Abstract: A method of controlling the particle size distribution in a fluidized bed reactor in which a primary bed of particulate material having a varying size and including fuel is established. Air is introduced into the bed to fluidize the material and promote the combustion of the fuel. A portion of the particulate material is discharged from the bed and into a secondary bed. Air is introduced to the secondary bed at a velocity sufficient to fluidize the particulate material and entrain some of the finer portions of the particulate material. The air and the entrained finer material from the secondary bed are passed back to the primary bed and the velocity of the air introduced to the secondary bed is varied to vary the amount of the finer material that is entrained and thus control the size of the material in the primary bed.

Abstract: The system includes a circulating fluidized bed combustor coupled at its outlet to a separator. A vertical return channel is provided for conveying separated solid particles from the separator back to the combustion chamber. A gas turbine cycle is provided, including a gas compressor, a heat transfer means directed to a first duct to the compressor for heating the compressed oxidizing gas, a gas turbine connected through a second duct to the heat transfer means for power generation and a third duct for conveying expanded oxidizing gas from the turbine to the combustion chamber. The heat transfer means includes tubes disposed inside the vertical return channel for indirect heat transfer between the compressed gas and the dense suspension of separated particles flowing downwardly in the vertical channel.

Abstract: A fluidized bed combustor wherein a combustion chamber and a regeneration chamber are both contained in a single hollow body is provided. These two chambers are formed by vertically partitioning the body by a partition wall, which has an upper opening and a lower one, and also each have a perforated plate at the bottom part thereof on which a heat transfer medium containing a desulfurizing agent is placed and fluidized. The desulfurizing agent is transferred from the combustion chamber through the lower opening to the regeneration chamber and circulated by overflow through the upper opening again to the combustion chamber. Various modifications of the above-mentioned fundamental embodiment are proposed. Combustion and desulfurization are automatically and effectively carried out in a single apparatus to give a high percentage desulfurization, make the apparatus compact, and reduce the initial cost and the running cost thereof.

Abstract: In order to be able to handle multiple fuels in a bubbling-bed fluidized bed combustor, a number of elements are combined together and a number of systems are described which utilize these elements in order to be able to appropriately process different types of fuels. With respect to the handling of multiple fuels by a bubbling-bed fluidized bed combustor which need not be reconfigured for each type of fuel, the combustor in the subject invention is provided with a closely-coupled pyrolyzer or gasifier. The close-coupled pyrolyzer not only permits the processing of virtually any type of fuel into two fuel streams which are immediately usable by the combustor but also has certain advantages in terms of reducing environmental pollutants. The above-mentioned close-coupled pyrolyzer also results in improved performance aside from the pollution aspects mentioned above.

Abstract: A thermal reactor of fluidizing bed type includes a thermal recovering arrangement. A part of a fluidizing medium is supplied into the thermal energy recovering arrangement so as to pass therethrough, whereby; thermal energy is recovered by a heat exchanger disposed in the recovering arrangement.

Abstract: Apparatus for control of the heat transfer between a circulating bed of solid particles and a heat exchanger (6) located inside a fluidization enclosure (1) supplied with solid particles and connected to a device for recovering (4) and recycling (5) the particles into the fluidized bed. The heat exchange coefficient of the exchanger (6) is adapted at each moment to the heat transfer requirements of the plant by varying in the same sense the concentration of solid particles in the circulating bed, by increasing or reducing the quantity of circulating particles to increase or reduce, respectively, the exchange coefficient to the value required by the demand. The invention is particularly applicable to steam production boilers operating on coal.

Abstract: An improved reinjection system is described for a bubbling bed fluidized bed combustor of the type having a combustion zone in which fuel is burned in a fluidized bed of granular material, means for collecting particles from the flue gases and means for reinjecting the collected particles into the combustion zone. The improved reinjection system comprises a first particulate material conductor pipe sloping downwardly toward the combustion zone, the lower end of this first downwardly sloping pipe being flow connected by way of a lower corner or elbow to a short section of upwardly sloping pipe. The upper end of this short upwardly sloping pipe is flow connected by way of an upper corner or elbow to a second downwardly sloping pipe. The first downwardly sloping pipe, the upwardly sloping pipe and the second downwardly sloping pipe form therebetween a Z-valve.

