Abstract: Systems for leveling UV-curable gel ink include a leveling member having a conformable surface. The leveling member is a quartz tube rotatable about a longitudinal axis, and connected to a mandrel, with conformable VITON O-rings interposing the mandrel and the quartz tube. A UV source is disposed within the quartz tube, and configured to emit light through the quartz tube and the conformable surface onto a surface of a substrate passing through a leveling or pressure nip defined by the quartz tube and a backing member or pressure belt.

Abstract: A method and system of etching a metal nitride, such as titanium nitride, is described. The etching process comprises introducing a process composition having a halogen containing gas, such as Cl2, HBr, or BCl3, and a hydrocarbon gas having the chemical formula CxHy, where x and y are equal to unity or greater.

Abstract: An apparatus and process operate to impose sonic pressure upon a spin-on film liquid mass that exhibits a liquid topography and in a solvent vapor overpressure to alter the liquid topography. Other apparatus and processes are disclosed.

Abstract: A component in a processing chamber of a substrate processing apparatus, where a temperature may be accurately measured by using a temperature measuring apparatus using an interference of a low-coherence light, even when a front surface and a rear surface are not parallel due to abrasion, or the like. A focus ring used in a vacuum atmosphere and of which a temperature is measured includes an abrasive surface exposed to an abrasive atmosphere according to plasma, a nonabrasive surface not exposed to the abrasive atmosphere, a thin-walled portion including a top surface and a bottom surface that are parallel to each other, and a coating member coating the top surface of the thin-walled portion, wherein a mirror-like finishing is performed on each of the top and bottom surfaces of the thin-walled portion.

Abstract: An electroless plating solution is contained in a plating tank of an electroless plating apparatus. A reference electrode and a counter electrode are immersed in the electroless plating solution. A conductive member is provided to be electrically in contact with a conductive layer formed of a long-sized substrate. The conductive member, the reference electrode, and the counter electrode are connected to a potentiostat. The potentiostat controls an electric current that flows between the conductive layer formed of the long-sized substrate and the counter electrode such that a potential of the conductive layer formed of the long-sized substrate (working electrode) is at a constant level with respect to a potential of the reference electrode.

Abstract: A moveable machine to rapidly apply and cure thin layers of a UV curable coating on a surface such as a floor. The machine has an applicator to apply a thin curable coating in a path following the direction of motion of the machine. The machine also has UV lamps to cure the curable coating with a curing beam that overlaps newly applied coating. The UV lamps emit an intense UV radiation beam creating an annular cure zone around the applicator path. Movement of the machine along with the ensuing movement of the applicator and rotating UV lamps causes the applied curable coating to be exposed to the annular cure zone and cured. This rapid curing of applicator coating paths allows the machine to be immediately passed over the cured area multiple times and rapidly build up multiple thin cured layers to achieve a thick coating.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for producing a battery electrode having a configuration in which an active material layer containing an active material 22 and a polymer material 24 is retained on a current collector 10, the method comprising a step of applying a paste for forming an active material layer 28 containing the active material 22 and the polymer material 24 in a solvent 26, to the current collector 10, and a step of forming an active material layer on the current collector 10 by drying the applied paste 28. An ionic polymer exhibiting cationic or anionic properties in the paste 28 is used as at least one kind of the polymer material 24, and an electric potential having an opposite polarity to that of the ionic polymer 24 is applied to the current collector 10 after the paste 28 has been applied to the current collector 10.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing a component (12), especially a hollow structural part for a turbomachine. The method is characterized by the following steps: a) layer-by-layer deposition of at least one powder component material (20a) onto a component platform in the region of a buildup and joining zone (I), b) deposition of at least one liquid component material (20b) onto the powder component material (20a), the liquid component material (20b) comprising at least one metal-containing compound, c) local layer-by-layer fusion or sintering of the component materials (20a, 20b) by means of thermal and/or electromagnetic energy supplied in the region of the buildup and joining zone (I), d) lowering of the component platform by a predefined layer thickness; and e) repetition of steps a) to d) until the component (12) is finished. The invention further relates to a device (10) for producing a component (12) of a turbomachine, especially a hollow structural part for a turbomachine.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices associated with surface modifying a semiconductor material are taught. One such method includes providing a semiconductor material having a target region and providing a dopant fluid layer that is adjacent to the target region of the semiconductor material, where the dopant fluid layer includes at least one dopant. The target region of the semiconductor material is lased so as to incorporate the dopant or to surface modify the semiconductor material. During the surface modification, the dopant in the dopant fluid layer is actively replenished.

