Abstract: A circulating fluidized bed reactor comprises a reaction chamber (10) with an upwardly directed flow of gas with entrained particulate solid material, a separator (18) for separating the particles from the gas flow, and a particle recycling system (23) for controlled return of the particles to the reaction chamber (10). The particle recycling system (23) may comprise means (47) for controlled return of the particles in a non-cooled condition and superposed fluid beds (55 and 59) which may be connected in parallel or in series as described for returning particles to the reaction chamber in a more or less cooled condition. The reactor may also render it possible to return various fractions of the particles into the reactor chamber (10) at different levels.

Abstract: A method of controlling the reheat steam temperature in a circulating fluidized bed combustion system wherein the circulating solids are cooled in a heat recovery fluid bed system containing reheat heat exchange surface. The rate of heat transfer and thus the reheat steam temperature are controlled by adjusting the flow rate of fluidizing air to the portion of the heat recovery fluid bed system containing the reheat surface.

Abstract: The invention relates to a combustion unit, which for effecting a circulating mass process comprises a reactor chamber, whose lower part is, for formation of a fluidized bed, fitted with a grate structure (10), at least one particle separator with means for purifying the combustion gas containing solid material, formed in the fluidized bed, from said solid material, and a return duct (6a) for returning the solid material particularly to the fluidized bed. A gas lock structure (KL) as an extension of the return duct (6a) prevents the gas flow to the opposite direction and comprises a combination formed by a closed bottom structure (14), a cover structure (11) placed above the bottom structure (14) and having openings (12a), an interspace (13) formed between the bottom structure (14) and the cover structure (11), and openings (15a) placed in the wall of the return duct (6a) between the bottom structure (14) and the cover structure (11), as seen in vertical direction, and connected with the interspace ( 13).

Abstract: A fluidized bed reactor system and method of operating same, in which a fluidized bed of fine particles is combusted in a reactor forming a mixture of flue gases and relatively fine particles entrained by the flue gases. The mixture is passed to a separator which separates the entrained fine particles from the flue gases. The flue gases are passed to a heat recovery area for the extraction of thermal energy and the separated fine particles are collected in a dipleg seal. A portion of the separated fine particles is passed to the reactor and the remaining portion is discharged to the heat recovery area where the fine particles mix with the flue gases and heat is recovered from the latter mixture.

Abstract: A PFBC power plant with a combustor (3) enclosed within a pressure vessel (1). The combustor (3) is formed as a polygonal prism with, for example, hexagonal cross section. The bed section (3a) of the combustor (3) accomodates a steam generator constructed from at least three groups (23) of plane tube discs (24), in which groups (23) the discs are oriented parallel to opposite sides walls in the combustor (3). Each tube disc (24) may comprise both evaporation and superheater tubes (25a, 25b, 25c) which may comprise tubes in several parallel planes. In a preferred embodiment, each group (23) of tube discs (24) fills up a parallelepipedic space in the lower part (3a) of the combustor (3).

Abstract: An aeration rod-out assembly for aerating a flow of solids in a pipe is disclosed comprising an aeration pipe with first and second ends, the first end connected to the pipe containing the flow of solids and a cap connected to the second end. A rod is slidably disposed within the aeration pipe and said cap for axial movement therein between first, second and third positions such that as the rod is moved from its first position to its third position the rod ejects from the aeration pipe solids which settle into the housing. A shaft connected to the rod projects from the cap for actuation of the rod. First and second hoses register with the aeration pipe and the cap respectively to deliver aeration gas to the assembly, which gas discharges through the first end of the aeration pipe to aerate the flow of solids when the rod is in its first position but is substantially blocked from discharging when the rod is in or between its second and third positions.

Abstract: An incinerator designed so that the reaction of unburnt gas with oxygen progresses rapidly to thereby minimize the amount of unburnt gas generated therefrom. An intermediate portion of a combustion chamber is contracted in the cross-sectional direction with respect to the direction of flow of gas to thereby provide a throttling passage (14) over a predetermined distance. A part of the combustion chamber which is below the throttling passage (14) and a part of the combustion chamber which is above the passage (14) are enlarged in the cross-sectional direction to define a lower combustion chamber (13) and an upper combustion chamber (15), respectively. A first barrier (16) is disposed in the vicinity of the inlet of the throttling passage (14) across the lower combustion chamber (13) and a second barrier (17) is disposed in the vicinity of the outlet of the throttling passage (14) across the upper combustion chamber (15).