Abstract: Disclosed is a fluidized bed system which includes a fluidized bed reactor, a solids separator and a return line and serves to carry out exothermic processes in a circulating fluidized bed for large thermal capacities. Secondary gas is introduced into the reactor on a level which is at least 1 meter above the bottom of the reactor. The fluidized bed system is provided with one or more displacing bodies, which cover 40 to 75% of the bottom surface area of the fluidized bed reactor and have a maximum height that is equal to one-half of the height of the reactor to ensure a satisfactory transverse mixing of the oxygen-containing secondary gas and fuel in reactors having large dimensions.

Abstract: A two fluidized bed type boiler comprises: an upstream combustion zone forming a fluidized bed of sand in which pulverized coal is burnt with air fed as a fluidizing gas; a downstream desulfurizing zone forming a fluidized bed of particulate limestone with flue gases stemming from the combustion zone as fluidizing gases; and an intermediate dust collecting zone, in which a baffle plate facing the combustion zone and extending downwards is provided, is arranged between the upstream and downstream zones to form a single and unitary passage for a flow of the flue gases over the three zones.

Abstract: A method and a particle cooler for controlling the cooling effect in a circulating fluidized bed reactor. The method comprises regulating heat output from the particle cooler by varying the particle level in the cooler. The particle cooler is mounted in a fluidized bed reactor having a particle flow restrictor with fluidizing means between the flow restrictor and reaction chamber and provides the only particle flow passage between the restrictor and reaction chamber and is provided with internal cooling media tubes dispersed on different vertical levels. Particle flow regulating means is provided for maintaining the particle level within the cooler, which level is adjustable.

Abstract: A method and means for regulating the thermal transmission rate at a fast fluidized bed reactor, which comprises a combustion chamber, a cyclone separator and a lock between the separator and the combustion chamber. The method comprises varying heat absorption to the conductive parts of the combustion chamber through changing the particle density in the fluidized bed when altering the load and/or the kind of fuel. This imples adding of fine grain, inert particles to the bed, or alternatively removing large size particles from the bottom of the combustion chamber and fine grain particles from the lock, respectively.

Abstract: Solids are separated from the flue gases of a fluidized bed reactor with a circulating bed and provided with cooling surfaces and are recycled to the reactor through return ducts disposed at different heights in the reactor. To control the operation of the reactor the heat removed from the reactor chamber is regulated by changing the suspension density in the reactor chamber. A required suspension density is obtained by regulating the flow of the solids through each return duct.

Abstract: A bent tube waste heat steam generator for use in a catalytic regenerator, and method of use. The regenerator has an outer shell and has a level of catalysts therein. A steam generator is in operative association with the regenerator and includes a riser, downcomer and steam drum positioned externally of the shell and a heat exchanger positioned within the shell. The heat exchanger includes a substantially horizonal lower manifold connected to the downcomer and a substantially horizontal upper manifold connected to the riser. A plurality of substantially C-shaped, bent tubes interconnect the upper and lower manifolds. The upper manifold is above the catalyst level, and the lower manifold is below the catalyst level. Each tube has a lower portion connected to the lower manifold and extending angularly upwardly therefrom, an upper portion connected to the upper manifold and extending angularly downwardly therefrom, and an intermediate portion interconnecting the upper and lower portions.

Abstract: A method of operating a fluidized bed reactor in which a bed containing solid particulate material is fluidized by introducing air into the bed. A gas column is formed containing a mixture of the air, the gaseous products of combustion or gasification of the fuel in the bed and the particulate material entrained by the air and the gaseous products of combustion. The mixture is discharged from the vessel and the particulate material is separated from the mixture and returned to the bed. The entrainable particulate material is maintained in the bed and in the gas column in quantities sufficient to saturate the gas column. The temperature of the fluidized bed is controlled by varying the amount of air introduced into the bed.

