Abstract: A method of burning pulverized coal and other fuels comprises the steps of containing a primary flowing stream of coal/air mixture received adjacent an inlet end of a tubular nozzle for discharge at an outlet end into a combustion zone of a furnace for burning. The stream is accelerated in a convergent venturi section upstream of the outlet to distribute and concentrate the coal particles toward a central portion of the venturi in a minimum area throat, followed by decelerating the flow downstream of the venturi throat in a convergent flow section while forming a shallow, annular, conically shaped flow pattern around a hollow spreader cone mounted in the convergent section.

Abstract: Burner for use in a coal gasification process wherein a combustible mixture is formed comprising a combustion supporting gas such as oxygen, and a coal slurry. To avoid deposition of slag and ash particles along the hot, exposed face of the burner, a dynamic fluid blanket or barrier is directed transversely of the burner face. The fluid flow originates at the burner periphery and is addressed to sweep, or impinge against at least a part of the burner face adjacent to the central opening which defines the burner discharge port.

Abstract: Combustion air preheated to 550.degree. C. is forced into a suspension of wdered coal in water preheated to 100.degree. C. in a portion of a burner upstream of the burner orifice. Air passes into the preheated suspension through a porous wall separating the end portion of the air duct from the suspension duct, and its heat content is sufficient to vaporize the water of the suspension, while the amount of air flow is such as to provide approximately stoichiometric proportions of coal and air. Preheating is done by recuperators, through which the combustion product gases from the furnace flow before being discharged at a temperature low enough for evaporating condensed water.

Abstract: When a pulverized coal-fired furnace is operating at low loads, the primary air and pulverized coal stream discharging from the coal delivery pipe is split into a first and a second coal-air stream and independently directed into the furnace by tilting at least one of the streams away from the other, thereby establishing an ignition stabilizing pocket in the locally low pressure zone created between the spread apart coal-air streams.

Abstract: In a pulverized coal-fired steam generator having a generally vertical furnace (1) and a plurality of fuel-air admission assemblies (10) arrayed in a vertical windbox (40) in one or more walls of the furnace (1), at least one of the fuel-air admission assemblies (10) being a low load fuel-air admission assembly having a split coal bucket (30) with vertically adjustable upper and lower coal nozzles (32,34), the remaining assemblies having vertically adjustable single nozzle buckets (28), a tilt apparatus (50,60) for vertically adjusting all nozzles in unison in response to steam temperature at high loads and for vertically adjusting the lower coal nozzles of the split coal bucket of the low load fuel-air admission assembly independent of all remaining nozzles at low loads.

Abstract: A burner for introducing a suspension of solid fuel particles into a combustion chamber which includes a tubular conduit arranged to receive the suspension therethrough, and flow diverting means positioned at the discharge end of the conduit, and subdividing the cross section of the discharge end into a plurality of discharge openings. The burner may include a centrally disposed conduit which is coaxial with and surrounded by the tubular conduit, and an outer conduit surrounding the tubular conduit and coaxial therewith. The flow diverting means can be positioned at various positions between the respective conduits, to create a turbulent suspension of particles in the primary air stream, creating an aspirating effect for drawing secondary air into the burner along with the turbulent suspension of solid fuel particles.

Abstract: A dual-purpose burner capable of utilizing either pulverized coal or liquid fuels such as heavy oil as alternate fuels, or both simultaneously, and if desired, utilizing the mixture of pulverized coal and steam or water and atomizing it to achieve a high combustion efficiency and the prevention of atmospheric pollution. The burner consists of a main body constructed of triple pipes and a screw conveyor disposed in the rear part of the main body. The main body contains primary and secondary air inlets and a port for the passage of liquid fuels or steam.

Abstract: A method of igniting a pulverized-coal annular burner flame having an internal back flow region, with the ignition energy being introduced centrally into the interior of the back flow region of the pulverized-coal annular burner flame. The ignition energy for the annular burner flame is furnished by an ignited pulverized-fuel igniting flame or pilot light, which is operated with pulverized fuel having a different coarseness and/or consistency than does the primary fuel. Pulverous ignition fuel is withdrawn from the conduit of the primary fuel stream after an existing pulverizing plant at a location which is advantageous with regard to flow dynamics. The ignition fuel is withdrawn by means of a withdrawal device which is capable of being shut off, with the withdrawal opening thereof being directed in the direction of the primary fuel flow.

