing. The apparatus has a substrate with a surface channel or transverse bore for orienting a target between electrodes of a single molecule break junction. A Raman spectrometer, with excitation source and detector, is configured to simultaneously interrogate the target at the junction. A data acquisition unit receives spectral data from the Raman spectrometer detector and electrical data from the electrodes individually or simultaneously. The acquired data is recorded and analyzed used to identify features of the target and the identification may be assisted by machine learning algorithms.

Abstract: A method of increasing a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signal of a compound is provided. The method includes dissolving the compound in water to form a solution, adding a substrate at least partially coated with gold nanoparticles to the solution to form a mixture, removing the substrate from the mixture and washing with water to form a SERS sample having at least a portion of molecules of the compound adsorbed to the gold nanoparticles on the substrate, and recording a SERS spectrum of the SERS sample. The gold nanoparticles are in a two-dimensional (2D) monolayer assembly on the substrate and are 10-250 nm in size. The SERS signal of the SERS spectrum is higher than a SERS signal of a SERS spectrum of the compound on the substrate without the gold nanoparticles.

Abstract: A surface-enhanced Raman scattering nanoprobe comprising: a nanoparticle; a Raman label bonded to a surface of the nanoparticle; and a first detection material bonded to the surface of the nanoparticle, wherein the first detection material can specifically bind to the target material to be detected, and a metal material generating a plasmonic effect is formed on a surface of the nanoparticle is provided.

Abstract: A system, an apparatus and a method of non-destructively determining petiole nutrient values in near real-time from plant leaves in a crop field using a portable spectrophotometer are provided. The method may comprise: (a) taking non-destructive spectral measurements of a leaf of a plant in the crop field using the portable spectrophotometer to generate leaf spectral data, (b) storing the leaf spectral data in a memory; (c) computing, by a processor, the petiole nutrient values based on the stored leaf spectral data; and (d) providing a near real-time result indicating the petiole nutrient values.

Abstract: A method, system, and device evaluate a gemstone using a gemstone imaging and evaluation device. The method includes capturing a plurality of training images of a plurality of gemstones using an image capturing device having a plurality of different focal settings, training a machine learning module using the plurality of training images, capturing a query image of a gemstone, analyzing the query image using the trained machine learning module, identifying a selected feature of the gemstone within the query image, and outputting a notification of the identified selected feature. The system and the gemstone imaging and evaluation device implement the method.

Abstract: A method of inspecting a moving object includes: a first step instructing a moving object as an inspection target to drive the moving object so an output relating to moving the moving object becomes a predetermined target value; a second step measuring the output and acquiring a measured value using a moving object inspection device; a subsequent inspection step of performing the first and second steps on moving objects different from the moving object as the inspection target when a difference between the target and measured values is not within a predetermined first range; and a third step outputting information indicating abnormality in the moving object as the inspection target when the difference between the target and measured values is within a predetermined second range in the moving objects of a predetermined number equal to or greater than two among the moving objects from the subsequent inspection step.

Abstract: A sensor housing for a sensor module. The sensor housing includes an insulated internal volume and a thermal electric device. The insulated internal volume is configured for accommodating the sensor module therein. The thermal electric device is configured for alternatively heating and cooling the internal volume and/or the sensor module.

Abstract: The invention relates to an inspection system (26) for analyzing defects in a product, the inspection system (26) comprising a projection device (32), an optical detection device (28) and a processing device, the projection device having at least one spectrometer member configured to split white light into its spectral components and project a multichromatic light beam (37) thus formed from monochromatic light beams onto a product, a detection unit (29) comprising an area scan camera (27) and an objective (28) being configured to detect the light beam (37) reflected on the product in a detection plane (46) perpendicular, preferably orthogonal, to a product surface (38) of the product.