Abstract: A system for repairing a crack in a component, or forming a joint between two components, is described. The system includes a filler material; a plasma-generating material; and a ceramic cover that is positioned around the crack, or around an interface region between two components that are to be joined. The filler material is positioned proximate to the crack or the interface region; and the plasma generating material is positioned in the vicinity of the crack or the interface region. A microwave generator for generating a microwave field inside an enclosure region enclosed by the cover, and proximate to the crack or interface region, also forms part of the system. Related methods for filling at least one cavity in a casting component are also described.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing a self-sealing pneumatic tire includes a rotational drive apparatus that grasps a vulcanization molded pneumatic tire and rotationally drives the pneumatic tire around a tire axis, together with a spray nozzle for a sealant material, a spray nozzle for a cover material, and an irradiating device that irradiates an electron beam, infrared rays, ultraviolet rays, or ultrasonic waves that are provided on a lateral part of the pneumatic tire grasped by the rotational drive apparatus in a manner such that each of the spray nozzles and the irradiating device can move in and out of a cavity of the pneumatic tire.

Abstract: A method of method of coating powdered medical agent onto a carrier particle for use in a dry powder inhaler may include applying ultrasonic energy to agglomerated powdered medical agent to deaggregate and aerosolize particles of the medical agent into particles having a desired average particle size, and coating at least one carrier particle with a desired amount of the deaggregated and aerosolized particles of the medical agent.

Abstract: A pattern forming method includes: forming a layer of a block copolymer, including at least two kinds of polymers, on a substrate; heating the block copolymer layer; irradiating UV light on the heated block copolymer layer; and supplying a developing solution to the UV light-irradiated block copolymer layer.

Abstract: A UV liquid gel solidifying device includes a support member, a UV LED module, a top cover, and a base. The UV LED module is installed on the support member and emits light into a first chamber of the support member. The support member is disposed on the base, and the base has a third chamber defined there beneath. The top cover is assembled on the support member and has a slide cover slideably mounted thereto. When the slide cover moves toward a first direction, the first open end and the second open end are opened so that the user's fingernails can be put in the first chamber for treatment. When the slide cover is released to revert back to close the first open end and the second open end, the user's eyes can avoid from being directly exposed to the UV light. When the toenails are to be treated, the base can be conveniently disassembled from the support member, and the toenails to be treated are inserted into the first chamber for treatment.

Abstract: An arc source filter is disposed between an arc cathode and a substrate in a vacuum arc deposition system. The filter includes a plurality of duct elements that surround the arc source. The duct elements have sufficient spatial dimensions to block particles. In addition, the duct elements have electrical and magnetic properties that are conducive for plasma transmission through the filter. On passing through the filter, the highly ionized arc plasma is essentially rid of particles making a source plasma for reacted as well as un-reacted coatings characterized by high density and near defect free quality. The design allows for flexibility in terms of filtering degree, length of coating zone as well as choice of arc source.

Abstract: A method of cleaning an SiC semiconductor includes the steps of forming an oxide film on a surface of an SiC semiconductor and removing the oxide film. In the step of removing the oxide film, the oxide film is removed with halogen plasma or hydrogen plasma. In the step of removing the oxide film, fluorine plasma is preferably employed as halogen plasma. The SiC semiconductor can be cleaned such that good surface characteristics are achieved.

Abstract: Direct resistive heating is used to grow nanotubes out of carbon and other materials. A growth-initiated array of nanotubes is provided using a CVD or ion implantation process. These processes use indirect heating to heat the catalysts to initiate growth. Once growth is initiated, an electrical source is connected between the substrate and a plate above the nanotubes to source electrical current through and resistively heat the nanotubes and their catalysts. A material source supplies the heated catalysts with carbon or another material to continue growth of the array of nanotubes. Once direct heating has commenced, the source of indirect heating can be removed or at least reduced. Because direct resistive heating is more efficient than indirect heating the total power consumption is reduced significantly.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention are directed to an in-line system and process for forming a selective emitter solar cell. In one embodiment, a liquid dopant material is applied to a silicon substrate and dried to at least a semi-solid state. In another embodiment, a dopant material is deposited on a silicon substrate using a chemical vapor deposition process. A laser is then used to thermally excite regions of the substrate to drive the dopant atoms from the dopant material deep into the substrate to form highly doped regions. The substrate is then thermally processed to form a lightly doped emitter region and a shallow p-n junction in the remaining field region of the substrate. Conductive contacts are then deposited on the highly doped regions.