Abstract: A pulsed atmospheric fluidized bed reactor system is disclosed and claimed along with a process for utilization of same for the combustion of, e.g. high sulfur content coal. The system affords a economical, ecologically acceptable alternative to oil and gas fired combustors. The apparatus may also be employed for endothermic reaction, combustion of waste products, e.g., organic and medical waste, drying materials, heating air, calcining and the like.

Abstract: A fluidized bed reactor in which partitions disposed within a vessel form first and second furnace sections, first and second troughs and a heat exchange section such that the first trough is disposed between the first furnace section and the heat recovery section and the second trough is disposed between the second furnace section and the heat recovery section. A fluidized bed is formed in each of the furnace sections for the combustion of fuel to generate heat and to generate a mixture of combustion gases and entrained particulate solids. The mixtures from the furnace sections are received in first and second horizontal cyclone separators, both formed within the vessel for separating the entrained particulate solids from the combustion gases. Outlet means extend from the horizontal cyclones to discharge the separated solids to the first and second troughs respectively.

Abstract: A device for the indirect heating of air or another gas at high pressure to a high temperature, consisting of a heat exchanger of a special construction submerged in a fluid bed of the "classical type", through which flows a fluidized hot, finely powdered bed material which is introduced (2) below the bed surface (3) and discharged through an overflow (5). The heat exchanger surface is formed by hairpin-shaped tubes (6) with legs of unequal length, the shorter legs thereof discharging into the upper bottom of an inlet chamber (7) and the longer legs thereof extending down through a tubular lead-through (9) between the bottoms of said inlet chamber (7), which lead-through is concentric with said tube leg and opens into the upper bottom of an outlet chamber (8), with an annular channel between said tube (6) and said lead-through (9).

Abstract: An arrangement of apparatus and process thereof for cooling hot fluid solid particles, especially hot regenerated catalytic particles are disclosed. The apparatus comprises a substantially vertical, cylindrical and close ended heat removal vessel through the shell side passage of which is passed the fluid solid particles that flow downwardly in the form of dense phase fluidized bed, and one or more separate heat exchange tube units through the tube side passage of which the coolant is passed and vaporized, each of said heat exchange tube units comprising a supply coolant inlet tube, a supply coolant collecting chamber, one or more heat exchange tubes, a vapour collecting chamber and a resulting vapour discharge tube, all of which constitute a close type coolant-to-vapour circulation.

Abstract: A fluidized bed reactor in which a sealing section is located within the reactor and adjacent a furnace section located in the reactor. A fluidized bed is formed in the furnace section and the sealing section. A mixture of flue gases and entrained particulate materials from the fluidized bed in the furnace section are separated and the separated particulate material is passed to the fluidized bed in the sealing section. When bed materials in the fluidized bed in the sealing section exceed a predetermined volume they are passed to the fluidized bed in the furnace.

Abstract: A fluidized bed reactor in which a heat exchanger is located adjacent the reactor with each enclosing a fluidized bed and sharing a common wall including a plurality of water tubes. A mixture of flue gases and entrained particulate materials from the fluidized bed in the reactor are separated and the separated particulate material is passed to the fluidized bed in the heat exchanger. Coolant is passed in a heat exchange relation with the separated materials in the heat exchanger to remove heat from the materials after which they are passed to the fluidized bed in the reactor. Auxiliary fuel is supplied to the heat exchanger for combustion to control the temperature of the coolant. When the system of the present invention is utilized to generate steam the coolant can be controlled to match the requirements of a steam turbine.

Abstract: A fluidized bed boiler or reactor comprising a housing, a reaction (furnace) chamber within the housing, air distribution means within the reaction chamber, a plurality of perimeter walls approximately vertically disposed and arranged about the interior walls of the housing so as to define the reaction chamber, wherein the improvement comprises: providing at least a portion of the vertically disposed perimeter walls with an outward slope sufficient to reduce or eliminate erosion of the perimeter walls caused by impact from entrained solid particles contained within the reaction chamber.