Abstract: A fluidized bed reactor and method of operating same, in which a gas column is formed above a fluidized bed which contains a mixture of air, the gaseous products of combustion from a fluidized bed, and particulate material entrained by the air and the gaseous products of combustion. The gas column is saturated with the particulate material of the particulate material is separated from the mixture. A portion of the separated particulate material is injected back into the bed, and the remaining portion is passed to external equipment.

Abstract: A fluidized bed combustor including a combusting cell for generating flue gases and a gasifier cell for generating a low BTU combustible off-gas. The off-gas is discharged from the vessel and is combusted to raise the temperature of the flue gases before they are passed to a turbine.

Abstract: A fluidized bed boiler is controlled such that, when the fuel supply quantity thereof is changed from F.sub.0 to F.sub.1, the fuel supply quantity is changed to a level greater than the difference between F.sub.1 and F.sub.0, the fuel supply quantity is changed to a level smaller than the difference between F.sub.1 and F.sub.0, and the fuel supply quantity is then set to F.sub.1.

Abstract: A steam-generating plant burning a fuel, primarily coal, in a fluidized bed has the bed vessel divided into a combustion chamber and an ash chamber by an air distributor with nozzles for the supply of air for fluidization of the bed and combustion of the fuel. The air distributor is provided with openings, through which bed material can pass from the fluidized combustion chamber to the non-fluidized ash chamber. Tubes for generating steam are provided in the combustion chamber and tubes for superheating steam are arranged in the ash chamber. The plant is provided with a transport means for conveying bed material back from the ash chamber to the combustion chamber. Regulating the quantity of bed material fed back to the combustion chamber also regulates the supply of heat to the superheating tubes and controls the degree of superheating obtained.

Abstract: A method of operating a combustion plant including a reactor, e.g. a fluidized-bed reactor which transfers heat form a fuel to a granular medium, such as sand, and wherein a part of the heated medium during operation is discharged from the combustion chamber (2) of the reactor (1) and supplied to a heat-producing heat exchanger (11). The plant further includes a storing means (9) which is connected to the combustion chamber (2) of the reactor (1), and a part of the discharged hot medium is transferred to the storing means (9) which stores the medium in order to accumulate the heat therein. In case of increased energy demand, hot medium is supplied from the storing means (9) to one or more additional heat exchangers (28, 29, 30) for supplementing the heat production of the first-mentioned heat exchanger (11).

Abstract: A circulating fluidized bed reactor includes a filter apparatus for separation and recycling of fine particles which are entrained by the flue gas. The housing of the filter apparatus has a plurality of vertically disposed ceramic filtration tubes. The reactor chamber and filter housing are arranged back-to-back and have a common wall therebetween. A pre-separator for separation of coarse particles is provided which connects the reactor chamber with the filter apparatus. The reactor, the separator and the filter apparatus are encased in a pressure-proof cylindrical vessel. The walls of the reactor chamber and the filter housing are water-cooled.

Abstract: A steam generator and a method of burning fuels therein. A combustion chamber of gas-tight pipe walls has a fluidized bed. Above the bed is a free space with an incrementally lower solids density that accommodates heat-convection surfaces. Coarse-particle precipitators communicate with the top of the combustion chamber with their solids-extraction outlet communicating with the fluidized bed through a feedback system. The combustion chamber, its heat-convection surfaces, the coarse-particle precipitators, and the feedback system are surrounded by pressurized vessel. The fuel is burned in the fluidized bed under pressure. Densities of 0.5 to 5 kg of solids per kg of flue gas are maintained in the free space (4) above the bed by means of fluidizing rates of 1 to 5 m/sec. The temperature of and load on the fluidized bed are regulated by the amount of solids returned to the bed.

Abstract: Fluidized bed reactor and a process for the operation of a circulating, fluidized bed reactor, by which a solid particle material, in particular carbonaceous fuel, is introduced into the lower part of the reactor and is formed to a fast bed by a fluidization gas containing a gaseous reactant material, in particular oxygen, introduced into the reactor bottom, while non-reacted particles are removed from the reactor top and recirculated to the bed. By removing a predetermined fraction of the solid particle material in the reactor from at least one site positioned below the reactor top, subjecting it to thermal treatment and recirculating it to at least one other, lower positioned site of the bed, enhanced possibilities for process optimalization are achieved.

