Abstract: A fluidized bed reactor has a pair of cyclone separators which receive flue gas with entrained solids and wherein the solids are separated from the flue gas in the separators for flow into a fluidized distribution conduit. The flow of separated particles is divided into two particle streams and fluidizing air is introduced into the duct. The fluidized separated particles are then conveyed to the combustion chamber of the reactor through an upright conduit in turn connected to a downwardly inclined conduit connecting the combustion chamber with the fluidized separated particles in the duct. The downwardly inclined conduits are substantially equidistantly distributed along the lateral extent of the combustion chamber to provide even distribution of the solid separated particles with fuel mixed therein in the combustion chamber.

Abstract: A separator for separating solid particles from a hot gas stream comprises a cyclone chamber having an axial gas outlet conduit. The outlet conduit is formed by a plurality of cooling tubes defining between the tubes a plurality of passages for the gas. The outlet conduit is connected to an opening in one or both ends of the cyclone chamber. Solids are separated by centrifugal forces as the gas flows in a curved path in the cyclone chamber and by inertia forces as the gas changes direction to flow into the outlet conduit.

Abstract: A power plant with combustion of a fuel in a fluidized bed (14) enclosed within a combustion chamber in a bed vessel (11). A gas outlet from the bed vessel (11) is formed as a centrifugal separator (20) intended to primarily separate coarse material containing unburnt fuel leaving the bed (11) together with the combustion gases. Suitably the separator (20) extends into the bed vessel (11) and separated material is returned to the bed (14) through a return conduit (34), which is preferably located close to the bed vessel wall. This conduit (34) opens into the bed vessel (11), near the bottom (12) thereof. For the return transport an ejector (35) may be used to overcome the pressure difference existing between the separator (20) and the orifice of the conveying conduit (34). The propellent gas may consist of combustion air from the space (16).

Abstract: A power plant with a combustion chamber, in which fuel is burnt in a fluidized bed of a particulate material. The walls of the combustion chamber are provided on their inner side with a layer of a heat insulating material. Channel-section members are arranged between fixing means with the flanges of the channel-section members directed inwards towards the combustion chamber space. Plates cover openings which are formed between the channel-section members. These cover plates are provided with flanges passing in between the flanges of the channel-section members. The cover plates are held in position by fixing members and elements which connect the fixing members to the combustion chamber wall.

Abstract: A system for reacting solid particles flowing under gravity through a thin walled enclosure has at least one fluid flowing through the enclosure in a counter-current to the flow of the solid particles. The feeding of the solid particles into the enclosure and the discharging therefrom of the converted ash particles may be adjusted. A particle bed is controlled by feeding the fluid into the enclosure so that it has to go through a substantial part of the bed thickness. The enclosure is vibrated to obtain a vibrated particle bed, with the vibrations being directed along a direction which lies at substantially a right angle to the vertical.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus and process for an energy producing plant utilizing a circulating fluidized bed system having an integral fluidized bed heat exchanger, the fluidized bed reactor and integral heat exchanger having a common wall with at least one perforation for fluid communication therebetween. In the system, solids are separated from the reactor flue gas, and in dependence upon a process variable, are directed in varying amounts either directly back into the reactor or into the integral heat exchanger, the latter being operated as a classical and/or bubbling bed at a higher pressure than the reactor. A heat exchange medium passes through tube bundles immersed in the exchanger fluid bed and the bed solids and fluidizing gas in the heat exchanger are passed through the perforation to control the reactor operation.

Abstract: Apparatus to reduce or eliminate fluid bed erosion in fluidized bed combustion boilers by increasing the fire-side tube temperature by adding appropriately dimensioned longitudinal or circumferential fins to the inbed heat exchange tubes in the reactor.

Abstract: Encapsulated lithium including a shot shaped and sized body of lithium metal encapsulated in a thin layer of a predominantly fluorine substituted polyolefin based polymeric material, a method of making the same and a power plant utilizing the encapsulated lithium as fuel.

Abstract: A fluidized bed boiler and a high temperature separator used therein. Each separator consists of a horizontal S-shaped passage formed in a casted block and having an inlet for receiving flue gases from the boiler. A divider wall divides a portion of the passage into a dense-phase gas bypass and a vertical-flow ash collecting chamber. As a result flyash of a diameter (50 .mu.m) can be separated, and the combustion cycle efficiency can reach over 98%.

