Abstract: A composite yarn for use in a papermaker's fabric, for the press section of a papermaking or similar machine, is disclosed. The composite yarn includes a core substantially surrounded by a layer of monofilament. The core is at least partially soluble. On the other hand, the monofilament layer is non-soluble and is either braided, knitted, or helically wound around the core. After the base fabric, woven from the composite yarns, has been needled, the soluble portion of the core is washed out, supplying an increase in void volume to the finished fabric.

Abstract: The invention relates to a double layered paper making forming fabric with a coarse structured running side and a fine structured paper side comprising a longitudinal thread set (yarns in machine direction) and at least two transverse thread sets (yarns in cross-machine direction), which are interwoven in an at least six shaft pattern repeat, so that a transverse thread set forms on the running side a preceding plane of wear and the remaining transverse threads or transverse thread sets are arranged on the paper side or paper making surface and may differ from each other with respect to the diameter material and/or length of the floatings. For modern, quick and efficient but also more sensitive printing processes papers of the highest qualities are required. An optimization of the above called quality features has however not been achieved as yet with double layered forming fabrics.

Abstract: A dual layer 14 harness woven papermaking fabric having an upper, or sheet, side and a lower, or machine, side is disclosed and includes a set of machine direction yarns, a first set of cross machine direction yarns extending mainly on the sheet side and a second set of cross machine direction yarns extending mainly on the machine side, both being interwoven with the machine direction yarn, with the sheet side knuckles of the machine direction yarns floating over two of the sheet side cross machine direction yarns. The interlacing of the machine direction yarns and the cross machine direction yarns includes at least one machine direction yarn interposed between the lowermost portions of each of the sheet side cross machine direction yarns and any subjacent machine side cross direction yarns, whereby overlap of adjacent cross machine direction yarns of the machine side set and the sheet side set is substantially avoided.

Abstract: A papermaking fabric and method therefor is disclosed which may be used as a support fabric or a carrier fabric for paper material on a papermaking machine. The fabric, designated generally as (A) includes a first layer (B) of longitudinal yarns (32, 34, 36, and 38) extending in a machine direction. A second layer (C) of longitudinal yarns (42, 44, 46, and 48) is included in the fabric vertically spaced from the first layer. The longitudinal yarns of the first and second layer form stacked pairs (52, 54, 56, and 58) which reinforce the fabric in a machine direction to enhance its stability. At the same time, the stacked pairs may be spaced apart in a cross-machine direction sufficiently to provide a desired degree of openness and fabric permeability. Fabric openness in the range of thirty percent or more of the total fabric area can be had in accordance with the fabric of the present invention without sacrificing the structural stability.

Abstract: In a drainage belt for presses in the wet section of a paper machine, which belt includes a porous support belt (3,4) in the form of a screen webbing and a finely porous cover layer (1,2) on the side of the support belt (3,4) facing the paper web, the cover layer (1,2) is formed by a shape-retaining single-plane screen webbing which forms drainage channels.

Abstract: A double fabric produced by a forming wire for the wet end of a paper making machine. The double fabric has two sets of longitudinally directed threads and at least one upper and one lower layer of cross threads. The first set of longitudinal threads are woven with the upper layer cross threads. The second set is woven with the lower layer of cross threads, as well as partly with the upper layer to form a woven pattern.

Abstract: An apparatus for manufacturing paper board includes a hybrid papermakers fabric which facilitates both the formation of an aqueous paper board web and the dewatering of the formed web through at least one press nip. The papermakers fabric includes a woven, single-layer base fabric having a seam with a layer of fibrous batt material needled to at least one side.Each end of the base fabric has vertically oriented loops formed from the machine direction yarns of the base fabric. The base fabric seam is defined by intermeshing the respective end loops together and inserting a joining wire or pintle through the intermeshed loops. The caliper of the body of the single-layer base fabric is inherently slightly less than the caliper of the seam. In order to reduce the effect of the seam area on the paper board manufacturing process, the end loops of the base fabric may be elongated and may contain stuffer yarns.