Abstract: A means and method of controlling the load turn-down in a fluidized bed combustor including a fluidized combustion bed having an independent fluidization air source. A separately fluidizable heat transfer bed surrounds the fluidized combustion bed. By independently adjusting the fluidization of the heat transfer bed, the load turn-down of the fluidized bed combustor can be accurately and efficiently controlled.In an alternative embodiment, one or more heat transfer beds are positioned in and surrounded by the combustion bed. Conduits are then positioned within the heat transfer beds to carry a circulating and heat-conducting medium therethrough.

Abstract: The invention relates to a power plant for combustion of a fuel, for example carbon, in a combustion chamber (2) in a bed (10) of fluidized particulate material, primarily a PFBC power plant. The plant includes a multi-stage steam turbine (13) and an intermediate superheater (12) for superheating steam between the turbine stages. The combustion chamber (2) is divided into a first and a second part (2a, 2b) by a wall (4) having one or more openings (42, 43) which takes up a minor part of the cross-section in the bed region and makes possible a limited exchange of bed material. The first part (2a) includes a nest of boiler tubes (11) for generating steam. The second combustion chamber part (2b) includes a nest of boiler tubes (12) for intermediate superheating of steam between the turbine stages. The combustion chamber parts (2a, 2b) are each connected to a fuel supply system (20, 21, 22 and 23, 24, 25, respectively).

Abstract: An air supply nozzle for a fluid bed furnace comprises a tubular member attachable to a plate, forming the bottom of the furnace. The tubular member is upwardly closed by a lid and just below the same a number of air dispersing openings are provided. A wear-resisting ring of hard metal is attached to the upper end of the tubular member and has a thickness and a height noticeably exceeding the wall thickness of the tubular member. The void within the ring is filled with refractory concrete so a dome projecting above the ring is formed. The tubular member includes a un-perforated portion, which has such an extension that the tubular member, after a hard wear, may be cut, a lower stub of the tubular member remaining at the plate, while the top is substituted by a new portion. The two portions of the reconditioned tubular member are then connected by an internal supporting sleeve and tack welding.

Abstract: A fluid bed combustion apparatus for burning heterogeneous solid waste material and being particularly adapted for burning light, bulky combustible materials usually found in municipal waste. The apparatus includes means for removing a portion of the fluid bed, cooling it below the ignition temperature of the waste material and delivering it atop the incoming waste material so as to submerge the waste material and to confine its combustion within the fluid bed.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for improving the solids distribution in a circulating fluidized bed system. In the invention, hot ash from the system and fresh carbonaceous fuel are mixed in a chamber which is fluidized so as to form a fluidization zone wherein the heavier material is concentrated and a second fluidization zone which consists predominantly of fines at least a portion of which is separated from the heavier material. This zone separation is facilitated in part by maintaining different gas-mass flow rates so as to form a plug of heavier material. At least a portion of the fine material is then transferred into the reactor while the coarse material is further processed.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for cooling of hot waste gases using a jetting bed, fluidized bed technique. A nozzle or plurality of nozzles inject the hot waste gases upwardly into a bed of solid particulate material contained in a housing, with the jet of hot gases fluidizing the bed and being dissipated therein without substantially disturbing the surface of the bed of solids. With use of a horizontally extending bed, a plurality of nozzles are spaced such that the jets of hot waste gases do not impinge upon one another. With use of a vertically extending housing, a single jet of hot waste gases may be used. The hot solids in the enclosure may be removed therefrom, cooled and returned, or heat transfer tubes may be provided in the housing, out of the area of contact of hot waste gases, to remove heat therefrom.