Abstract: A fluidized bed heat generator includes a combustion reactor vessel containing a recirculating flow of fluid entrained fine solid particulate material with a dense bed section of limited space in the vessel containing a fluidized coarse solid particulate material retained therein. A recirculating path defined in part within the vessel and externally thereof provides for a recirculating flow of said fine solid particulate material into and out of the combustion vessel and through the coarse material of the dense bed section. Air or gas is supplied for fluidizing the coarse solid particulate material in the dense bed section and for entraining the fine solid material to flow through the dense bed and around the recirculating path. A separator system is provided for maintaining both the fine solid particulate material and the coarse solid particulate material in the dense bed section within selected particle size ranges to promote maximum efficiency of operation at variable loads.

Abstract: A flow control device for solid particulate material such as recycled granular solids utilized in a fluidized bed combustion vessel includes a generally horizontal material feeder conduit having an outlet end in communication with the fluidized bed of the combustion vessel and a receiving end remote therefrom. An upstanding material collector conduit having a lower end in communication with a receiving end of the feeder conduit is provided and an upper end of the collector conduit is adapted to receive a flow of particulate solid material to be fed at a controlled flow rate into the combustion vessel. The upstanding collector conduit forms a standpipe for retaining a quantity of material to establish a pressure sealing head or column of material extending upwardly of the receiving end of the feeder conduit.

Abstract: A method of catalystless denitrification for a fluidized bed incinerator to remove NOx generated in burning refuse such as municipal wastes as the refuse is fluidized in a fluidized bed incinerator is disclosed. The refuse is fluidized together with fluidizing medium such as sand along with primary air, and is thermally decomposed and/or burned. The combustible gases generated by pyrolysis are burned with the secondary air blown into the incinerator in a lattice work arrangement. A denitrification agent is mixed in a part of the secondary air, and the NOx present in the combustion gas is removed without using catalysts.

Abstract: The invention comprises a circulating fluidized bed boiler having a vertical combustion chamber and a convection part which at least partly are formed by tube walls, and a horizontal cyclone separator, the gas inlet channel of which is connected to the upper part of the combustion chamber and a return channel for solids to the lower part of the combustion chamber. In order to accomplish a compact construction, the cyclone separator has been located on top of the combustion chamber and two opposite tube walls of the combustion chamber and possibly also one tube wall of the convection part have been used to form the cyclone separator.

Abstract: The essential components of a utility boiler utilizing a fluidized bed combustor are disclosed in sufficient detail to depict top suspension of the waterwalls enclosing the freeboard of the bed, support of the fluidized bed from ground level, and an expansible junction in the waterwalls to accommodate vertical movement due to thermal changes.

Abstract: Nitrogen oxide pollutants are substantially reduced and sulfur dioxide minimized in multisolid fluidized beds by staged combustion of the fuel. The lower combustion region is operated at substoichiometric conditions such that NO.sub.x is reduced by carbon and carbon monoxide to nitrogen gas. The upper combustion region is operated at excess oxygen conditions to complete the combustion of char and carbon monoxide. Elevated temperature excursions in the upper region which deter sulfur capture are prevented by recycling cool entrained bed particles therethrough.

Abstract: The invention comprises an apparatus for separating solids from flue gases in a circulating fluidized bed reactor having a horizontal cyclone separator, the gas inlet channel of which is connected to the upper part of the reactor, a return channel of the solids to the lower part of the reactor, and a gas outlet to a convection part of the reactor. In order to accomplish a compact construction, there is a plurality of coaxial turbulence chambers in the cyclone separator, the opposite walls of which form gas outlet channels between the turbulence channels.

Abstract: The method of the present invention features the provision of a plurality of segmented chambers formed in an enclosure. Particulate fuel and air are introduced into one of said chambers during start-up and low loads, and, as the load increases, fuel and air are introduced to additional beds. The air velocity is controlled so that bubbling fluidized beds are initially established in the chambers and, as the load increases, the air velocity is increased to establish a circulating fluidized bed in each chamber.