Abstract: The method of operating a furnace including the steps of conveying (30) pulverized coal in an air stream towards a furnace (10), separating (34) the stream into two portions (36,38), one being a fuel rich portion (38), and the other being a fuel lean portion (36), introducing (40) the fuel rich portion into the furnace in a first zone, introducing (42,44) air into the first zone in a quantity insufficient to support complete combustion of all of the fuel in the fuel rich portion, introducing (46) the fuel lean portion into the furnace in a second zone, introducing (48) air into the second zone in a quantity such that there is excess air over that required for combustion of all of the fuel within the furnace, and introducing (50) lime into the furnace simultaneously with the fuel, so as to minimize the peak temperature within the furnace, and also minimize the formation of NO.sub.x and SO.sub.x in the combustion gases.

Abstract: A solid fuel burner of the type having a cylindrical combustion chamber with a horizontal axis, in which the solid fuel is introduced tangentially into at one end, ignited, and moved spirally to the other end. The chamber is lined with fire resistant material. At least part of the bottom portion of the chamber has an opening therein for admitting a combustion-supporting gas into the chamber to both support combustion and fluidize the material being burnt. The openings are formed by spacing apart the fire-resistant lining of the chamber to define a plurality of slots through which the combustion-supporting gas is blown.

Abstract: The invention reads on a heating boiler for solid fuel, comprising a combustion volume with fuel feeding aperture, air entry apertures and chimney flue, and a water volume, the latter bordering on said combustion volume by mediation of convection plates. As taught by the invention, the boiler comprises air guiding elements for guiding the combustion air substantially across the combustion volume so that the point of air entry moves with time from one point in the combustion volume across the combustion volume for burning the fuel in the combustion volume zonally. The air guiding elements may consist of air entry apertures provided in the wall, disposed in a row across the combustion volume, and they may incorporate closing members for consecutively opening and closing the apertures e.g. with the aid of a governing apparatus from one margin to the opposite margin of the combustion volume.

Abstract: A pulverized coal burner including a primary throat having at its forward end a swirler for feeding pulverized coal and primary air in vortical flow, a secondary throat located outside the primary throat for supplying secondary air and a burner throat located outside the secondary throat for supplying tertiary air, the secondary and burner throats being located concentrically with the primary throat having at its forward end a flame sustaining plate diverging outwardly to cause the secondary and tertiary air to flow away from the primary throat along the inner surface of the outwardly diverging forward end portion of the burner throat, to thereby avoid mixing of the secondary and tertiary air with the pulverized coal air in a primary flame region in which the pulverized coal burns slowly and produces NOx in reduced amount.

Abstract: A burner for burning pulverized fuel, especially pulverized lignite or coal, comprises a combustion chamber 1, and an ignition chamber 2 having an ignition burner 9. A supply line 5 for powder and air for pneumatic conveyance debouches into the ignition chamber 2. Further combustion air may be fed through outflow means 8 into the combustion chamber. To achieve a short flame as well as an improved homogeneity of the distribution of the mixture, the burner includes a distribution pipe 3, the surface of which being provided with a large number of openings 11. The supply line 5 for powder and conveying air terminates into the distribution pipe 3, preferably a rotating movement being imparted to the mixture flowing along the wall of the distribution pipe 3.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for firing a kiln as well as a method for producing cement clinker in which pulverized coal is initially entrained in an airflow of about 2% of the theoretical amount of air needed to combust the coal and transport it to a burner. Supplemental primary air heated sufficiently to vaporize volatiles in the coal is mixed with the coal flow in a burner, discharged into the kiln and hence ignited. Secondary combustion air heated to between 800.degree. F. to 1650.degree. F. and more is added in the kiln to effect the substantially complete combustion of the pulverized coal in the kiln.

Abstract: The furnace has a feeding channel (4) through which firewood is transported into a fire chamber (3). A steam pipe (10) leads into the channel (4). Through said pipe (10), steam is introduced into the solid fuel material in bursts as soon as a certain temperature is exceeded within the said channel (4). The steam increases the humidity in the air and the moisture of the firewood, thereby reliably preventing a spreading of the fire within the feeding channel (4), without simultaneously impairing combustion within the fire chamber (3).