Abstract: A fluidized bed system and method utilizing two stage combustion in which solids in the flue gases from the combustion in the fluidized bed are separated and returned to the bed while the clean flue gases are mixed with gases containing oxygen to effect secondary combustion. The fluidized bed is operated at sub-stochiometric conditions and NOx scavengers are supplied to the flue gases.

Abstract: Activated carbon regeneration is carried out in a downwardly moving bed with superheated steam moving upwardly through the bed. The superheated steam is maintained in a closed loop which comprises the steam treatment vessel, a steam pump and a steam superheater. The superheated steam is supplied at low pressure (e.g. less than about 10 psig) and provides the heat for volatilizing water and desorbed organic volatiles. The resulting dry, partially regenerated activated carbon may be re-used directly, but preferably is treated in a vacuum chamber to remove residual water and additional adsorbate.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for cooling gases using a circulating fluidized bed technique, wherein gas is conveyed through a fluidized bed formed by circulating fluidized bed material so that part of the circulating fluidized bed material is driven along with the gas flow and whereby the circulating fluidized bed material entrained in the gas flow is separated from the gas flow and returned into the fluidized bed, and wherein at least part of the cooling is carried out by cooling the circulating fluidized bed material stream to be returned. The process is characterized in that substantially the entire cooling is realized by cooling the circulating fluidized bed material stream to be returned in a heat exchanger (10) separate from the gas flow duct, in which event the cooling of the gas stream is effected by means of the circulating fluidized bed material stream returned to the fluidized bed and having a temperature lower than that of the fluidized bed.

Abstract: A fluidized bed reactor and method of operating same in which a bed of particulate material including fuel is formed in a furnace section. A stripper/cooler is located adjacent the furnace section for receiving particulate material from the furnace section. The particulate material is passed first to the stripper section where air is passed through the particulate material at a velocity sufficient to entrain relatively fine portions of the particulate material. A plurality of spaced baffle members are disposed in the stripper section for impacting with the entrained particulate material to separate it from the air. The particulate material in the stripper section is passed to the cooler section in which air is passed through the particulate material at a velocity sufficient to cool the particulate material and entrain relatively fine portions of the particulate material.

Abstract: A fluidized bed reactor in which partitions disposed within a vessel form first and second furnace sections, first and second troughs and a heat exchange section such that the first trough is disposed between the first furnace section and the heat recovery section and the second trough is disposed between the second furnace section and the heat recovery section. A fluidized bed is formed in each of the furnace sections for the combustion of fuel to generate heat and to generate a mixture of combustion gases and entrained particulate solids. The mixtures from the furnace sections are received in first and second horizontal cyclone separators, both formed within the vessel for separating the entrained particulate solids from the combustion gases. Outlet means extend from the horizontal cyclones to discharge the separated solids to the first and second troughs respectively.

Abstract: An aerodynamically cleaned heat-exchanger is used in heating apparatus in which the radiant energy of a dirty fuel, such as coal or char, is efficiently recovered while the exposed heat-exchange components are protected from the deleterious combustion products.

Abstract: A reactor for combusting fine-grained solid fuels in a circulating fluidized bed contains a combustion chamber, which is provided with lines which open in the lower portion of that chamber and serve to feed primary air, secondary air and solid fuel. The fluidized bed combustion chamber is divided into compartments by at least one partition provided in the upper portion of the fluidized bed combustion chamber. Each compartment communicates through a passage with at least one solids separator, which is connected to means for recycling solids and communicates with the compartment through a passage.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for cooling hot exhaust gases. The process gases are supplied to a stationary fluidized bed, which contains cooling elements and is contained in an annular trough. Fluidizing gas is supplied to the stationary fluidized bed through the permeable bottom of the trough. The hot process gas is passed through the central opening in the fluidized bed. Cooled solids flow from the fluidized bed across the inner rim of the trough into the process gas stream and are entrained by said stream into the dust-containing space over the top surface of the fluidized bed. The solids which are separated in the dust-containing space fall back into the annular fluidized bed, and the cooled gas which contains the remaining solids is supplied to a gas cooler, which is provided with cooling surfaces. The gas which leaves the upper portion of the gas cooler is fed to a solids separator and the separated solids are recycled to the stationary fluidized bed.