Abstract: A method of operating a circulating fluidized bed combustion reactor includes providing a reactor with an upright combustion chamber and an upright and cylindrical cyclonic combustor, feeding in combustible matter, supplying first and second streams of pressurized air, permitting combustion product gases to exit while retaining and returning granular material and uncombusted matter to the lower region of the combustion chamber and controlling the various flows.

Abstract: A completely cooled fast fluidized bed boiler comprises a reactor (4) having a bottom section (3), an integrated primary non-centrifugal mechanical particle separator (5), a gas pass (7) containing convective heat exchangers (10), and means (6,8,9) for controllably recirculating separated particles into the reactor bottom section (3). Reactor (4), separator (5) and gas pass (7) are built as an integrated unit within one and the same cooling system. The boiler is controlled by maintaining the bed temperature substantially constant or within a relatively narrow temperature interval by regulating the recirculation rate dependent on boiler load. For regulating the recirculation rate a non-mechanical valve, preferably a so-called L-valve (8), is used.

Abstract: Disclosed is a catalytic combustor and systems for the boilerless stoichiometric production of a working fluid such as steam from a burn-mixture comprised of a carbonaceous fuel and a diluent. In a preferred burn-mixture, the diluent includes a first portion taken from an emulsion of the fuel and water mixed in a thermally self-extinguishing mass ratio, and a second portion taken in an amount from combustion products of a mixture previously combusted to heat the resulting burn-mixture so it combusts in the presence of a catalyst at an adiabatic flame temperature between upper and lower stability limits of the catalyst. Production of the steam is by a controlled substantially stoichiometric process utilizing a combustor to provide steam over a wide range of heat release rates, temperatures and pressures for steam flooding an oil bearing formation.

Abstract: Boiler with a circulating fluidized bed, comprising a fluidization column completely lined with refractory material, a recirculation cyclone (2) and a duct (3) for recycling the solid materials. At least one heat-exchanger component (25, 26, 27) is placed in the recirculation cyclone (2). Pipe lines (30) enable air to be injected in tangential directions into the upper part of the cyclone (2) and thereby to increase the vortex effect. The combustion takes place substantially in the upper part of the cyclone (2). The fluidization column (1) comprises a widened section (1a) in its lower part.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing cement which includes intermixing the cement forming raw materials with water, coal or coke cement as a binder and forming this mixture of materials into nodules by pelletizing or extrusion. The system is particularly designed for use in making white cement where raw materials low in coloring compound are used as raw feed. The nodules are then sized to obtain a feed material having a size range on the order of one quarter inch by 14 mesh which is suitable for use in a fluidized bed reactor. The nodulized raw material is thermally processed in a fluidized bed reactor at temperatures in the range of approximately 2500.degree. to 2700.degree. F. for white cement and 2350.degree.-2450.degree. F. for typical gray Portland Cement. The coal or coke mixed with the raw material serves to supply between 60% and 90% percent of the fuel required for the process with the remainder being supplied directly to the fluidized bed.

Abstract: A fluidized bed steam generator and method of generating steam including a separate recycle bed in which a plurality of vertically stacked fluidized beds are disposed in a furnace enclosure and a heat recovery enclosure is defined adjacent the furnace enclosure for receiving the effluent gases from the fluidized beds. A fluidized bed is defined in the heat recovery enclosure and one or two separators are provided adjacent the heat recovery enclosure for receiving the effluent gases and separating the entrained solid particles therefrom. The separated solid particles are then injected into the fluidized bed in the heat recovery enclosure. Fresh fuel is supplied to the recycle bed and the material inventory and fluidizing velocity in the recycle bed is controlled.

Abstract: A multibed fluidized boiler having at least two fluidizable beds, in which conventional fuel, for example coal, is supplied to the first bed and in which the combustion of this fuel takes place in the first bed and in the following bed. An alternative fuel, such as wood chips, waste wood or paper, or combustible refuse, is adapted to be supplied to the second bed in order to be burnt there, thus obtaining a simplified fuel feeding to the second bed and increased protection against clogging of the nozzles for the supply of gas from the first bed to the second bed.