Abstract: An apparatus for making and using a fastener suitable for use in airplane manufacture or repair that is coated with a pre-mixed moisture cure sealant. The sealant layer is coated with a frangible moisture barrier that will break apart when the fastener is installed, thus exposing the sealant to a moisture source. Once exposed to moisture, the sealant will begin to cure. Preferred embodiments also provide a premature cure indicator that provides a visual indication that the outer moisture resistant layer has been damaged.

Abstract: Methods, treatment compositions and treatment systems for forming a detachable and renewable coating on a receptive surface by a process of applying a treatment composition comprising a plurality of hydrophobically modified fumed silica particles colloidally dispersed in a volatile solvent; allowing the volatile solvent to evaporate; and thereby depositing a protective coating on the receptive surface consisting of a layer of the hydrophobically modified particles. The process provides a coating with dirt- and water-repellency properties that effectively shed dry particulate soils as well as water from the treated receptive surface. The methods, treatment compositions and treatment systems are useful in providing detachable coatings and treated articles featuring surface protective benefits including dirt- and water-repellency, self-cleaning with water, and easier cleaning benefits when applied to a variety of automotive and home surfaces, both interior and exterior.

Abstract: Method of protecting a part of a surface of an aircraft against contamination with insect residues and/or against icing, comprising the following steps: b) coating the part of the surface to be protected with a coating that can, within a period of ?3 hours from take-off of the aircraft and in normal flying conditions, reduce the adhesion to the part of the surface to be protected until detachment occurs on the basis of (i) temperature change and/or (ii) UV radiation and/or (iii) addition of a decomposing component and/or (iv) difference in air humidity, b) exposing the part of the surface to be protected to (i) a temperature change and/or (ii) UV irradiation (iii) and/or addition of a decomposing component and/or (iv) a difference in air humidity, so that the coating together with any contaminants and/or icing thereon detaches.

Abstract: One embodiment of the present invention is a unique method for depositing materials in a substrate. Another embodiment is a unique system for depositing materials in a substrate. Other embodiments include apparatuses, systems, devices, hardware, methods, and combinations for depositing materials within a substrate. Further embodiments, forms, features, aspects, benefits, and advantages of the present application will become apparent from the description and figures provided herewith.

Abstract: A system and method are provided for selectively functionalizing a transducer microarray. The method provides a microarray including a field of transducers exposed to a shared local environment. A difference in the pH associated with the transducers is created. As a result, functional molecules are selectively bound to transducers in response to the pH associated with the transducers. In one aspect, the micro-array also provides a field of transducer pH-generating electrodes, one pH-generating electrode for each transducer, and a counter electrode. The difference in pH associated with the transducers is created by selectively applying a voltage potential between pH-generating electrodes and the counter electrode, to create a difference of pH in regions adjacent to the transducers.

Abstract: According to a method for forming a pattern in one embodiment, a first pattern is formed on a substrate, and an upper part of the first pattern is irradiated with ultraviolet rays, to enhance a liquid-repellent property to an inversion resin material. Furthermore, according to the method for forming the pattern, the inversion resin material is applied to the substrate after the irradiation of the ultraviolet rays, the first pattern is removed after the inversion resin material has been applied to form a second pattern containing the inversion resin material, and the substrate is processed using the second pattern as a mask.

Abstract: The present invention provides a sputtering apparatus that can efficiently laminate thin films in a short time without lowering throughputs, and a manufacturing method of an electronic device. The sputtering apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a rotatable substrate holder, four target holders obliquely arranged with respect to the substrate holder, and a first shutter and a second shutter that each are provided between the target holders and the substrate holder and have two holes arranged two-fold symmetrical with respect to a rotational axis X. Two of the four target holders are first group target holders arranged two-fold symmetrical with respect to the rotational axis X, and the other two target holders are second group target holders arranged between the first group target holders and two-fold symmetrical with respect to the rotational axis X.