Abstract: A fluidized bed combustion system in which a duct connects a reactor and a separator and extends within the furnace section of the reactor. The duct is wedge shaped, having an inlet width greater than its outlet width, and the bottom wall of the duct angles upwardly from the outer side wall of the duct. A portion of the duct extending within the furnace section is formed by cooling tubes which also form a portion of a side wall of the reactor, and a portion of the duct extending outside the furnace section is formed by cooling tubes which also form a portion of an outer wall of the separator. The portion of the duct extending within the furnace section is secured to the portion of the duct extending outside the furnace section to connect the reactor and separator without the use of expansion joints or seals.

Abstract: An advanced overfire air system for NO.sub.x control designed for use in a firing system of the type that is particularly suited for use in fossil fuel-fired furnaces and a method of operating such a furnace which embodies an advanced overfire air system. The advanced overfire air system for NO.sub.x control includes multielevations of overfire air compartments consisting of a plurality of close coupled overfire air compartments and a plurality of separated overfire air compartments. The close coupled overfire air compartments are supported at a first elevation in the furnace and the separated overfire air compartments are supported at a second elevation in the furnace so as to be spaced from but aligned with the close coupled overfire air compartments.

Abstract: An apparatus for supplying fluidized bed material to a circulating fluidized bed boiler having a primary zone with a fuel feed point and a furnace zone above the primary zone, a mixing chamber for receiving solid fuel and a portion of the total combustion air needed in the boiler. The combustion air and circulating fluidized bed solids are supplied tangentially into the chamber which is advantageously in the form of a horizontally extending cylinder. The combustion air and solids are intimately mixed with each other before they are discharged into the primary zone of the boiler. The primary zone of the boiler is shaped with an upwardly increasing cross sectional area so that the already mixed combustion air and solids diffuse evenly through the fluidized bed boiler.

Abstract: A fluidized bed heat exchanger and a method of controlling same in which a first chamber and plurality of additional chambers are formed in a housing. A particulate material is supported in all of the additional chambers and air is introduced to each of the additional chambers to fluidize the material. Particulate material is introduced into one of the chambers and the chambers communicate to permit the material to flow between the chambers. Heat is extracted from one or more of the other additional chambers and the material upon exceeding a predetermined height flows from the other additional chambers to the first chamber before discharging via the first chamber externally of the housing.

Abstract: The grid plate is disposed between the fluidized bed reactor chamber and an underlying wind box and includes a plurality of nozzles for feeding fluidizing gas from the wind box into the reaction chamber. The nozzles are configured to afford different pressure drops across the grid such that with increasing pressure, additional nozzles are actuated in response to increasing pressure differences across the plate whereby fluidized bed start-up and steady state operating conditions may be facilitated.

Abstract: A combustion system in which a furnace having a fluidized bed disposed therein is divided into multiple sections by one or more partitions. Openings are provided in the lower portion of each partition for permitting the fluidized bed material to flow between the furnace sections, and openings are provided in the upper portion of each partition for equalizing the gas pressure between the furnace sections.

Abstract: A method and corresponding system are provided for reducing quantities of oxides of nitrogen, including N.sub.2 O, that are generated in a coal-fired fluidized bed boiler, the exhaust stream from the fluidized bed boiler being at a temperature of about 600.degree.-650.degree. F. and including from about 3 to 6% oxygen, from about 50 to 500 ppmv of NO.sub.x and from about 50 to 300 ppmv of N.sub.2 O. Pursuant to the invention, the exhaust stream is flowed through a thermal reaction zone at which fuel and air are burned, to provide a modified heated stream which includes small quantities of combustibles and of oxygen. The modified heated stream is passed over a first catalyst bed under overall reducing conditions, the quantity of oxygen in the stream being in stoichiometric excess of the amount of NO.sub.2 O and NO.sub.x, but less than the amount of said combustibles; whereby the N.sub.2 O and NO.sub.x are first oxidized to NO.sub.2, and then the NO.sub.2 is reduced by the excess combustibles.

