Abstract: A subterranean furnace construction includes a firebox, with the firebox formed with a surrounding outer wall defining a serpentine steam pipe wound therethrough for use in heating of an associated dwelling. Positioned adjacent the firebox construction is a housing inner and outer wall including an inlet and outlet pipe directed thereto for the selective directing of a heat absorbing fluid or air therewithin to provide for enhanced linear production of heat from the firebox. Associated inlet air as well as ash removal tubing is directed into the firebox construction. A fuel conveyor is optionally provided for use of the organization.

Abstract: A process for combustion of hydrocarbonaceous materials containing high levels of sulfur, fuel-bound nitrogen and low levels of ash which inhibits the emissions of oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, reduces solid waste disposal, and produces useable by-products. In the first step of the process, the hydrocarbonaceous material is burned in a fluidized bed into which a calcium based sorbent is introduced, producing a mixture of gaseous products of combustion and particulate matter, ash and calcium containing solids. In a second step of the process, the mixture of gaseous products of combustion and particulate matter is completely burned in a cyclonic combustion reactor. In a third step of the process, the ash and calcium-containing solids generated in the fluidized bed are withdrawn from the fluidized bed, cooled and contacted with steam in a regenerator producing calcium hydroxide, ash and unspent sorbent which are recycled to the fluidized bed.

Abstract: A partial flue gas stream is used for the production of electrical energy and/or heating and operational heat by utilizing combustion heat from fossil fuels, prior to combustion dried in an indirectly heated fluidized bed dryer, with combustion flue gas used as a carrier medium for the fluidized bed dryer. The mixture of flue gases and steam, deriving from the drying process, is after an intermediate treatment, if necessary, discharged with the main flue gas stream.

Abstract: A bottom-feed, biomass material gasification system feeds fuel such as green and wet woodchips from below up through a central opening in a stationary, perforate fire table which supports the mound-like fuel bed which is formed. A plurality of ring-like air manifolds contiguously below the fire table, and surrounding the fuel supply tube are separately provided with air in a controlled manner according to the demand for the combustible gas produced, and a greater volume of air is supplied to the centralmost manifold, than to the outer manifold, or manifolds. The system includes, in addition to a primary heating chamber, a secondary heating chamber which receives the hot gases generated in the primary chamber and, via a centrifugal cyclonic action, combusts fly ash particles which may remain entrained in the gas, before passing the hot gases to the boiler burner for cumbustion.

Abstract: Gasification, slagging, melting, and vaporizing components of waste materials and reactive carbon fuel, in variable proportions, at low pressures, using oxygen and steam reactants, effects very high temperatures, producing syngas (hydrogen and carbon monoxide), molten slag and molten metals. Integration provides steam and electricity from cogeneration plants. Thermal separation of coal-methanol suspensoids, delivered by pipeline, provides reactive carbon fuel. Methanol produced from cleaned syngas and ethanol produced by corn fermentation are blended, some gasoline or diesel fuel and other additives are used, safer, cleaner-burning, cost-competitive automotive fuels are produced. Light-weight, rock-like nodules (aggregates) and rock wool are produced from slag. Recovery of metals effects optimum recycling. Some metals are produced by reducing reactions. Ethanol coproducts combined with corn, other grains, alfalfa, molasses, minerals and vitamins, provide superior feeds for ruminant animals.

Abstract: An apparatus for burning coal water fuel, dry ultrafine coal, pulverized l and other liquid and gaseous fuels including a vertically extending outer wall and an inner, vertically extending cylinder located concentrically within the outer wall, the annnular space between the outer wall and the inner cylinder defining a combustion chamber and the all space within the inner cylinder defining an exhaust chamber. Fuel and atomizing air are injected tangentially near the bottom of the combustion chamber and secondary air is introduced at selected points along the length of the combustion chamber. Combustion occurs along the spiral flow path in the combustion chamber and the combined effects of centrifugal, gravitational and aerodynamic forces cause particles of masses or sizes greater than the threshold to be trapped in a stratified manner until completely burned out. Remaining ash particles are then small enough to be entrained by the flue gas and exit the system via the exhaust chamber in the opposite direction.