Abstract: The present invention is a method for producing a composite including a matrix and a dispersed material dispersed in the matrix. The method includes introducing a raw material for dispersed material which constitutes a dispersed material into a fluid including a melt of a raw material for matrix which constitutes a matrix or a solution containing a raw material for matrix by a vapor deposition method, to obtain a composite.

Abstract: A thin film deposition apparatus that may be easily manufactured, that may be easily applied to manufacture large-sized display devices on a mass scale, and that improves manufacturing yield and deposition efficiency, and a method of manufacturing an organic light-emitting display device by using the thin film deposition apparatus are disclosed. The thin film deposition apparatus for forming a thin film on a substrate, the thin film deposition apparatus including: a magnet disposed on a first surface of the substrate; a patterning wheel disposed on a second surface opposite to the first surface of the substrate, rotatable around a rotation axis, and including a plurality of grooves along a peripheral surface; and a patterning wire including a plurality of blockers having shapes corresponding to the plurality of grooves of the patterning wheel, and windable to the patterning wheel.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method of manufacturing a micropatterned film are disclosed. More particularly, a method for manufacturing a master mold capable of forming a micropattern on a film applied to an exterior of a household appliance, an apparatus and a method for production of a micropatterned film using the above master mold, and appliances having such micropatterned films attached thereto are disclosed. The method for manufacturing a master mold used for forming a micropatterned film applied to an exterior of a household appliance includes, applying photoresist (110) to a surface of an STS substrate (100) and UV irradating the same through a patterned mask (140) to transfer the pattern of the mask (140) to the substrate (100), etching the STS substrate (100) to which the pattern has been transferred removing the photoresist (110) from the etched STS substrate (100), and reproducing the pattern of the STS substrate on a synthetic resin substrate (210).

Abstract: An electrode used in combination with an electric spark machine for surface treatment, is comprised of a mixed powder including a powder of aluminum at a ratio of 5-18 weight % to the total of the mixed powder or a powder of any metal selected from the group consisting of nickel, cobalt, and iron at a ratio of 5-40 weight % to the total of the mixed powder and a powder of titanium hydride, wherein the mixed powder is formed by molding and sintering into a structure so dimensioned as to be incorporated in the electric spark machine as an electrode therefor.

Abstract: An electrospinning apparatus may include a first spinneret and a second spinneret, each including a reservoir and an orifice. The first and second spinnerets may have first and second electrical charges, respectively. The first spinneret orifice may be located substantially opposite the second spinneret orifice. The first and second spinnerets may be used to prepare a medical device defining a lumen with a proximal end, a distal end, a luminal surface and an abluminal surface. The first spinneret orifice distal end may be configured to be located outside of the medical device lumen and between about 0.1 inches and about 6.0 inches from the medical device abluminal surface. The second spinneret orifice distal end may be configured to be located in the medical device lumen and between about 0.1 inches and about 6.0 inches from the medical device luminal surface.

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus and method for manufacturing a fuel cell membrane-electrode assembly by forming a catalyst layer, which has uniform distribution, excellent porosity, and excellent bondability to a polymer electrolyte membrane, on a metal roll by an electrospray process and transferring the catalyst layer to a polymer electrolyte membrane.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatuses for nanowire deposition are provided. A deposition system includes an enclosed flow channel, an inlet port, and an electrical signal source. The inlet port provides a suspension that includes nanowires into the channel. The electrical signal source is coupled to an electrode pair in the channel to generate an electric field to associate at least one nanowire from the suspension with the electrode pair. The deposition system may include various further features, including being configured to receive multiple solution types, having various electrode geometries, having a rotatable flow channel, having additional electrical conductors, and further aspects.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, there is provided an imprinting method for applying a first hardening resin material on a substrate to be processed and transferring a pattern of a semiconductor integrated circuit formed on a template onto the substrate to be processed on which the first hardening resin material is applied, wherein a second hardening resin material with higher separability than the first hardening resin material is applied on at least part of the outer periphery of an area in which the pattern is formed by one transferring.

Abstract: A coating surface processing method includes forming a coating on the entire surface of a base body that has fine holes or fine grooves formed on the to-be-filmed surface, including the inner wall surfaces and the inner bottom surfaces of the holes or the grooves, and flattening the coating formed on the inner wall surfaces of the holes or the grooves by carrying out a plasma processing on the surface of the coating.