Abstract: The invention relates to a power plant with combustion of a fuel at a pressure exceeding the atmospheric pressure in a fluidized bed (18) of particulate material, a so-called PFBC power plant. A combustor (12) is enclosed within a pressure vessel (10) and surrounded by compressed combustion air. Ash chambers (44) in the lower part of the combustor (12) are enclosed in one or more spaces (50) with walls (52, 53) which are suitably designed as plane, water-cooled panel walls. The ash chambers (44) are designed with uncooled walls (62). Pressure equalizing openings (64) are provided in the ash chamber walls (62), which openings equalize any pressure differences which may arise between the ash chambers (44) and the surrounding space (50). The walls (52, 53) which form the space surrounding the ash chambers absorb the pressure difference between the ash chambers (44) and the space (32) between the combustor (12) and the pressure vessel (10).

Abstract: A pressurized boiler assembly (e.g. with a circulating fluidized bed combustion chamber), including a pressure vessel pressurized to about 7-30 bar, has a minimum height, minimum number of through extending openings in the pressure vessel, and maximum accessibility to the controls and adjustments for the boiler. A steam drum is mounted by a flange joint above the boiler so that it extends horizontally, with the main body of the steam drum with the pressure vessel, but with a first end of the steam drum exteriorly of the vessel. The control and adjustment elements for the boiler, such as safety valves, pressure indicators, and water gauges, are mounted to the first end of the steam drum, exteriorly of the pressure vessel. A superheater having a discharge conduit is also mounted within the vessel below the steam drum, and the first end of the steam drum and the superheater discharge conduit are essentially the only elements associated with the boiler water and steam system passing through the pressure vessel.

Abstract: Dynamic fluidized-bed reactor for carrying out a chemical or physical multi-component process, which said reactor comprises a preferably vertical, cooled or uncooled reactor chamber and a preferably horizontal cyclone that discharges the solid matter through the side of the separator chamber and the gases through one end or both ends of the separator chamber. The reactor further comprises a discharge pipe with no gas lock, which allows the solid matter to fall freely. In different applications, the reactor may include feed and discharge means for solid matter as well as a gas distributor grate. Exemplifying embodiments are a fire-tube boiler and a reactor for purification and cooling of hot gases.

Abstract: A circulating fluid bed reactor comprises a reactor chamber having a circumscribing wall, a particle separator to receive a particle - gas suspension from the reactor chamber, and means for returning the particles separated by the particle separator to the reactor chamber. In order to eliminate problems due to heat expansion of the parts of the reactor and to provide a simple structure, the particle separator has at least one cyclone having a chamber with a cylindrical outer surface forming a part of the circumscribing wall of the reactor chamber.

Abstract: The invention relates to a power plant with a combustor (10) with combustion of a fuel in a fluidized bed of a particulate material and with a storage container (36) for hot bed material for adjusting the bed height upon changes of the load by the transfer of bed material from the combustor (10) to the storage container (36) and vice versa. It is primarily intended for a PFBC power plant with the combustor (10) and the container (36) in a pressure vessel (14) filled with compressed combustion air. The container (36) is provided with an internal mantle (66) which surrounds the storage space (40) for the bed material and an internal insulation (68) in the gap (70) which is formed between the container wall (36a) and the mantle (66). The lower part of the mantle (66) is joined to the container wall by means of an outwardly and upwardly directed skirt-like flange (66a-c).

Abstract: Granular coal is combusted in a circulating fluidized bed system comprising a combustion chamber, a separator and a recycle line for recycling solids from the separator to the combustion chamber. Gas from carbonization is added to the oxygen-containing combustion gas withdrawn from the combustion chamber and is at least partly combusted in said combustion gas to increase the temperature of the combustion gas to about 850.degree. to 1200.degree. C. The gas from carbonization is produced by the heating of granular coal.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for thermal agglomeration of high melting temperature ashes in fluidized bed processes is disclosed. Carbonaceous material to be combusted, incinerated or gasified is introduced into a fluidized bed supported on a perforated sloping supported grid through which a fluidizing gas is injected. An upflowing discharge control gas is injected through a density/size solids withdrawal conduit in communication with the base of the perforated sloping support grid. Positioned within the solids withdrawal conduit is a central jet pipe through which fuel and oxidant are injected into the base of the fluidized bed forming a hot temperature zone in which ash melts and agglomerates. Positioned above the perforated sloping support grid and peripherally mounted through the reactor wall are one or more burners through which fuel and oxidant are injected into the fluidized bed forming supplemental hot temperature zones in which ash melts and agglomerates.