Abstract: A pin-hole detection device includes: a film supply unit provided with a roller on which the film is wound; a base part disposed adjacent to the film supply unit, seated on a ground, and formed by connecting a plurality of profiles; a light emitting unit mounted on the base part and emitting light; a film unwinding unit mounted on the base part, configured to unwind the film provided from the film supply unit, and allow the unwounded film to pass through the light emitting unit while being unfolded; and a luminous intensity measuring unit mounted on the base part and disposed to face the light emitting unit to measure the luminous intensity of light passing through the unfolded film, wherein the film unwinding unit includes a winder roller unit rotating and moving the film in one direction while compressing the film, and an idle roller unit rotated according to movement of the contacted film and configured to guide the unwound film to determine a movement path.

Abstract: Disclosed is a system for analyzing foreign particulate matter in a cathode material powder. The system includes: a transfer unit including a rotating plate having an upper surface having an edge on which a cathode material powder containing foreign particulate matter is placed and a rotary motor rotating the rotating plate and transferring the cathode material powder along the circular arc direction as the rotating plate rotates; a supply unit supplying the cathode material powder to the upper surface of the rotating plate; a roller unit including a main roller pressing the cathode material powder supplied from the supply unit; an imaging unit imaging the cathode material powder spread in the form of a flat film and transferred along the circular arc direction; and an analysis unit analyzing the image captured by the imaging unit to identify the foreign particulate matter.

Abstract: A device for measuring wafers includes an optical coherence tomograph, which generates a measuring light beam and directs it onto the wafer via an optical system. A scanning device deflects the measuring light beam in two spatial directions. A control unit controls the scanning device so that the measuring light beam scans the surface of the wafer successively at several measuring points. Two measuring points have a distance dmax of 140 mm?dmax?600 mm. An evaluation unit calculates distance values and/or thickness values from the interference signals provided by the optical coherence tomograph and, based on the distance values and/or thickness values, at least one characteristic quantity of the wafer such as TTV, warp or bow.

Abstract: A method includes receiving spectral data of a substrate and metrology data corresponding to the spectral data of the substrate. The method further includes determining a plurality of feature model configurations for each of a plurality of feature models, each of the plurality of feature model configurations including one or more feature model conditions. The method further includes determining a plurality of feature model combinations, where each feature model combination of the plurality of feature model combinations includes a subset of the plurality of feature model configurations. The method further includes generating a plurality of input datasets, where each input dataset of the plurality of input datasets is generated based on application of the spectral data to a respective feature model combination of the plurality of feature model combinations.

Abstract: Provided is a method of monitoring air pollution, the method including: receiving, by a receiver, a wireless communication signal; measuring, by the receiver, attenuation of a millimeter Wave (mm Wave) or terahertz (THz) signal in the received wireless communication signal to obtain a sensing measurement data of the received wireless communication signal; processing the sensing measurement data to obtain air pollution information; and outputting a result of the obtained air pollution information.

Abstract: A water vapor observation apparatus includes: a determining unit that determines whether or not to use a GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) signal received by a receiving apparatus mounted on a mobile object and receiving the GNSS signal for estimation of precipitable water in accordance with a positional relation between the receiving apparatus and a GNSS satellite transmitting the GNSS signal at time of reception of the GNSS signal by the receiving apparatus; and an estimating unit that estimates precipitable water representing a water vapor content in atmosphere based on the GNSS signal received by the receiving apparatus or discards the estimated precipitable water in accordance with a result of the determining.

Abstract: An industrial tomography apparatus (1) comprising a tomography scan device (7) configured to perform tomography scans of the products (2) placed in a scanning zone (4), and an electronic processing unit operatively connected to the tomography scan device (7) for receiving from it digital data about the tomography scans performed by the tomography scan device (7), and programmed to generate, using that digital data, a virtual three-dimensional tomography model (8) of a product (2) scanned by the tomography scan device (7), the virtual three-dimensional tomography model (8) being constituted of a plurality of voxels each of which has its own constant density.

Abstract: An x-ray imaging system includes at least one detector and an x-ray source including an x-ray transmissive vacuum window. The x-ray source is configured to produce diverging x-rays emerging from the vacuum window and propagating along an x-ray propagation axis extending through a region of interest of an object to the at least one detector. The diverging x-rays have propagation paths within an angular divergence angle greater than 1 degree centered on the x-ray propagation axis. The system further includes at least one first motion stage configured to rotate the object about a rotation axis. The system further includes at least one second motion stage configured to move the x-ray source and the at least one detector relative to the object to switch between a laminography configuration and a tomography configuration.