Abstract: A process for removing nitrous oxides from a gas, comprising the step of passing air through a bed of particulate material including a carbonaceous material to fluidize the material and promote combustion of the fuel and adding additional carbonaceous material to the bed. Additional air above the area of introduction of the air passes through the bed and passes the gas through the bed so that carbonaceous material scavenges the oxygen in the nitrous oxides.

Abstract: A method of burning solid fuel having low melting point alkaline compositions, such as alkali metal salts, particularly lignite and salty brown coal. The fuel is introduced into the reaction chamber of a circulating fluidized bed reactor, and is mixed prior to introduction to the reaction chamber with a reactant material capable of reacting with the low melting point alkaline compositions of the fuel to produce high melting point alkali metal compounds during combustion. The temperature in the reaction chamber is kept below the melting point of the formed alkali metal compounds. The reactant material comprises silica oxide or a metal oxide, or hydroxide, of the group consisting of aluminum, calcium, magnesium, iron, titanium, and mixtures of two or more thereof. Kaolin is particularly effective, especially when the molar ratio of Al/(Na and K) is at least 1.0.

Abstract: A process for circulating solid particles within a fluidization chamber, in which is formed a circulating fluidized bed comprising a dense lower zone (A) with a high concentration of particles, above which is located a dilute zone (B) containing particles carried along by the rising stream of a gas towards the upper part of the chamber (1), the latter opening into a circuit (4) for discharging the gases and particles, incorporating a device (41) for recovering the particles carried along, which is connected to the chamber (1) by means of a circuit (45) for recycling the recovered particles. In the upper part (12) of the fluidization chamber, the circulation speed of the cases is reduced before their discharge, so as to produce above the dilute zone (B) an upper zone (C) with a higher concentration of particles, in which some (35) of the particles escape from the stream of gas and fall in a shower along the side wall of the chamber, at the same time forming a descending annular film (34).

Abstract: An in-bed tubular heat exhanger support structure comprising a plurality of fluid-cooled support tubes which extend over and are supported by the wall headers of a fluidized bed boiler. Each support tube has at least one upright portion which extends into the fluidized bed region of the boiler, and wherein at least one of the heat exchanger tubes is clamped or otherwise fixed to the upright portion of the support tube.

Abstract: A fluidized bed boiler is controlled by the processes of (1) setting a reference range of the installation height of the fluidizing medium and a reference range of the temperature of the fluidized bed within the fluidizing chamber; (2) sensing the installation height of the fluidizing medium, comparing the sensed height with the set reference range of the settled bed height, and supplying or discharging the fluidizing medium; (3) sensing the temperature of the fluidized bed, comparing the sensed temperature of the fluidized bed with the set reference range, re-setting the reference range of the fluidizing medium settled bed height at a higher height in accordance with the temperature difference by which the temperature of the fluidized bed exceeds the reference range, if any, and re-setting the reference range of the fluidizing medium settled bed height at a lower height in accordance with the temperature difference by which the fluidized bed temperature is below the reference temperature range, if any; and r

Abstract: The bed depth in a power plant burning sulfur-containing fuel in a fluidized bed of material which constitutes a sulfur absorbent in a combustion chamber is controlled on the basis of plant power output. A plurality of sensors connected to the combustion chamber determine the existing bed depth. A bed material mill grinds material removed from the bed prior to returning it to the bed, the rate at which the mill operates being controlled by the extent to which the actual bed depth differs from the desired bed depth. The mill grinds some bed material to small enough size for it to be carried from the combustion chamber with the combustion gases.

Abstract: A combustion chamber with a fluidized bed furnace having a nozzle plate, a fuel feed above the nozzle plate, a primary air feed below the nozzle plate, an exhaust gas channel at an upper end of the combustion chamber, and heat-exchanging heating surfaces includes a cylindrical combustion chamber wall disposed vertically upright and having, in an upper region thereof, a plurality of secondary air nozzles disposed tangentially as well as downwardly inclined to the cylindrical wall for separating and returning unspent solid particles into a lower region of the fluidized bed, a device for directing a flow of gas and particles vertically upwardly in a central region of the combustion chamber and spirally downwardly along the cylindrical wall, and a device for impressing an upwardly increasing rotary flow about an axis of symmetry of the combustion chamber upon the gas flow.