Abstract: An internal recycling type fluidized bed boiler in which a fluidized bed portion of the boiler is divided by a partition into a primary combustion chamber and a thermal energy recovery chamber, at least two kinds of air supply chambers are provided below the primary combustion chamber, one for imparting a high fluidizing speed to a fluidizing medium and the other for imparting a low fluidizing speed thereto, thereby providing a whirling and circulating flow to the fluidizing medium in the primary combustion chamber. The fluidizing medium is moved downward in a moving bed in the thermal energy recovery chamber.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for gasifying or combusting solid, carbonaceous material a circulating fluidized bed reactor. Particles are separated from the product gas at least in two stages so that in the first stage, mainly coarser, so-called circulating particles are separted and returned to the reactor. In the second stage, fine carbonaceous particulates are separated from the gas and are made to agglomerate at a raised temperature. Coarser particles thus received are returned to the reactor through a return duct together with circulating particles. Adhesion of agglomerating particles to the walls of the duct is prevented preferably by leading hot particulates to the center of the duct and circulating particles to the walls of the duct.

Abstract: In a power plant, for example of PFBC type, with a cooler for cooling of ashes originating in a fluidized bed, the cooler comprises a cylinder with a transport screw which transports the ashes through the cylinder. The transport screw has a tubular shaft which is transversed by cooling water. The cylinder may be air or water-cooled. At the bottom of the cylinder one or more fluidization devices are provided, which maintain the ashes in the cylinder in fluidized condition, so as to obtain good contact and effective heat transfer to cooling surfaces of the shaft and the cylinder. The fluidization also reduces the propensity of the ash to form a heat-insulating layer on the inside of the cylinder which reduces the cooling capacity.

Abstract: A support structure supports a fluidized bed firing boiler disposed within a cylindrical pressure vessel and operated while the inside of a fluidized bed furnace is kept pressurized. A main body of the pressure fluidized bed firing boiler disposed within the pressure vessel is divided into a suspended section suspended from a support beam disposed at an upper interior portion within the pressure vessel, and a bottom-supported section supported by a support beam disposed at a lower interior portion of the pressure vessel. Also, a metallic expansion joint in the form of an undulated plate is provided at a point of engagement between the suspended section and the bottom-supported section.

Abstract: A fluidized bed combustion system and method in which a recycle heat exchanger is located adjacent the furnace section of the combustion system. A mixture of flue gases and entrained particulate materials from a fluidized bed in the furnace section are separated and the flue gases are passed to a heat recovery section and the separated particulate material to the fluidized bed in the recycle heat exchanger. A first chamber and plurality of additional chambers are formed in the recycle heat exchanger. A particulate material is supported in all of the additional chambers and air is introduced to each of the additional chambers to fluidize the material. The separated particulate material from the fluidized bed in the furnace section is introduced into one of the chambers and the chambers communicate to permit the material to flow between the chambers.

Abstract: A fluidized bed combustion system and method in which a recycle heat exchange section, including an inlet compartment and a heat exchange compartment, is located within an enclosure housing the furnace section of the combustion system. The flue gases and entrained solids from a fluidized bed in the furnace section are separated, the flue gases are passed to a heat recovery section, and the separated particulate material is passed directly to the inlet compartment via a dipleg. The recycle heat exchange section includes a bypass chamber for permitting the separated solids to pass directly from the inlet compartment to the furnace section. Heat exchange tubes are provided in the heat exchange compartment to transfer heat from the separated material in the latter compartment to a fluid flow circuit for heating the fluid flow circuit. The separated material in the heat exchange compartment is passed back to the furnace section.

Abstract: A vertical tube heat exchanger for use with fluidized solid particulates as a heat transfer medium includes a plurality of vertically extending spaced apart tubes for containing an internal fluid flowing in heat transfer relationship with the walls of the tube. A containment housing is provided around the tubes for containing a flow of fluidized solid particulates moving through a heat exchange chamber in the housing around the exterior surface of the tubes. A gas plenum chamber is provided adjacent a lower end of the containment housing for directing fluidizing gas into the solid particulates. The housing includes a dividing floor between an upper heat exchange chamber and a lower plenum chamber and the floor is formed with openings in concentric alignment with the vertical tubes for injecting fluidizing gas into the heat exchange chamber around the tubes to flow upwardly into a bed of solid particulates.