Abstract: Apparatus and process for the complete breaking down and incineration of tires and other difficult-to-dispose-of-waste products in an energy-efficient manner. Small particles of the waste material are directed into a furnace of novel design. Within the furnace, the particles are incinerated and thereby converted to combustion gas products. The combustion gas products exiting from the furnace are then transferred to an energy recovery/utilization means, such as a boiler. The small particles are specifically directed into a coiled ignition tube located completely within the furnace. As the particles travel in a downwardly spiraling motion through the ignition tube they come in contact with its heat-conducting interior walls. By forcing the particles to contact the interior walls, the ignition tube of the present invention leads to an efficient incineration of those particles.

Abstract: Apparatus for preparing in a circulating fluid bed boiler fuel material that is fed to the boiler with a moisture content that is normally high enough to plug grinding apparatus needed to grind the fuel material to a particulate size for combustion, operating the boiler and grinding apparatus in cooperation so that heat energy at a high temperature is borrowed from the boiler for drying the fuel material at the grinding apparatus and returning the heat energy in the form of steam so there is no net loss of heat energy.

Abstract: An apparatus and process for the incineration of sewage sludge in a concurrent-flow multiple hearth furnace-incinerator which complies with the fundamental thermodynamic conditions required to establish a sustained and stable combustion condition. The sewage sludge is incinerated to a truly inert and odorless ash, while yielding off-gas which has been burned free of all malodorous and condensable volatiles from which trouble-free steam and in-house electric power can be commercially produced and an excess sold to the local utility company.

Abstract: A method of thermally oxidizing a gaseous component, e.g., including one or more volatile organic compounds, is disclosed. This method comprises passing an amount of an oxygen component, a controlled amount of a fuel component and an amount of a gaseous component to be thermally oxidized to a combustion zone to combust the oxygen component and the fuel component, to at least partially thermally oxidize the gaseous component and to form a gaseous effluent; contacting the gaseous effluent in a retention zone at conditions effective to thermally oxidize the gaseous component, and thereby form a flue gas; and controlling the amount of fuel component passed to the combustion zone based on the temperature in at least one of said combustion zone and said retention zone contacting occurs. A thermal oxidation apparatus useful for practicing the present method is also disclosed.

Abstract: The invention provides a furnace for the controllable combustion of thermite. In an exemplary embodiment, the invention comprises a furnace housing having a combustion chamber into which thermite, in the form of rods, wires, or ribbons of encapsulated pellets, may be fed by an automatic feeder. An electric arc within the housing ignites the thermite. Coils embedded in the furnace housing circulate fluids for drawing off the energy product of thermite combustion beyond the furnace housing for utilization. The rate of combustion may be controlled by use of a vented flue, an adjustable feeder, and by cutter edges which snip the thermite to prevent further burning. The furnace housing contains insulation for retaining combustion heat product so that heat retained by the housing may continue to be drawn off by the coils. The invention provides a compact and thermally efficient furnace for diverse energy purposes, such as home heating or producing steam for driving turbine generators.

Abstract: A process for the destruction of waste including the steps of passing an organic waste into a chamber, pumping an inert gas into the chamber until the pressure within the chamber is at least 10,000 p.s.i., heating the chamber to a temperature in excess of 300.degree. F., dissociating the organic waste into its gaseous constituents, and passing the gaseous constituents from the chamber. The chamber is filled with an inert gas so as to displace oxygen from the chamber. The pressurized gaseous constituents are delivered to a turbine so as to actuate the turbine and to generate electricity therefrom. The gaseous constituents pass from the turbine into a boiler. An oxygen-containing gas is mixed with the gaseous constituents within the boiler so as to produce pressurized steam. This pressurized steam is passed to a turbine so as to produce electricity. The inert gas is argon.