Abstract: A circulating fluidized bed reactor (10) is disclosed wherein a non-cyclonic particulate separator (18) is integrally disposed in the gas flow path between the reactor gas outlet (14) and the gas duct (16). The separator (18) comprises an arculate duct (20) having a curvilinear floor (24), the portion thereof which is disposed atop the gas duct (16) having a plurality of openings (28) therein which provide a flow area through which a portion of the gas pass into the gas duct (16). Gas/solids separation is accomplished as the gas is turned sharply from its arcuate path to pass through the openings (28) in the floor (24). The momentum of the particulate solids prevent them sharply turning and cause the solids to continue on their arcuate flow path through the duct (20) in the remaining gas to a solids collection means (40) opening to the solids outlet (26) of the arcuate duct (20).

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for combusting a dirty and/or difficult to burn fuel in a fluidized bed combustor. The fluidized bed and freeboard zone of the combustor are cooled by a non-intrusive counterflow cooling system which controls combustion temperatures and produces a clean, hot gas. The combustor is operated with many combinations of features including: low, in bed fuel injection; use of finely divided fuel; slug flow fluidization; and injection of lime or limestone to effect desulferization or raise the ash melting temperature, if desired.

Abstract: A simple yet effective method and apparatus control the temperature within a fluidized bed reactor within a desired range (e.g. about 800.degree.-950.degree. C.). Particulate solids in the off-gases from the combustion chamber of the reactor are separated out, and pass through one or more of a plurality of return conduits back to the combustion chamber. The temperature of the returning solids is controlled by positively cooling them, utilizing heat exchangers, within one or more of the conduits, and by controlling which of the conduits the solids flow through. Valves at the top of the conduits can control the flow of solids into the conduits. Alternatively U-shaped passageways at the bottom of the conduits between them and the combustion chamber can have fluidizing air injected therein, the injected air controlling the flow of solids out of the conduits into the combustion chamber.

Abstract: A steam generator and method for operating same in which a plurality of beds of combustible particulate material are established and air is introduced to each of the beds for fluidizing the beds. The flue gases and entrained fine particulate material from each bed are combined and the particulate material then separated from the flue gases externally of the beds and introduced back into one of the beds. Independent fluid circuits are established including some in heat exchange relation to the separate beds, for independently controlling the steam generation rate and the temperatures of the reheat steam, and the superheat steam.

Abstract: A steam generator includes first and second mutually parallel flue gas flues; the first flue gas flue having an upper end, an intermediate ceiling at the upper end having an upper surface, a cross flue leading from the first to the second flue gas flue, and first and second vertical walls formed of pipes and disposed opposite each other as seen along the cross flue; a steam generator frame supporting the intermediate ceiling; the intermediate ceiling being formed of pipes gas-tightly welded to each other and disposed alongside each other in one layer in tube tracks extended along the cross flue; each of the pipes of the intermediate ceiling changing into a respective pipe of one of the vertical walls; and first and second vertical suspension pipes connected from a common location along a given one of the tube tracks through the upper surface of the intermediate ceiling and through the cross flue to the steam generator frame for suspending the intermediate ceiling, the first suspension pipe changing into a pip

Abstract: Temperature of exhaust gases from a fluidized-bed boiler is lowered by means of heat exchange and dust entrained in the exhaust gases is efficiently collected by a dust collector. Part of the gases discharged from the dust collector are mixed with heated combustion air and are charged into a fluidized bed. Therefore, problems caused by dust entrained in the exhaust gases to be mixed with the combustion air as well as the cold corrosion problem can be substantially solved so that the technique for reducing the NO.sub.x contents in the exhaust gases from the fluidized-bed boiler is satisfactorily established.

Abstract: Apparatus is described for a non-plugging gas distribution system supplying fluidizing gas to a fluid bed undergoing cooling.

Abstract: A plant for combustion of a particulate fuel in a fluidized bed in a combustion chamber has the fuel supplied into the bottom of the combustion chamber by means of a pneumatic transportation system via nozzles. Fuel for the plurality of nozzles is transported through a duct to a distributor and from there via individual conduits to the nozzles of the combustion chamber. These conduits include flow-inhibiting, pressure-drop generating means, by means of which a pressure drop is generated between the distributor and the combustion chamber. These pressure-drop inducing means influence the velocity of flow and hence the transport capacity of the transport gas so that a desired, normally uniform, distribution of fuel to the bed is secured.