Abstract: A multi-layer self-stitched papermakers' fabric including a top fabric layer of relatively fine machine direction and cross machine direction yarns and a bottom fabric layer of relatively coarse machine direction and cross machine direction yarns, interwoven to produce seating and self-stitching conditions for optimal drainage. In a preferred embodiment, the top fabric layer has a right to left twill on its upper papermaking surface and the bottom fabric layer has a left to right twill on its upper interlacing surface.

Abstract: A corrugation machine includes a woven papermakers fabric. The fabric has at least four layers of bulky yarns interwoven with monofilament yarns. The yarns and weave patterns are selected such that the fabric has a caliper of at least 0.2 inches, a weight of between 10 to 15 ounces per square foot and a permability of at least 25 CFM.

Abstract: A two-ply forming fabric having an upper paper carrying/forming layer which comprises twice as many cross machine direction yarns as the lower, machine-side layer. A system of machine direction yarns interweaves in a selected repeat pattern such that a zigzag effect is produced on the underside of the fabric by the machine direction yarns to provide improved drainage. The higher count of upper layer CMD yarns selectively interwoven in a non-twill pattern with 80%-100% cover of MD yarns provides an improved paper forming/carrying surface.

Abstract: A papermakers' double layer type fabric comprises in one repeat a warp layer consisting of n (an integer of at least 7).times.2 of warps, and n (an integer of at least 7).times.2 of wefts arranged on the warp layer as the upper surface wefts and n (an integer of at least 7).times.2 of wefts arranged under the warp layer as the lower surface wefts. The lower surface wefts consist of polyester yarns and polyamide yarns, the lower surface polyamide wefts being each interlaced once in one repeat with a warp and the lower surface polyester wefts being each interlaced once or twice in one repeat with a warp.

Abstract: A double-layer fabric for the sheetforming section of a papermaking machine which is referred to as a sheet forming fabric or a dewatering fabric consists of an upper layer (1) of transverse threads (3) and a lower layer (2) of transverse threads (4) and (8) which are interwoven with a single system of longitudinal threads (5). Successive transverse threads (4, 8) of the lower layer (2) form pairs and within each pair the lowest points (7) of the transverse thread floats (6) are in alignment. The lowest point (7) of the float of the one transverse thread (4) of a pair is offset from the center of the float (6) in the direction opposite to the direction in which the lowest point (7) of the float (6) of the other transverse thread (6) is offset.

Abstract: A mutli-layer fabric for carrying and forming an embossed paper web is provided which comprises two separate woven fabric layers which are joined together, preferably during weaving. The top fabric layer is a very coarse mesh open fabric which supports the web and assists in forming the embossed characteristic of the web. The top layer is connected to a base fabric layer which is a substantially finer mesh. The layers are preferably interconnected by binder strands which interweave as structural warps or shutes of the finer mesh fabric layer.

Abstract: A papermaking wire of double layered fabric, consisting of a set of warp threads, yarns in machine direction, and a set of weft threads on the running side of the wire, yarns in cross machine direction, as well as a set of weft threads on the paper side of the wire, the last one consisting of at least two groups of weft threads differing from one another with respect to the outwardly located length of floatings. In order to avoid an unacceptable decrease of the stability of the wire and avoid markings in the paper as well as an essential reduction of drainage of the wire, if the number of cross threads on the paper side is increased, the wire is configurated such that it includes three groups of cross threads A, B, C on the paper side. Within one weave pattern each warp thread is transversing three weft threads succeeding one another on the paper side and running thereafter between the weft threads on the paper side and on the running side interlacing at least one weft thread on the running side.

Abstract: In a papermaking single-layer broken-twill woven fabric having a running surface formed of long crimps of wefts, auxiliary wefts having a smaller diameter than primary wefts are disposed between primary wefts. The auxiliary wefts are disposed over warps at locations where one of two adjacent warps located between the two wefts intersect by extending from either the paperside or from the running side of the preceding primary weft toward the opposite side of the succeeding primary weft. Every auxiliary weft which is woven into the texture at least once in a repeating unit, thereby forms a flat papermaking surface.