Abstract: A low-NOx boiler comprises a burner for burning gaseous fuel, heat transfer pipes heating water by combustion heat of the burner to generate steam and having a passage through which water flows, a steam drum communicating with the heat transfer pipe and accumulating the steam from the heat transfer pipe, and an exhaust gas duct located in the furnace to exhaust combustion gas generated by combustion of gaseous fuel outside of the boiler. The boiler further comprises unburnt gas burner in the exhaust gas duct for burning unburnt content in the combustion gas flowing in the duct. The unburnt gas burner includes a nozzle for injecting premixture flow of fuel and combustion air and flame holding plate located near the downstream side of the outlet of the nozzle to interrupt the premixture flow to form a circulating flow on downstream side of the flame holding plate. As gaseous fuel and air are mixed in advance and a flame is formed, the flame length can be shortened.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for controlling the combustion and temperature in an solid waste-to-steam incineration system comprising a grated combustion zone and a steam boiler. This control is achieved by a synergistic combination of oxygen enrichment of an air stream and liquid quench fed to the combustion zone. The disclosed process includes the steps of adjusting the amount of solid waste passing into the combustion zone in order to maintain a constant flow of steam leaving the steam boiler, adjusting the amount of liquid quench to the incinerator in order to maintain a constant temperature in the combustion zone and adjusting the amount of oxygen enrichment of the air stream in response to a change in flow of the liquid quench to the incinerator. An apparatus for accomplishing the foregoing is also disclosed.

Abstract: A system for the destruction of organic waste material such as halogenated organic compounds, and related matter. In one embodiment the waste material is reduced with a gaseous reducing agent such as hydrogen above about 600.degree. C., the gaseous products are condensed and cooled in the presence of an aqueous mist at about 5.degree. C., and condensed organic and aqueous material is collected and the aqueous portion recycled into the condensing and cooling steps. In another embodiment, where acid gases (for example, hydrogen halides) are produced during reduction, the gaseous products are condensed in the presence of aqueous mist at about 85.degree. C. and a major portion of the aqueous mist condenses as acidic water which is collected and neutralized. Remaining gaseous components are then cooled to about 5.degree. C. as in the previous embodiment. In further embodiments, the remaining uncondensed gaseous products are oxidized with a gaseous oxidizing agent at a temperature above about 1000.degree. C.

Abstract: Apparatus is provided for controlling the burning of a volatile waste liquid together with a conventional fuel in a boiler in the form of a free-standing module which contains a flow-control valve for the waste liquid. This system includes a means for monitoring the position to the fuel-control valve for the conventional fuel and a separate means for monitoring the position of a controlled valve for feeding of the volatile liquid. The two monitoring means are coupled and comparisons are made of the relative valve positions indicated thereby. The process controller used for such comparison contols a valve which stops the flow of volatile liquid to the burner in the event that more than a predetermined discrepancy occurs between the indicated valve positions. Said controller may also be employed to correct the valve position. Other features include a reverse purge pumping system which is actuated upon shutdown of volatile fuel flow.

Abstract: A method and system for flue gas recirculation is disclosed which will minimize NOx production from hydrocarbon combustion. In the present invention a furnace having an oxygen-bearing primary source of combustion air, a mixing chamber, a combustion chamber in downstream communication with the mixing chamber and an exhaust section downstream of the combustion chamber is provided with a flue gas recirculation line. The recirculation line establishes communication between the exhaust section and the mixing chamber for the return of combustion products as a secondary source of combustion air which is relatively lean in oxygen and is combined with the primary source of combustion air in the mixing chamber. The ratio of flow rates for the primary and secondary sources of combustion air is controlled by a signal generated by a sensor which senses the oxygen concentration in the mixing chamber.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of improving the heat recovery in a waste head boiler, in which gas, produced in high-temperature processes and containing molten and/or solid particles and/or evaporated components, is cooled. In a waste heat boiler, a slowly cooling zone, i.e. a hot "tongue" is generally formed in the gas flow. To improve the cooling of the hot "tongue", gas and/or solid particles and/or vaporizing liquid, such as circulating gas or circulating particles separated from the process and cooled, are introduced into the hot zone or "tongue".