Abstract: A furnace (10) having burner means (12) associated with it for burning a sulfur-bearing fuel. Sorbent material, such as limestone, is introduced through nozzles (34) along a pipe (32) extending across the width of the furnace above the nose (31) in the upper portion of the furnace, so that the pipe and the sorbent are protected from heat radiation from the combustion within the furnace.

Abstract: An expansion joint is provided between the bottom supported tube walls and the top supported tube walls of a fluidized bed boiler furnace. The expansion joint includes an upwardly open trough having one side and a floor defined by bent portions of the bottom supported tube wall, and another side wall defined by a refractory lined steel plate. A knife edge or sealing projection is connected to an outwardly bent portion of the top supported tube wall and extends downwardly through the upward opening of the trough and into the spaced defined by the trough. The trough is filled with sand or other inert granular material which partially covers the knife edge. The knife edge is in the form of a tube wall with tubes having lower perforations. Fluidizing gas can be supplied into the knife edge to fluidize the sand around the lower end of the knife edge to permit movement of the knife edge in the sand as the top and bottom supported tube walls expand.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for fluidized bed construction in which the fluidized bed is confined in an annular combustion chamber and fuel is injected into the lower portion of the fluidized bed by a centrally located whirling disk having vanes thereon for impelling the fuel and secondary air laterally outwardly. Primary air is provided from a blower jointly driven with the fuel distribution disk and supplying air under pressure to pass upwardly through air supply openings in a grate forming the bottom wall of the combustion chamber, with the jets of air passing through the openings having upward and tangential components of movement so as to impart rotary motion to the fluidized bed in the annular combustion chamber.

Abstract: A fluidized bed steam generator with a bottom supported furnace wall structure (14) and a top supported gas pass structure (22). A gas tight expansion joint (26) joins the two structures. Convection heating surface (74,76) is supported (80) within the gas pass below the expansion joint, whereby an expansion joint of relatively low temperature design may be used.

Abstract: A circulating fluidized bed furnace (10) is disclosed wherein a non-cyclonic particulate separator (18) is integrally disposed in the flue gas flow path between the furnace gas outlet (14) and the flue gas duct (16). The separator (18) comprises an arcuate duct (20 ) having a curvilinear inner wall (24), the portion thereof which is disposed across the inlet to the flue gas duct (16) having a plurality of openings (28) therein which provide a flow area through which a portion of the flue gas pass into the flue gas duct (16). Gas/solids separation is accomplished as the flue gas turns sharply from its arcuate path to pass through the openings (28) in the inner wall (24). The momentum of the particulate solids and the centrifugal forces acting thereon prevent the solids from sharply turning and cause the solids to continue on their arcuate flow path through the duct (20) in the remaining flue gas to a solids collection means (40) opening to the solids outlet (26) of the arcuate duct (20).

Abstract: An erosion resistant waterwall in which a plurality of erosion resistant stud members are attached to the exposed surface of a waterwall consisting of a plurality of spaced water tubes connected together by continuous fins. The size of the stud members relative to the tubes are such that a plurality of the stud members extend around the periphery of each exposed tubes surface in a spaced relationship in a direction perpendicular to the axis of each tube. The stud members may be in the form of steel balls or small rod members attached to the exposed surface, and a ceramic sleeve can extend around the rod members.

Abstract: A mobile coal-fired fluidized bed furnace system (10) is provided for generating steam to power a locomotive. Coal is combusted within the fluidized bed furnace chamber (30) in the fluidizing air to produce a hot flue gas which pass from the furnace chamber (30) through a boiler tank (90) and an economizer (34). The steam generated in the boiler bank and the walls of the furnace chamber is collected in steam drum (40) and passed therefrom through an in-bed superheater (100) and thence to the power generating means (22) to produce the power which drives the locomotive.

Abstract: Hearth and process for the fluidized bed treatment of a fuel consisting of solid particles. The grid (1) for conveying gaseous fluidization and/or forcing fluid to a treatment chamber (2) comprises two separately supplied circuits of channels, respectively a first circuit of channels (11) with orifices widened towards the top, for the fluidization of a particulate material, and a second circuit of tubular channels (14), opening out above widened orifices, for forcing the particulate material.