Abstract: A burner for producing synthesis gas, fuel gas or reducing gas from slurries of solid carbonaceous fuel and/or liquid or gaseous hydrocarbon fuel. The burner has a high turndown feature and comprises a central conduit; a central bunch of parallel tubes that extend longitudinally through said central conduit; an outer conduit coaxial with said central conduit and forming an annular passage therewith; and an annular bunch of parallel tubes that extend longitudinally through said annular passage; and wherein the downstream ends of said central and annular bunches of parallel tubes are respectively retracted upstream from the burner face a distance of about 0 to 12 i.e. 3 to 10 times the minimum diameter of the central exit orifice and the minimum width of the annular exit orifice. Three ranges of flow through the burner may be obtained by using one or both bunches of tubes and their surrounding conduits. Throughput levels may be rapidly changed--up and down--without sacrificing stable operation.

Abstract: A combustion apparatus which has a burner having an inner wall lined with a refractory material forming a combustion chamber and an outer wall spaced from the inner wall by spacing members. A primary air supply supplies air to the burner combustion chamber through the outer and inner walls. A pulverizer for pulverizing solid fuel is connected to the primary air supply for feeding the pulverized solid fuel to the burner combustion chamber. A secondary air supply supplies air to the burner between the inner and outer walls and into the burner combustion chamber. The secondary air supply supplies air to an area of negative pressure in the combustion chamber created by the swirling flow of air from the primary and secondary air supply. An ignition pilot is mounted through the burner inner and outer walls adjacent to the primary air and fuel feed. The ignition pilot has a pilot flame detector which looks at the pilot and the main combustion flame.

Abstract: A fuel burning kiln and process especially adapted for utilizing solid fuel in which one or more burners are accommodated within the kiln and a fuel and air mixture and a supplementary air supply are supplied to the combustion chamber of the burner through a pair of conduits arranged in heat exchange relationship one inside the other.

Abstract: A coal burner and rotary metal melting furnace incorporating the same is provided in the form of a generally cylindrical furnace rotatable about a horizontal axis and fired through one end with pulverized coal and preheated air through a burner structure which impinges the preheated air in a helical path against a conical spray of finely divided coal.

Abstract: A heater for burning particulate fuels in which a stream of air carrying combustible particles is injected upward into a combustion chamber (22) between two spaced perforated tubular members (33, 34), the outer member being taller. A deflector (55) located within the outer member and above the inner member causes the stream to flow outward and then upwardly, and helical vanes (139) may be provided between the members. A gun-type oil burner (61) is located below the members for initially heating them and igniting the particles. Particulate fuel is supplied through an auger 70 from a bin 71 which contains springs 77 rotated to prevent bridging or caking of the material. Rotation of the springs and drive of the auger are powered by a common motor 80.

Abstract: In a pulverized coal-fired steam generator having a generally vertical furnace (1) and a plurality of fuel-air admission assemblies (10) arrayed in a vertical windbox (40) in one or more walls of the furnace (1), at least one of the fuel-air admission assemblies (10) being a low load fuel-air admission assembly having a split coal bucket (30) with vertically adjustable upper and lower coal nozzles (32,34), the remaining assemblies having vertically adjustable single nozzle buckets (28), a tilt apparatus (50,60) for vertically adjusting all nozzles in unison in response to steam temperature at high loads and for vertically adjusting the lower coal nozzles of the split coal bucket of the low load fuel-air admission assembly independent of all remaining nozzles at low loads.

Abstract: Fluidized bed combustors and provision for the operation of such combustors so that the fluidizing medium supplied to one part is at a velocity different from that at which air is supplied to an adjacent part.

Abstract: Finely-divided grain products in general and grain dust in particular are useful fuels which are advantageously employed in the drying of harvested grain to a moisture content suitable for storage and/or further processing. A grain dryer designed for such fuels provides for preheating and predrying fuel prior to feeding it to a burner.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for maintaining the heat input to a pulverized coal-fired steam generator when firing a lower grade coal than for which the pulverizers were designed. A dense phase pulverized coal stream consisting essentially of a mixture of pulverized coal and air having an air-to-coal weight ratio below approximately 1.0 is injected into main pulverized coal stream, thereby providing the necessary supplemental fuel for maintaining the heat input at that full load level.