Abstract: A cyclone combustion apparatus includes a combustion chamber having a substantially cylindrical wall, a substantially cylindrical exit throat at the rear end of the combustion chamber, means for supplying fuel into the combustion chamber at a front end thereof, means for supplying air into the combustion chamber and for forming a cyclonic flow pattern of hot gases for combustion within the chamber, and heat exchange means surrounding and extending throughout the axial length of the combustion chamber. The means for supplying air includes a plenum chamber having an air inlet and an annular air supply opening in communication with and coaxial with the combustion chamber. The annular air supply opening has spaced radial vanes tilted at a selected angle from the axis of the combustion chamber. The means for supplying fuel includes a fuel plenum chamber having a fuel inlet and a plurality of radially spaced fuel holes for supplying fuel in the annular air supply opening between the spaced radial vanes.

Abstract: An emissionless furnace boiler and effluent gas recovery system includes a pressure vessel having a fluid input and fluid output. The system is capable of maintaining an entropy characteristic equal to at least the condensing pressure of the lowest entropy gas of the gases constituting a processed effluent gas discharge. There is also provided a hollow, annular jacket having a surface in thermal communication with the pressure vessel, the jacket having an axis in substantial alignment with the gravity vector and the jacket including a fluid input and fluid output. The system also includes a fluid path beginning internally of said pressure vessel, passing through the vessel, through the fluid output means, continuing externally of the vessel, and extending between the vessel and the input of the jacket. Within the fluid path, but prior to the input of the jacket, there is provided an expansion valve for selectively changing the volume of fluid flowing from the vessel prior to its entry into the jacket.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for vitrifying inorganic hazardous material including heavy metals from waste containing organic and inorganic substances. The inorganic hazardous material is retained and vitrified in the slag layer of a cyclone furnace where it is converted to a nonleachable, inert form for safe disposal in conventional landfills and where, simultaneously, organic hazardous substances are completely destroyed.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for introducing combustion air in the form of air jets into a furnace (2) of, for example, a soda recovery boiler. Combustion air is introduced through air ports (12), arranged substantially at the same level (10), in air jets (13) of at least two sizes. Air ports in the walls (4) of the furnace are dimensioned in different sizes such that their hydraulic diameters increase from the corners of the furnace towards the centers of the furnace walls, whereby the degree of penetration of the respective air jets flowing through the air ports increases. The penetration of the air jets in maintained constant at different loading conditions.

Abstract: A garbage burning and melting apparatus is provided and consists of a modified blast furnace to burn coal and garbage therein so that molten slag and lava by products can be extracted therefrom into a conveyor while the exhaust can be filtered to remove powdered ash therefrom.

Abstract: The method of combining two furnaces into one, each furnace having a lower radiant section that includes upright walls and horizontal heat exchanger tubes, and an upper convection section, the lower section having associated fuel burners, including removing the horizontal heat exchanger tubes from the lower section; extending the lower section upright walls vertically upwardly, and providing space between the vertically extended lower sections; providing top walls over the vertically extended lower sections, and providing vertically extending heat exchanger tubing and suspending the tubing vertically within the vertically extended lower radiant sections, to be heated by hot gases produced by combustion of fuel supplied via the burners; and providing and locating an upright convection section of the furnace in flow receiving communication with the lower sections via lateral passages therefrom.