Abstract: An internal recycling type fluidized bed boiler includes a primary fluidized bed incinerating chamber constructed by an air diffusion plate, and an inclined partition wall provided above a portion of the diffusion plate where the mass flow of the air injected from the diffusion plate is greater than that from another portion so as to interfere with the upward flow of the fluidizing air injected from that portion and deflect it towards the portion above the diffusion plate where the mass flow of gas injected is smaller. A thermal energy recovery chamber is formed between the inclined partition wall and a side wall of an incinerator. The inclined partition wall is inclined by 10.degree.-60.degree. relative to the horizontal and is arranged such that the length of its projection in the horizontal direction is 1/6-1/2 of the horizontal length of the bottom of the incinerator bottom.

Abstract: A process for incinerating domestic refuse is implemented in a boiler comprising a fluidized bed furnace over which is a post-combustion chamber. The smoke passes through alternately upward and downward paths in which it is cooled in contact with walls provided with water tubes. Limestone is injected into the bed to fix the sulfur oxides and halogenated compounds and a jet of powdered lime is injected at the start of the third path to neutralize the remaining halogenated compounds; the flying particles deposited are recycled into the furnace. The temperature of the bed is held between 800.degree. C. and 900.degree. C. and the injection of secondary air is adjusted to obtain an oxygen concentration in the smoke between 5.5% and 7.5% to minimize the formation of nitrogen oxides, dioxins and furans.

Abstract: A fluidized bed combustion system and method in which a recycle heat exchanger is located adjacent the furnace section of the recycle heat exchanger. Heat exchange surfaces are provided in one compartment of the heat exchanger for removing heat from the solids, and a bypass compartment is provided through which the solids directly pass to the furnace during start-up and low load conditions. A separate cooling compartment for the separated solids is disposed in the recycle heat exchange and valves are provided to selectively control the flow of solids between compartments.

Abstract: A pulsed atmospheric fluidized bed reactor system is disclosed and claimed along with a process for utilization of same for the combustion of, e.g. high sulfur content coal. The system affords a economical, ecologically acceptable alternative to oil and gas fired combustors. The apparatus may also be employed for endothermic reaction, combustion of waste products, e.g. organic and medical waste, drying, calcining and the like.

Abstract: A combustion apparatus has a combustion furnace section, a free board section which is downstream of the combustion furnace section, and a post-combustion chamber which is downstream of the free board section, the post-combustion chamber being disposed at a position offset from the position directly above the free board section, wherein the apparatus is characterized in that a gas blowing structure is provided in the vicinity of the boundary between the free board section and the post-combustion chamber, the gas blowing structure having a plurality of pipes disposed parallel to each other at a predetermined spacing, each pipe being provided with a gas outlet hole for blowing a gas, for example, air, counter to the combustion gas flowing toward a discharge port.

Abstract: An integrated, vertical tube heat exchanger for use with a plurality of heat transfer mediums including fluidized solid particulates and hot gaseous products of combustion includes a plurality of vertically extending spaced apart, tubes for containing water/steam flow in close heat transfer relationship with the walls of the tubes. A unitary and compact containment housing is provided around a bank of said vertical tubes for directing a generally lateral flow of fluidized solid particulates moving through a first heat exchange chamber formed around the exterior surface of lower portions of the tubes. A gas plenum chamber is provided adjacent a first end of the lower heat exchange chamber for directing fluidizing gas into the solid particulates in the chamber. The housing is provided with a dividing wall forming a second heat exchange chamber that is separate from and operationally independent of the first heat exchange chamber.

Abstract: Combustion unit which for attaining a circulation process comprises a reactor chamber (1) and a particle separator (6) which is provided with two casings (7, 8) and which is placed inside the reactor chamber to the upper part thereof. At least the first i.e. the outer casing (7) of the particle separator (6) is arranged to form a heat transfer surface. The roof structure (1a) of the reactor chamber (1) is attached to the outer casing (8).