Abstract: A means and method of controlling the load turndown in a fluidized bed combustor including a fluidized combustion bed having an independent fluidization air source. A separately fluidizable heat transfer bed surrounds the fluidized combustion bed. By independently adjusting the fluidization of the heat transfer bed, the load turndown of the fluidized bed combustor can be accurately and efficiently controlled.

Abstract: The corners of the walls of a vessel in which fuel is burnt in the fluidized bed of a PFBC power plant are articulately connected to a supporting framework. The forces arising on the bed vessel walls are taken up by the framework and are transmitted to the framework by means of a plurality of links. At each corner the construction of links allows the corner to be displaced in relation to the framework. This corner-connection includes auxiliary beams which are substantially parallel to the walls and are at one of their ends articulately connected to the framework.

Abstract: A fluidized bed reactor and a method of operating same in which a bed of particulate material is supported on a grate in an enclosure. Air is passed through the grate to fluidize the particulate material and promote the combustion of the fuel. At least one separating unit is disposed adjacent each of two walls forming the enclosure for receiving the mixture of air, the gaseous products of combustion and the relative fine particulate material entrained by the air and gaseous products of combustion. Each separating unit operates to separate the particulate material from the mixture, and a distributor unit is associated with each separating unit for receiving the separated particulate material and distributing it to the bed at multiple locations.

Abstract: A power plant with combustion of a fuel in a fluidized bed is enclosed within a bed vessel. It includes one or more cleaners for separating dust from the combustion gases leaving the bed. The gas cleaner is built up as a panel or unit with a number of parallel-connected centrifugal cleaners, with a first cylindrical inlet part with guide vanes which impart a rotating movement to the gas flowing through, and a second cylindrical part sliding into the first part and together with this forming an annular gap with an outlet which communicates with a common space and/or with a separator arranged in series with the parallel separators. The panel or unit is directly connected to an outlet opening from the bed vessel and forms part of a bed vessel wall.

Abstract: A heat exchanger for use in a multi-solid fluidized bed heat generating system includes a housing for containing a flowing volume of hot gas and fluidized recirculating solid particulate material. The housing includes outer side walls, a top wall and an intermediate bottom structure comprising water wall panels for containing a flow of water/steam to be heated from the hot gas and solid material contained within the enclosure formed by the housing walls. A supply header is provided to direct water/steam to be heated into the water wall panels at a lower level and a takeoff header is utilized for removing the heated water/steam from the wall panels at an upper level. A fluidizing gas injector system is provided for directing a high velocity flow of gaseous fluid into the enclosure formed by the housing water wall panels at a lower level therein for fluidizing the recirculating solid particulate material, which material is recycled back into a combustion vessel of the fluidized bed heat generating system.

Abstract: The invention relates to a circulating fluidized bed reactor comprising a particle separator (9) having a horizontal vortex chamber (23). The separator is preferably disposed on top of the combustion chamber (5). The pipes (25) discharging gas from the vortex chamber have been connected to openings (24) disposed on the periphery (19) of the vortex chamber.

Abstract: A fluidized bed reactor (1) comprising a reactor chamber (4) having a gas distributor plate (5) for feeding primary air, and a space above said distributor plate (5) is divided into compartments (6) by means of partition walls (7) having discharge openings (9) for feeding secondary air to the circulating bed.

Abstract: A method of stable combustion in a fluidized bed incinerator for burning and decomposing refuse such as municipal wastes while fluidizing them is disclosed. A number of air diffuser tubes are provided inside the incinerator body for fluidizing the refuse and the fluidizing medium. The fluidizing air from the air diffuser tubes is supplied at high speed or low speed from each of the tubes respectively. By alternately forming more and less fluidized areas inside the fluidized bed, the refuse is stably burned. Because of the stable combustion of the refuse, the combustion air ratio can be reduced and the combustion chamber temperature inside the incinerator can be maintained at a high level.