Abstract: A parameter, especially the temperature of the bed in a fluidized-bed furnace, is maintained constant by a regulator (24) positioned in a line (20) that supplies fluidizing air to a trap (15), through which solids that have been precipitated out of the flue gas are recirculated into the fluidized bed (5). The servo mechanism (23) that drives the regulator is coupled to a temperature sensor (27) in the bed such that the volume of fluidizing air is increased when the measured bed temperature exceeds a prescribed level and decreased when it drops below that level.

Abstract: An apparatus arrangement in a system for circulating an inert fluid medium in a substantially closed and inert atmosphere during the grinding of wet gob to prevent spontaneous combustion and the initiation of fire from sparks created during grinding of moisture bearing waste material. The apparatus combines with a grinding mill a fluid circulating circuit with the grinding mill to separate ground particulate gob from the circulating fluid medium, and a second fluid circulating circuit in association with a boiler to burn the ground gob material for creating an oxygen deficient atmosphere in the fluid circulating circuit.

Abstract: A system for recovery of the heat value of waste material, that heretofore has been wasted through landfill disposal, but in which the collected bales of waste material are passed through a bale breaker to release the waste material into a free condition so it can moved in a free flowing stream into a conveyor-type storage unit for movement to a grinder which reduces the mix of waste material to a substantially uniform particle size prior to being air moved into a boiler for recovery of the heat value which on burning produces steam to drive a generator to produce electrical power for energizing the power consumers in the system, with any excess being fed to an external power grid.

Abstract: A combustion apparatus for staged combustion inside the Morison tube of a firetube boiler for lowering the concentration of NO.sub.x in the exhaust gases. Combustion occurs in a first and second stage, the first stage being sub-stoichiometric combustion and the second stage being above-stoichiometric combustion. In two embodiments of the combustion apparatus, the first stage combustion occurs directly adjacent the inlet end of the boiler furnace and the second stage combustion occurs inside the boiler furnace which acts as a combustion apparatus. In other embodiments of the combustion apparatus, both the first and second stage combustion occur inside the boiler furnace which acts as a combustion apparatus. Swirling and/or cyclonic combustion is utilized in the first and second stages of the combustion apparatus. There is provided heat exchange means surrounding and extending substantially throughout the axial length of the combustion chamber, i.e.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for extracting heat from a combustible material are disclosed which include the formation of a solid material strip of the combustible material, the formation of a series of spaced holes in the material strip, and the combustion of the material strip. The method and apparatus are particularly useful when a mixture of coal, clay, and lime is used as the combustible material, and the products of the combustion then include a structurally intact, solid residual strip composed substantially only of dehydrated clay and calcium sulfate, and a fluegas substantially free of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and micro fly-ash. Because of the stable and uniform combustion characteristic, it is also suitable for the co-combustion and reduction of most toxic and solid wastes into safe, recyclable residues.

Abstract: A fuel reactor particularly adopted for the efficient combustion of wood and wood-product fuels includes a core comprised of an inner fuel tube and an outer gas tube. Fuel is introduced into one end of the fuel tube and the combustion process is initiated. Perforations in the gas tube allow the combustion gas to progress down the fuel tube and combine with air in the gas tube. A high temperature is maintained on the gas tube to enhance the combustion process. In addition, high temperature-high pressure steam and air are introduced into the core to increase the reactivity rate of char products. The high temperature-high pressure steam is produced by a novel steam pump. The combustion gases are further processed through a gas dispersion chamber, including dispersion plates, and a gas expansion chamber. Heat is extracted from the combustion gases via a novel heat exchanger which includes a gas dispersion shelf, a radiating heat exchanger plate, a primary heat exchanger, and a condensing heat exchanger.