Abstract: A system includes a neutron source that emits neutrons. The system also includes a vessel that holds a lithium-containing material including a lithium-sorbent material and a lithium-containing brine. Further, the system includes a neutron detector that receives a subset of the neutrons emitted from the neutron source that are transmitted through the lithium-sorbent material and the lithium-containing brine. The neutron detector also determines a concentration of lithium based on the received subset of neutrons.

Abstract: An X-ray fluorescence analyzer has a sample stage with a pass-through surface, an X-ray source for emitting primary X-rays so that the optical axis of the primary X-rays intersects with the pass-through surface obliquely, and a detector for detecting fluorescent X-rays emitted from the sample as a result of irradiation of the primary X-rays to the sample. The optical axis passes through the pass-through surface at a position closer to the X-ray source than the midpoint of the line segment connecting both ends of the pass-through surface along the optical axis.

Abstract: A method for analyzing an image of a microstructured sample which comprises at least one first segment and at least one second segment which has an edge and is raised vis-à-vis the first segment, wherein the image includes a two-dimensional (2D) intensity distribution, comprising: determining edge candidates of the at least one second segment on the basis of gradients of the two-dimensional intensity distribution; determining a one-dimensional (1D) intensity distribution of the image in a direction (R) perpendicular to the edge candidates, wherein in the direction (R), the one-dimensional intensity distribution comprises a first region with a first mean intensity value (I1), the edge candidates and a second region with a second mean intensity value (I2) greater than the first mean intensity value; and determining the edge candidate which among the edge candidates is closest to the first region of the one-dimensional intensity distribution as an edge of the at least one second segment.

Abstract: A technology capable of acquiring depth information of a sample quickly and accurately is provided. A computer system in an analysis system acquires 3-dimensional coordinate information of a top surface shape of a sample having a stacking structure, the 3-dimensional coordinate information being measured by a top surface shape measurement apparatus (CSI), acquires 2-dimensional coordinate information based on a photographic image of the sample imaged by a charged particle beam apparatus (SEM), performs coordinate conversion for association between the 3-dimensional coordinate information of the CSI and the 2-dimensional coordinate information of the SEM and acquires association data which is a result, and acquires depth information on a coordinate system of the SEM based on the association data.

Abstract: A method for judging aging degree of insulation of a cable T-connector based on a dynamic heat source is provided. Specifically, a temperature rise verification test platform of the cable T-connector is constructed, and heating of a cable core is simulated by using a controllable heat source. Influence of different thermal conductivity of an insulation layer on internal and external temperature responses of the cable T-connector is studied, and the temperature rise test platform is constructed to simulate the temperature response of the outer skin of the cable T-connector under the same temperature change of the internal heat source and compare the temperature response of the outer skin of the cable T-connector in different states through experiments, so as to obtain the corresponding relationship between aging degree and heat transfer capacity.

Abstract: A method for operating a thermal conductivity sensor includes the following steps: (i) applying a supply voltage to a measurement element of the thermal conductivity sensor, wherein the supply voltage results in a temperature increase of the measurement element to a characteristic temperature at which the measurement element is sensitive to a thermal conductivity of an analysis gas, (ii) performing a first measurement by the measurement element during the temperature increase before the measurement element has reached the characteristic temperature, thereby providing a first measurement value, (iii) performing a second measurement by the measurement element at a time when the measurement element has reached the characteristic temperature, thereby providing a second measurement value, and (iv) obtaining a compensated measurement value by compensating an offset of the second measurement value based on the first measurement value.

Abstract: An interface information identification device of the present disclosure includes: a light source configured to emit light to heat a sample, the sample including a first layer and a second layer overlapping the first layer; an irradiating unit configured to homogenize an intensity distribution of light from the light source to irradiate an entire surface of the first layer of the sample with the light; a detecting unit configured to detect a temperature distribution on a surface of the second layer of the sample; and an identifying unit configured to identify information about an interface between the first layer and the second layer of the sample based on the temperature distribution detected by the detecting unit.