Abstract: A cast air nozzle is adapted to be mounted on the bottom of a combustor, particularly a fluidized-bed combustor. The air nozzle comprises a substantially gun-shaped body having a substantially horizontal upper part with a front portion and a rear portion, and a substantially vertical lower part with a through, substantially vertical inlet duct, two substantially horizontal outlet ducts in the upper part extending from the upper end of the inlet duct and opening at the front end of the front portion. The outlet ducts diverge towards the front end of the front portion, whereby an air current flowing through the air nozzle is caused to leave the nozzle in the form of horizontal diverging air jets. The upper part has at the front portion a horizontal planar upper surface and at the rear portion a backwardly-downwardly inclined upper surface, said surfaces forming an angle with each other, whereby the material in the combustor, which is conveyed across the air nozzle, does not collect on the upper portion.

Abstract: In case of a steam generator having a circulating atmospheric or pressurized fluidized-bed combustion system, normally a fluidized-bed combustor, at least one separator, at least one fluidized-bed cooler connected to said separator and adapted to be fed by a part stream of the solids separated from the combustion and fluidization gases, and a waste-heat boiler pass are provided. In these elements feed water, evaporator and reheating surfaces are arranged. Together with a reheater heating surface at least one superheater heating surface is arranged in the fluidized-bed cooler and an adjustable by-pass line is associated to the reheater heating surface to allow a simple and quick control of the combustion while simultaneously offering a simple control of the outlet temperature of the reheater.

Abstract: A fluidized bed steam generating system includes an upstanding combustion vessel, a gas/solids separator, a convection pass boiler and a heat exchanger positioned directly below the boiler and all of the above elements except the gas/solids separator are enclosed within a waterwall structure having outside waterwalls and a central waterwall common to the reactor vessel on one hand and the convection pass boiler and heat exchanger on the other hand. The close proximity of the components of the system eliminate numerous problems present in conventional multi-solid fluidized bed steam generators.

Abstract: In a process and a fluidized bed furnace installation for performing the process for the combustion of carbonaceous materials in a fluidized bed reactor with an atmospheric or pressurized, circulating fluidized bed, wherein solids are circulated in a circulation system consisting of a fluidized bed reactor, at least one separator, and at least one return line, and wherein solids are withdrawn from the circulation system, and wherein the stack gases are discharged downstream of the separator, and wherein combustion heat is removed at least by way of heating surfaces of the fluidized bed reactor and by way of stack-gas-exposed heating surfaces downstream of the separator, the invention provides that a partial stream of solids withdrawn from the circulation system is admixed to the stack gases or waste gases, exiting from the separator, upstream of the heating surfaces for the removal of heat from the stack gases.

Abstract: Process to ascertain combustion and/or decomposition of gaseous and/or by air or other gas carried particulate pollutants. The invention makes possible an effective and safe combustion and/or decomposition of pollutants not desired to escape into the environment. The pollutants are fed into a combustor (1) in which the pollutants are self combusted and/or are made to self decompose, whereby in the combustor outgoing gas is made to heat ingoing gas and/or by air or other gas carried particulate pollutants through counter current regenerative heat exchange. The invention also refers to an equipment for accomplishment of the process.

Abstract: A device for the gasification of waste, particularly light waste, is comprised of a reactor having a single fluidized bed including two concentric chambers communicating at the top and bottom wherein the outer chamber is intended to implement the pyrolysis of supplied waste and the inner chamber is intended to implement the combustion of pyrolyzed materials. A circulation of pyrolysis gas and combustion gas is established between the outer chamber and the inner chamber.

Abstract: A fluidized bed heat generator with improved collector for ash removal and heat recovery comprises a central hearth having a fluidization grid at its lower end. The side wall of the hearth is enclosed by a hollow peripheral enclosure to define an intermediate volume therebetween which is connected both to the upper part of the hearth and to fume tubes. These fume tubes extend through the peripheral enclosure and open into a fume exit conduit such that fumes and entrained ash from the hearth can be directed via the intermediate volume and the fume tubes to the fume exit conduit. Water is arranged to circulate within the peripheral enclosure around the hearth and fume tubes.