Abstract: A method is proposed for recovering high-temperature exhaust gases of high inflammability in terms of carbonaceous concentration from the partial combustion, at atmospheric pressure or near atmospheric pressure, of a mixture of pulverized bituminous or subbituminous coal and air as oxidizer gas, enriched with oxygen gas in a combustor apparatus having a cylindrical combustion chamber with a tangential injection duct, through which the fuel mixture is introduced into the combustion chamber to develop into a rapidly swirling vortex optimizing burning over a short period of time. As a result, the high-temperature, inflammable exhaust gases are generated, of which the heat is recovered to produce steam in a boiler. After losing portion of their heat to the boiler, the inflammable gases, following purification by a filter and desulfurization unit, recovery for subsequent thermal use in boilers, metallurgical or other chemical processes.

Abstract: An incinerator having a horizontal burn disk which is rotatably supported within the lower portion of a firebox with a portion of the firebox containing water tubes connected to a water circulation system including a header and a steam drum. Compacted material for burning is gravity fed to the burn disk througha vertical feeding chute of sufficient height to effect the compaction. Combustion air is forced into the burning material through stationary nozzles disposed about the periphery of the disk, and a nozzle stationary nozzle extending up through the center of the disk.

Abstract: A vertical chamber for waste disposal and heating purposes has an upright combustion chamber with an inlet for waste material, a grating at a lower chamber end and an adjustable burner controlled by a temperature sensor so that the burner operation can be adapted to allow for the calorific value or requirement of the material to be incinerated. A trap door is situated at the lower end for ash removal and is arranged by air passages to permit air to pass upward past the door for combustion and to open periodically for removing ash. The grating may be water cooled and step down towards the trap door to permit ash to be blown off onto the door before the door is opened.

Abstract: A finned tube rotary combustor for a municipal solid waste incinerator having a plurality of finned tubes disposed in a circular array so that the fins of adjacent tubes register, but are separate and form a gap for combustion air to pass from a divided windbox into the rotary combustor, the finned tubes being connected at each end to a ring header and at intermediate locations by channel shaped circumferential bands that have an outer peripheral surface that is utilized as the running surface for windbox radial seals and has legs with scalloped distal margins fitted and welded to the outer periphery of the finned tube array.

Abstract: An incinerating device of metallic construction comprises a combustion chamber in which waste material is incinerated, a gas-scrubbing chamber in which the combustion gases are washed with water sprays to remove particulate material. The washed gases are vented to the atmosphere and the scrubbing water passes downwardly through a series of metallic mesh filter trays in a filter tower to remove particulate material from that water which is then recirculated to the scrubbing chamber. The walls and roof of the combustion chamber are formed as hollow metallic structures defined by inner and outer metallic members and cooling water flows continuously through those hollow structures to reduce thermal damage thereto.

Abstract: The invention comprising an organic waste fuel combustion and tempering gas flow control system integrated with a gas turbine combined cycle steam generating plant. The gas turbine exhaust, wherein the oxygen content is partially consumed is used to dry and support combustion of an organic fuel high in moisture content after said fuel has been dewatered and pelletized. A portion of the gas turbine exhaust gas stream dries the pelletized waste fuel while a parallel portion of the gas turbine hot gas stream is used to support combustion and furnish oxygen in the ignition zone of the pelletized waste combustor. The drying stream also tempers secondary combustion gas temperature. The two gas streams are combined downstream of the combustion zone. The regenerated combined stream is then utilized in a steam generating section to generate steam.

Abstract: Methacoal Integrated Combined Cycle Power Plants comprise a thermal separation plant for producing condensate liquid fuel and particulate carbonaceous fuel from Methacoal fuels, coal-methanol suspensoids or slurries; gas turbine generator plants for burning the liquid fuel to produce electric power; steam turbine generator plants for producing electric power; a boiler plant for producing steam for steam turbines; a small firebox for burning reative particulate carbonaceous fuel, with minimum retention time for high temperature combustion gases and minimum oxygen required for combustion, thus minimizing emissions of nitrogen oxides and hazardous ultra-fine particulates; and means for controlling ash fusion and slagging problems. The two generating plants are respectively sized to provide the capacity required, and to consume the two fuels in the proportions produced from the Methacoal fuels, during normal operations, allowing fuel inventory control.