Abstract: An ice detection sensor apparatus includes a strut body extending along a longitudinal axis. The strut body includes an axially extending wall extending around the longitudinal axis to surround an interior space, and an axial-facing end wall connected to an axial end of the axially extending wall. The axial-facing end wall partially bounds the interior space. A magneto strictive oscillator sensing element extends from the interior space, through the axial-facing end wall. The sensing element is engaged to the axial-facing end wall for oscillation along the longitudinal axis relative to the axial-facing end wall. A permanent magnet (PMG) element is integral with, e.g., monolithic with, the strut body.

Abstract: An electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) excitation system may include energy transfer circuitry, which may be configured to transfer energy from a first electrochemical device to a second electrochemical device. The EIS excitation system may also include a controller, which may be configured to control the energy transfer circuitry to generate an EIS excitation signal for the first electrochemical device. The controller may be configured to control the energy transfer circuitry to transfer energy in a first direction between the first electrochemical device and the second electrochemical device for a first portion of an EIS excitation signal cycle.

Abstract: A sensor device (4) detects a state of a lubricant. The sensor device (4) has a sensor unit (6). The sensor unit (6) is designed to measure the impedance of the lubricant according to the frequency of an applied alternating current. The sensor device (4) has an evaluation unit (8) which is designed to determine a state of the lubricant based on the measured impedance.

Abstract: An electric potential measurement system for detecting contaminants in the subsoil, comprising: a reference electrode (2); a vehicle (3); a measurement electrode (4), with: a contact electrode (7) formed by an electrically insulating container (13) including a metal electrode (14) surrounded by a non-metal filler material (15), and a retaining mesh (16) covering the base of the container (13); a non-metal contact appendage (9) establishing continuous galvanic contact with the soil as the vehicle (3) moves over the ground (6); a data acquisition and positioning system (5) which acquires and stores position data (Pi) and electric potential difference measurements (?vi) between the reference electrode (2) and the measurement electrode (4) in a memory (29). The data stored in the memory can be used to obtain an electric potential map (30) and/or a map (32) with the probability of the presence of contaminants.

Abstract: An apparatus including a source of electromagnetic radiation comprising one or more first frequencies; a source of an input signal comprising an alternating (AC) electric field comprising one or more second frequencies; a control circuit synchronizing application of the electromagnetic radiation and the AC electric field applied to a sample, so that an output signal comprising a modulation of the AC electric field is outputted from the sample in response to (1) the one or more second frequencies tuned to drive hopping of ions between ion sites in the sample, and the one or more first frequencies tuned to drive excitations in the sample that interact with the ions. The apparatus further includes a detection system measuring and/or detecting a change in the output signal in response to the electromagnetic radiation; and a computer determining at least one of a conductivity or impedance of the sample from the output signal and as a function of the first frequencies and the second frequencies.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for moisture degree detection are disclosed. An example apparatus for use with an input device includes trace routing positioned at or proximate a contact area of the input device, the trace routing including a first electrode, and a second electrode separated from the first electrode by a distance; and an amplifier electrically coupled to the first electrode and the second electrode, the amplifier to provide a signal based on a resistance related to a degree of moisture present between the first electrode and the second electrode.

Abstract: The invention pertains to a measuring system for the conductivity of supercritical geothermal fluid, featuring a reaction control unit with a reaction vessel lined with corundum ceramic and containing a stirrer, a pressure control unit including a booster pump connected to Ar gas and an air compressor, a flow control unit with a flowmeter, and a temperature control unit comprising a heating furnace with thermocouples both inside and outside the reaction chamber. An electrical signal monitoring unit with electrodes fitted through a corundum capillary into the ceramic lining measures current and voltage. The invention also details a method for measuring conductivity, highlighting how water-rock interactions in supercritical geothermal fluids affect conductivity changes.