Abstract: An improved fuel-air admission assembly incorporating a split coal bucket which permits a pulverized coal-fired furnace to be operated at low loads without the use of auxiliary fuel to provide stabilization. The split coal bucket comprises an upper and a lower coal nozzle pivotally mounted to the coal delivery pipe, the upper and lower coal nozzles being independently tiltable. When the furnace is operating at low loads, the primary air and pulverized coal stream discharging from the coal delivery pipe is split into a first and a second coal-air stream and independently directed into the furnace by tilting at least one of the nozzles away from the longitudinal axis of the coal delivery pipe, thereby establishing an ignition stabilizing pocket in the locally low pressure zone created between the spread apart coal-air streams.

Abstract: A furnace structure has a particle separator for separating a mixture of a transport fluid and pulverized coal into a coarse coal fraction and a fine coal fraction, a furnace, a burner assembly for burning the pulverized coal, and a windbox for providing combustion supporting gas to the burner assembly. The burner assembly has separate, concentrically disposed elements to burn coarse and fine coal particles under different combustion conditions to reduce the production of nitrogen oxides from the combustion of coal as a fuel. The burner assembly further includes a control nozzle for maintaining a swirling motion in the combustion flame and a separate, axially-movable adjustable sleeve for regulating the quantity flow of turbulence-free combustion-supporting air.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are described for producing a combustible mixture of a solid fuel pellet made from organic fibrous material and a flammable gas or liquid. A suitable burner structure is described for burning the fuel mixture in an overfire system efficiently and producing a minimum of solid combustion products as ash. The flammable gas mixed with the solid fuel material may be made by burning pellets of an organic fibrous material.

Abstract: A method of operating a pulverized coal furnace wherein the coal is introduced with minimal oxygen through an intermediate zone of the furnace which also has a relatively low oxygen content. The carbon particles are projected into an upstream portion of the furnace where secondary air is introduced to burn the carbon particles. The combustion products pass upwardly through the intermediate zone to a downstream zone where tertiary air is added to complete combustion.

Abstract: A fuel-staging burner assembly and method in which a burner nozzle has separate, concentrically disposed elements to burn coarse and fine coal particles under different combustion conditions to reduce the production of nitrogen oxides from the combustion of coal as a fuel. The burner assembly further includes a control nozzle for maintaining a swirling motion in the combustion flame and a separate, axially-movable adjustable sleeve for regulating the quantity flow of turbulence-free combustion-supporting air.

Abstract: An incinerator for burning combustible materials, especially waste materials, and for generating hot gases for use in processes outside the incinerator, includes a cylindrical combustion chamber having closed end walls and a generally tangential opening in the side wall extending along a major portion of the chamber length for admitting combustible materials and air in a sheet-like stream around the chamber wall. A tapered, or frusto-conical gas collector tube mounted coaxially within the combustion chamber extends through one end wall and terminates in an open end spaced from the combustion chamber. The collector tube has a plurality of openings to permit combustion gases to enter and flow out of the combustion chamber through the open end.

Abstract: This invention relates to apparatus for refining platinum group metal concentrates and the separation therefrom of silver and of the majority of base metals which are present with them. In more detail, the apparatus comprises means for reacting together gaseous hydrogen and chlorine so as to produce a flame and means for passing into the reaction zone of the said flame the said mineral concentrate in finely divided particulate form.The apparatus comprises a tubular burner having a hydrogen-chlorine flame discharging into an inner heat resistant tube, means for the passage of the said mineral concentrates in particulate form through the reaction zone of the hydrogen chlorine flame, means for maintaining the reaction zone of the flame at a temperature within the range 900.degree. C. to 2500.degree. C. and means for scrubbing the reaction products after passage through the flame with an aqueous solution.

Abstract: An industrial boiler installation, comprising an outer continuous shell within which is contained the water space of the boiler, a furnace and a plurality of smoke tubes for passage therethrough of the products of combustion of the furnace and the boiler having at least two fuel supply means, at least one of which extends through the shell and the water space, one of the fuel supply means supplying HCV fuel to the furnace and the other supplying LCV fuel to the furnace.