Abstract: Heat generator comprising a combustion chamber, a circulating bed and a recovery boiler. The circulating bed and the combustion chamber have a common wall. The present invention may be used to achieve the combustion of high sulphur content fuels.

Abstract: An incineration system for processing solid waste refuse. A rigid, upright gas fired furnace reacts waste. The furnace comprises a rigid, generally cubicle outer shell having a rigid firebox disposed substantially concentrically therewithin, and a cooling annulus is defined between the firebox and the shell. The firebox bottom is tapered. Solid waste inputted into the firebox at the top of the furnace falls into the gas fired interior, and wastes are vigorously agitated and split apart by a plurality of rotating spindles. Cooperating, spaced-apart gas manifolds provide a flame front. A vigorously oscillated, shaker grating system disposed beneath the spindles forms a bed upon which flames are directed. During the garbage reduction process the treated residue falls towards down into the tapered bottom of the furnace. Waste hitting the vibrating gratings is separated and agitated for chemical oxidation, and ashes accummulating at the furnace bottom are withdrawn and disposed of as solid waste.

Abstract: To dispose of a dewatered collected product consisting predominantly of cellulosic materials in a solids phase and a residue consisting predominantly of plastics in wastepaper recycling, the collected product is dried to at most 25% weight percent moisture content as based upon the solids and is then layered onto an oscillating grate. The residue is applied as a second layer on the first layer and the resulting two-layer bed is burned on the grate with bottom-blowing with slag formation and collection. The heat content of the combustion gas can in part be recovered by the generation of steam.

Abstract: According to a process for the combustion of organic substances, such as domestic or industrial waste and the like, in a fluidized incineration bed (1) at a mean combustion temperature of 800.degree. C., the flue gased emitted by the fluidized bed (1) are heated with the associated flue dust to a temperature of at least 900.degree. C., preferably 1000.degree. C. to 1200.degree. C., in a subsequent combustion zone (23), in order to destroy toxic substances are burnt. To this effect, the flue gases are introduced in the incinerating chamber of an industrial furnace, for example a steam generator (2) of a coal-operated power plant. By connecting in the gas supply line a fluidized bed (1) upstream of a steam generator (2) fired with coal, a substantial reduction in NOx formation is achieved.

Abstract: A forced air liquid heating furnace which includes a liquid heating jacket or chamber surrounding the combustion chamber and having an exhaust gas discharge passage formed in the bottom of the combustion chamber to produce heat transfer on both sides of the liquid heating jacket formed around the combustion chamber. This furnace provides a compact unit which subjects the liquid to the maximum heat exchange output produced in the combustion chamber while maintaining the bottom sufficiently cool to prevent deterioration thereof from the high temperatures produced in the combustion chamber.

Abstract: A furnace system is provided with exhaust gas recirculation via a recirculation tube having an inlet mounted downstream of the furnace firing area and an inlet disposed in juxtaposition to the blower fan wheel of the furnace blower. The recirculated gases can enter the tube from either the stack or the firebox. The inlet penetrates the air intake plenum either axially thereof or at an angle thereto through a sidewall. The furnace includes both an air intake throttle and an air intake butterfly control valve. An exhaust gas recirculation control valve can be linked to the air intake control butterfly valve for their operation in concert. The air intake throttle is either a rigid baffle or a pivotable flap.

Abstract: A fuel reactor particularly adopted for the efficient combustion of wood and wood-product fuels includes a core comprised of an inner fuel tube and an outer gas tube. Fuel is introduced into one end of the fuel tube and the combustion process is initiated. Perforations in the gas tube allow the combustion gas to progress down the fuel tube and combine with air in the gas tube. A high temperature is maintained on the gas tube to enhance the combustion process. In addition, high temperature-high pressure steam and air are introduced into the core to increase the reactivity rate of char products. The high temperature-high pressure steam is produced by a novel steam pump. The combustion gases are further processed through a gas dispersion chamber, including dispersion plates, and a gas expansion chamber. Heat is extracted from the combustion gases via a novel heat exchanger which includes a gas dispersion shelf, a radiating heat exchanger plate, a primary heat exchanger, and a condensing heat exchanger.