Abstract: A novel MIP electrochemical sensor for instant detecting pathogens from aerosol or liquid with high sensitivity and high specificity, the pathogens include SARS-COV-2, SARS-COV-2 spike proteins, RBD, MERS, flu viruses and Covid-19 viruses.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for measuring current are provided. In one arrangement, a first charge amplifier integrates a current to be measured. A processing circuit filters an output from the first charge amplifier using a first low pass filter module and a second low pass filter module. A second charge amplifier integrates a current derived from the filtered output from the first charge amplifier. The apparatus is configured to reset the first charge amplifier at the start of each of a plurality of sensing frames. The processing circuit obtains at least a first sample of the output from the first charge amplifier in each sensing frame. The sampling of the first sample alternates from one sensing frame to the next sensing frame between sampling via the first low pass filter module and sampling via the second low pass filter module.

Abstract: Capacitive chip detectors for detecting metallic chips in engine fluid of an engine are provided. A capacitive chip detector includes a capacitor having first and second electric conductors. The detector further includes an inlet for receiving engine fluid between the first and second electric conductors. The capacitive chip detector includes an electric circuit including the capacitor, which capacitance changes when metallic chips are present between the first and second electric conductors. The electric circuit provides an output indicative of a chip detection between the first and second electric conductors.

Abstract: A mechanical and electrochemical testing apparatus includes a tensile frame having a first grip and a second grip. An electrochemical cell is disposed between the first grip and the second grip. The electrochemical cell includes a working electrode port and a counter electrode port. An electrolyte is disposed in the electrochemical cell. A working electrode is coupled to the first grip and the second grip. The working electrode is in contact with the electrolyte in the working electrode port. A counter electrode is disposed in the counter electrode port. A potentiostat is coupled to the working electrode and the counter electrode.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions comprising mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) useful for producing pharmaceutical formulation to treat musculoskeletal conditions, including joint degeneration, tendon and ligament laxity or rupture, and muscle conditions. The present invention relates to the field of regenerative medicine, namely formulating improved compositions for the treatment of musculoskeletal conditions, including joint degeneration, tendon and ligament laxity or rupture, and muscle conditions, having a positive impact on pharmaceutical formulations containing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), providing the enhancement of MSCs viability upon cryopreservation, MSCs stability during transportation and manipulation, and MSCs therapeutic efficacy of the final formulations.

Abstract: A fluid device for measuring glycated protein includes a protease container portion containing a protease immobilized therein, and a ketoamine oxidase container portion arranged separate from and fluidly connected to the protease container portion. The ketoamine oxidase container portion containing a hydrogen peroxide detection portion and a ketoamine oxidase is immobilized on the hydrogen peroxide portion.

Abstract: Embodiments of an apparatus are disclosed, the apparatus comprising: a substrate having a first end and an opposite, second end; a plurality of sensors proximate to the first end of the substrate, each sensor including: a first electrode; a second electrode at least partially surrounding the first electrode; and an active sensing element over the first electrode, a surface of the active sensing element being functionalized detect analytes in a sample derived from an environmental source; a plurality of contact pads proximate to the second end of the substrate, each contact pad being conductively coupled to the first electrode or the second electrode of a corresponding sensor in the plurality of sensors; and a cartridge surrounding the plurality of sensors and providing an enclosed space to contain the sample over the plurality of sensors.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a device for continuous sensing of at least one analyte in a test fluid that is resistant at least one of desorption of a first plurality of molecules, including a plurality of aptamers and a blocking layer, and fouling during use of the device when exposed to temperatures greater than or equal to 30° C. for at least 3 days. Another aspect of the invention is a method of providing fouling resistance to an aptamer sensor device wherein the blocking layer and aptamer are resistant to at least one of desorption from the electrode and fouling during use of the aptamer sensor when exposed to temperatures greater than or equal to 30° C. for at least 3 days.

Abstract: There is provided a chloride selective membrane including an epoxide-based matrix reacted with a stoichiometric amount of an amino compound and an activator such that the epoxide-based matrix comprises a number of quaternary ammonium groups.

Abstract: An electrolyte for an electrochemical gas sensor and an electrochemical gas sensor are provided. The electrolyte includes at least one cyclic compound based on a pyridinium, piperidinium, pyrrolidinium or pyrrolium ring, as well as at least 5% water.