Abstract: A crystallization apparatus, which uses sequential lateral solidification (SLS) and crystallizes an amorphous silicon layer formed on a substrate, includes a laser generating device, a first optical system, a second optical system, and a path switching member. The laser generating device is configured to emit a laser beam. The first optical system is configured to process the laser beam emitted from the laser generating device and to irradiate the processed laser beam onto the substrate. The second optical system is parallel to the first optical system and is configured to process the laser beam emitted from the laser generating device and to irradiate the processed laser beam onto the substrate. The path switching member is configured to switch a path of the laser beam emitted from the laser generating device and to alternately distribute the laser beam to the first and second optical systems.

Abstract: A crystallization apparatus that performs crystallization on a substrate using sequential lateral solidification (SLS) includes a laser generating device for emitting a laser beam, a first telescope lens module and a second telescope lens module at one side of the laser generating device for minimizing a divergent angle of a laser beam emitted by the laser generating device; and a main optical system at one side of the second telescope lens module for uniformizing and amplifying a laser beam transmitted through the second telescope lens module. The main optical system is rotatably formed with respect to the laser generating device.

Abstract: A plasma processing apparatus of the batch type includes a tubular process container having a closed end and an open end opposite to each other, and a process field for accommodating target substrates, the process container including a tubular insulating body. The apparatus further includes a holder configured to hold the target substrates at intervals, a loading mechanism configured to load and unload the holder into and from the process container, and a lid member connected to the loading mechanism and configured to airtightly close the open end. A first electrode is disposed at the closed end of the process container, and a second electrode is disposed at the lid member, to constitute a pair of parallel-plate electrodes. An RF power supply is connected to one of the first and second electrodes and configured to apply an RF power for plasma generation.

Abstract: A vertical laser cladding system is particularly effective for the interior surfaces of tube-like structures. The vertical cladding process works from bottom to top, so that previously clad layers form a shelf for subsequent application of cladding powder. This system is also particularly effective for handling double-bore plasticating barrels.

Abstract: A method and kit for restoration of a plastic headlight surface including the steps of conditioning a headlight surface by wet sanding with 600 grit sandpaper effective to remove a laminate coating, wiping the headlight surface with a lint free towel, cleaning the headlight surface with an alcohol treated towel, coating the headlight surface with an ultra violet light curable restoration formulation comprising aliphatic urethane acrylate in the range of 25% to 60%, a photoinitiator in the range of 1% to 5%, N-butyl acetate in the range of 5% to 25%, Toluene in the range of 3% to 15%, a Methyl isobutyl ketone in the range of 3% to 15%, a light stabilizer in the range of 1% to 5%, and includes a flow agent; and exposing the coated headlight surface to an ultra-violet light for at least 10 minutes. In the preferred embodiment, the formulation includes a hydrocarbon propellant and is applied from a spray can.

Abstract: A thin film solar cell and a method fabricating thin film solar cells on flexible substrates. The method includes including providing a flexible polymeric substrate, depositing a photovoltaic precursor on a surface of the substrate, such as CdTe, ZrTe, CdZnTe, CdSe or Cu(In,Ga)Se2, and exposing the photovoltaic precursor to at least one 0.5 microsecond to 10 second pulse of predominately infrared light emitted from a light source having a power output of about 20,000 W/cm2 or less to thermally convert the precursor into a crystalline photovoltaic material having a photovoltaic efficiency of greater than one percent, the conversion being carried out without substantial damage to the substrate.

Abstract: Method and system for forming a cadmium-sulfide layer on a substrate. The method includes preparing a solution and loading the solution into a pyrolysis-deposition system. The solution uses at least one cadmium-containing solute, at least one sulfur-containing solute, water, and at least one selected material. The pyrolysis-deposition system includes one or more nozzles and one or more heating devices. The method further includes placing a substrate into the pyrolysis-deposition system, adjusting a distance between the substrate and the one or more nozzles, heating the substrate with the one or more heating devices, and spraying the solution including the selected material towards the substrate. The selected material satisfies at least one property selected from a group consisting of the selected material being non-polar, the selected material having at least higher volatility than water, and the selected material having at least lower heat capacity than water.

Abstract: In a method for forming a stacked substrate of a MOS (Metal Oxide Semiconductor) structure including an oxide film serving as a gate insulating film formed on a semiconductor material layer having a film or substrate shape; and a conductive film serving as a gate electrode formed on the oxide film, a polysilane film on the semiconductor material layer is formed by coating a polysilane solution on a surface of a substrate to which the semiconductor material layer is exposed. A film containing metal ions is formed on the polysilane film by coating a metal salt solution thereon, and the polysilane film and the film containing metal ions are respectively modified into a polysiloxane film and a film containing fine metal particles to form the stacked substrate.