Abstract: A vibratory fluidized bed reactor vibrates a solid particle bed to fluidize the bed, and air or other gaseous stream is injected into the bed. The reactor can employ a rotationally-vibrated bowl or a linearly-vibrated pan. The vibratory motion keeps the particles evenly distributed and prevents blowholes from developing, leading to improved reaction. The vibratory motion also marches particles up a spiral groove in the circumferential wall of the bowl, e.g., to facilitate ash removal from the fuel bed, to recycle reactants or catalysts, to sequence reactants to subsequent stages, etc. In the case of the pan, vibratory motion marches the particles up an inclined plate.

Abstract: Apparatus is described for a non-plugging gas distribution system supplying fluidizing gas to a fluid bed undergoing cooling.

Abstract: A fluidized-bed apparatus with a heat exchanger and an additional-air blowing network. The heat exchanger comprises upright tubes extending from a lower header which is slightly inclined to the horizontal, to an upper header. The lower header consists of an internal duct which is connected to the tubes and an external duct which has blowing nozzles and is connected to an additional-air supply line in order to alter the height of the bed in which the upright tubes are immersed.

Abstract: A fluidized bed calciner cooperating with a pulverized coal boiler includes a two tier fluidized lime cooling bed arrangement. Control of the combustion air flow through the fluidized bed calciner by means of a bypass achieves flexible operation and economy. The cooling beds transfer heat from the hot lime to the combustion air, and a bypass controls the temperature of the air flowing to the combustion chamber. The two tier arrangement is compact and adaptable to the retrofitting of a standardized pulverized coal boiler.

Abstract: A combustion control method wherein manipulated variables or the amounts of fuel and air in at least one combustion zone of a boiler are regulated so that both the amount of nitrogen oxides and the amount of unburned coal in the ash at an outlet of a burner furnace or at least one of them passes the regulation standards and satisfies the requirements for operating a plant.

Abstract: A hot support bracket for supporting an in-bed heat exchanger of a fluidized bed furnace is comprised of a plurality of plates having openings or cut-outs along and intersecting at least one edge at each tube support location. Adjacent plates may be interconnected for stability. The hot support bracket is coupled to the top and bottom heat exchanger tube supported thereby with the resulting assembly slidably engaging a wear channel which supports the support bracket and to which the mechanical load of the in-bed heat exchanger is transferred.

Abstract: A device for protecting wear of heat transfer tubes in a fluidized-bed boiler is disclosed. The protective device is applied to a portion of a heat transfer tube which is strongly and exceedingly attacked by fluidized bed materials, so that the considerable decrease in service life of a heat transfer tube due to wear caused by the attack of fluidized bed materials can be avoided.

Abstract: A steam generator in which a plurality of vertically spaced fluidized beds are provided in a single enclosure, with one boundary wall of the enclosure having openings therein for permitting the discharge of effluent gases from the fluidized beds. A heat recovery enclosure is defined adjacent the beds for receiving their effluent gases and a fluidized bed is disposed in the heat recovery enclosure. A separator system is disposed adjacent the heat recovery enclosure and receives the effluent gases from the heat recovery enclosure and separates the entrained solid particles therefrom. The separated particles are reinjected into the fluidized bed in the heat recovery enclosure.

Abstract: A waste disposal system for the combustion of waste materials, that may include toxic chemical waste, wherein the wastes are combusted in a combustion unit with combustion gases directly discharged into a refractory lined housing having a plurality of ceramic filters disposed in the gas outlet wall thereof. The combustion gases are maintained in the refractory lined housing for a period of time sufficient to effect combustion of the major portion of residual vaporous waste constituents therein and then passed through the ceramic filters to remove the remainder of said vaporous waste constituents and the residual solid waste constituents. The waste-free, hot combustion gases, after passage through the filters, are directed to a heat exchanger for recovery of heat values therefrom.

Abstract: A boiler plant with a multi-fluidized-bed combustion chamber comprising a first bed in a lower combustion space and a second bed in an upper combustion space and with nozzles in the support means for the beds for injection of combustion air into the first bed and combustion gases into the second bed for fluidization of the bed material therein. The plant is equipped with bed material transport devices for transferring bed material from the lower combustion chamber to the upper combustion chamber or vice versa. Further, measuring means is provided for measuring the temperature and depth of the lower bed, and signal processing and control means are provided for adapting the depth of the lower bed in dependence on plant load and bed temperature.