Abstract: A primary combustor of waste solids, wherein the solids are burned under sub-stoichiometric air control and then substantially immediately merged with the burning zone in a secondary combustor wherein waste fluids are burned with excess air and substantial waste heat recovered in the form of an energy resource such as steam.

Abstract: A coal fired power plant includes a coal gasification zone where coal is gasified in the presence of an oxidant-lean atmosphere under partial coal gasifying conditions to produce a carbonaceous char and a crude gas stream, an acid separating zone where sulfur-containing compounds are separated from the crude gas stream to produce a combustible gas stream, and a converting zone where the sulfur-containing compounds are converted to elemental sulfur. The combustible gas stream and the carbonaceous char are fed into a boiler which drives a generator to produce electricity; portions of the carbonaceous char product and the combustible gas stream are diverted into a gypsum desulfurization zone. SO.sub.2 -containing flue gas from the boiler is fed into a flue gas desulfurization zone. There, the SO.sub.2 -containing flue gas is contacted with lime and limestone to produce gypsum.

Abstract: An installation for the low temperature carbonization of waste under the exclusion of air with a low temperature carbonization cylinder, in particular device for after-burning of residual materials for the low-temperature carbonization installation, has an improved energy balance by carrying out a low-temperature carbonization so as to increase the ratio of internal energy requirement to energy release in favor of energy release. The carbon containing residual materials from the low-temperature carbonization cylinder are exposed to a complete after-burning on an inclined step grate and also a subsequent after-burning in a chamber. The burning gases for the burning devices of the step-grate are low temperature carbonization gasses obtained from the low-temperature carbonization installation. Gases from a waste heat boiler arranged after the after-burn chamber are utilized as heating gases for a low-temperature carbonization installation cylinder.

Abstract: The high efficiency solid fuel combustion apparatus comprises a thermally insulated wall structure defining an upwardly open primary combustion chamber, a solid fuel support disposed within the primary combustion chamber, and a secondary combustion air supply device mounted on top of the primary combustion chamber. The secondary air supply device comprises a frusto-conical shell open at both axial ends and oriented with its larger axial end opening to the primary combustion chamber. The shell has spaced inner and outer walls defining a frusto-conical air space there between, with the inner and outer walls being circumferentially sealed to one another and the inner wall being perforated for expelling secondary combustion air into the pyrolytic gasses generated by the burning fuel in the primary combustion chamber.

Abstract: An improved waste heat boiler having a front, back and two side walls that cooperate to form a flue with a rotary combustor for burning municipal solid waste extending through the front wall and an asymmetrical bull nose protuberance disposed on the back wall above the rotary combustor and a plurality of nozzles disposed in the side walls or the front wall aligned with the tip of the protuberance to direct jets of air inwardly and downwardly into the flue to reduce the CO content of the exhaust gases from the waste heat boiler.

Abstract: A plant for thermal waste disposal includes a pyrolysis reactor converting waste into carbonization gas and substantially non-volatile pyrolysis residue and a discharge device connected to the pyrolysis reactor. A combustion chamber operated with an oxygen excess is connected to a carbonization gas discharge fitting of the discharge device for receiving the carbonization gas. A residue sorting device is connected to the pyrolysis residue outlet of the discharge device for sorting out coarser coarse components substantially including non-combustible ingredients such as rocks, glass shards, broken porcelain, and metal parts, from combustible finer coarse components. A transport device connected to the residue sorting device transports the finer coarse components. A grinding apparatus has an inlet side connected to the transport device and a discharge side for feeding the finer coarse components to the combustion chamber after grinding.