Abstract: A carbon nanotube-infused fiber and a method for its production are disclosed. Nanotubes are synthesized directly on a parent fiber by first applying a catalyst to the fiber. The properties of the carbon nanotube-infused fiber will be a combination of those of the parent fiber as well as those of the infused carbon nanotubes.

Abstract: The present invention is related to an UV curing apparatus, and more particularly, to an UV CCFL curing apparatus utilizing UV CCFL as light source. In order to provide an curing apparatus capable of generating UV light of high intensity and uniform lighting with great electrical safety and reliability, the UV CCFL curing apparatus of the present invention comprises a detachable UV CCFL light source that is designed and built to operate at high voltage, in a range greater than or equal to one thousand volts, with dielectric plugs and installation guides, and it may preferably include a light-transmissive protective cover to further protect users from direct contact with the UV CCFL light source during the curing operation in the curing chamber of the apparatus and to offer as a further protection to the fragileness of the UV CCFL thin glass tubes, which may too further filter certain wavelength of the UV light, such UVC.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a doping apparatus for manufacturing an electrode of an energy storage device. The doping apparatus according to the exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes: a doping chamber body providing a doping space where a process of doping lithium ions onto an electrode plate is performed; a plurality of doping plates laminated vertically in the doping chamber body and containing lithium; and an electrode plate feeder feeding the electrode plate so that the electrode plate passes through gaps among the doping plates.

Abstract: Agate valve apparatus is disclosed. The gate valve apparatus is provided with a valve casing that includes a first valve seat and a second valve seat, and in which an opening portion is formed; and a closure element that includes a sealing member that contacts the first valve seat to seal the opening portion. In addition, the gate valve apparatus is provided with a shutoff member that contacts the second valve seat to thereby be deformed, so that a space between the opening portion and a sealing member is shut off by the shutoff member when the closure element closes the opening portion. The shutoff member is deformed and continues to contact the second valve seat under normal and high temperature environments when the closure element closes the opening portion.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for coating workpieces (2), which consist at least partly of wood, wood materials or the like, comprising the following steps: providing a workplace (2), which consists at least partly of wood, wood materials or the like, supplying a coating material (12) which is to be applied to a surface (2a) of the workpiece (2), applying energy to a surface (2a) of the workplace in such a way that lignin contained in the material of the workpiece (2) involves adhesive properties, at least at the surface (2a) of the workpiece that is to be coated, and pressing the coating material (2) against a surface (2a) of the workpiece, wherein the coating material (12) is at least partially bonded to the workplace (2) by using the adhesive properties of the lignin.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device and a method for simultaneous microstructuring and doping of semiconductor substrates with boron, in which the semiconductor substrate is treated with a laser beam coupled into a liquid jet, the liquid jet comprising at least one boron compound. The method according to the invention is used in the field of solar cell technology and also in other fields of semiconductor technology in which a locally delimited boron doping is important.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus (1) for coating workpieces which are preferably made at least in sections of wood, wood materials, plastic or the like, comprising a radiation source for generating radiation, preferably a laser beam. The apparatus further comprises a unit (10) for applying the coating material to a surface of a workpiece, and a transmission device (2) for transmitting the radiation from the radiation source to the unit. The apparatus according to the invention is characterised in that the unit (10) can be moved actively and/or passively relative to the radiation source, and the transmission device has a conductor (12), preferably a fibre optic cable.

Abstract: Durable interactive coatings which may be deposited on a substrate which impact bulk properties i.e. bulk modifying coatings, and a method and apparatus for producing them. Such coatings can include a plurality of particles which adhere to the substrate surface and/or other particles and include films. The particles can be provided as one or more layers of nanoscale particles having an average size of less than about 1000 nm, 800 nm, 500 nm, or 200 nm or 100 nm or less than 50 nm. Such bulk modifying coatings can have a thickness that is less than about 5000 nm, 800 nm, 500 nm, or 250 nm or even 200 nm. Thicker coatings or thinner coatings are provided depending on the potential field thermodynamic interaction of the substrate and particles for bulk property enhancement. Corresponding films are also provided.