Abstract: In a single-layer papermaking woven fabric or more than three shafts having an extended running surface formed from long crimped primary wefts, auxiliary wefts each having a smaller diameter than that of primary wefts are each disposed between each of primary wefts. Every auxiliary weft is placed on warps at portions extended from the paper side of where warps are primary weft to the running said of the succeeding primary weft or at portions where warps are extended from the running side of a primary weft to the paper side of the succeeding primary weft. Each of said auxiliary wefts is woven into texture of the fabric at least once in a repeating unit by a warp to thereby complete the repeating unit.

Abstract: A papermakers fabric is made with a woven base fabric having two ends. The base fabric includes a single layer of machine direction yarns having a system of cross machine direction yarns interwoven in a repeat pattern. At each end of the base fabric, the machine direction yarns are formed into a series of loops with an angular orientation so that the base fabric ends can be joined by intermeshing the respective end series of loops and inserting a pintle through the intermeshed loops. The angular orientation of the loops on one end of the base fabric are formed in the opposite direction from the angular orientation of the loops of the other end of the fabric when said respective end loops are intermeshed. The base fabric is heat set with the base fabric ends joined with a pintle such that both series of end loops take on a substantially vertical orientation.

Abstract: In a single-layer papermaking woven fabric of more than four shafts, auxiliary wefts each having a smaller diameter than that of the primary wefts are disposed between each of the primary wefts. Each of the auxiliary wefts is woven once into a repeating unit of a texture by a warp. Each auxiliary weft is placed by at least two other warps extending above two adjacent primary wefts. The auxiliary wefts are pushed or urged upwardly thereof by these at least two other warps in order to form a flat papermaking surface of the fabric, whereby wire marks on a paper are reduced.

Abstract: A papermakers' fabric, especially a forming fabric, for use on papermaking, cellulosic and similar machine, providing rigidity and wear resistance as well as an effective papermaking surface. The fabric has a papermaking surface in which single machine direction knuckles appear in a repeating diagonal pattern across the surface. An additional machine direction yarn passes between the single knuckles, over the two cross machine direction yarns and an additional cross machine direction yarn, on the papermaking surface thereby creating a machine direction knuckle between two single machine direction knuckles. An additional cross machine direction yarn is laced under the machine direction yarn knuckle on that surface.

Abstract: A papermakers' fabric, especially a forming fabric, with very high fiber support and open area on its top surface to enhance the papermaking characteristics. The papermaking surface consists of a woven fabric layer with single float machine direction yarn knuckles; i.e., no machine direction yarn passes over two or more adjacent top surface cross machine direction yarns. To complete the papermaking surface, into this base structure is woven two additional, generally smaller diameter, cross machine direction yarns for every cross machine direction yarn in the base weave papermaking surface. These two additional cross machine direction yarn pairs are woven in reverse weave patterns to one another such that natural interposing forces cause the two yarns to align one over the other centrally between two adjacent cross machine direction yarns of the fabric layer.

Abstract: A two-layer paper machine fabric comprising one machine direction yarn system and two cross-machine direction yarn systems. The yarn systems are interlaced in accordance with an 8-shaft weave repeat. The yarns of the cross-machine direction yarn systems are positioned in two layers in such a way that the number of yarns in the upper system is double as compared with the lower cross-machine direction yarn system. To achieve a stable fabric each machine direction yarn passes during one weave repeat over two yarns in the upper cross-machine direction yarn layer and under one yarn in the lower cross-machine direction yarn layer. The passage of each machine direction yarn is reverse as compared with the passages of adjacent yarns. The yarns of the upper cross-machine direction yarn system form floats extending alternately over two and four machine direction yarns and the yarns of the lower cross-machine direction yarn system form floats extending alternately over two and four machine direction yarns.

Abstract: A two-layer paper machine fabric comprising a machine direction yarn system and two cross-machine direction yarn systems, the systems being interlaced in accordance with a 16-shaft weave repeat. To achieve a fabric having advantageous wear properties, the lower cross-machine direction yarn forms floats spanning 13 yarns on the underside of the fabric and is interwoven in the fabric by passing it during one weave repeat over two machine direction yarns positioned close to each other in such a way that at least one machine direction yarn remains between said two machine direction yarns, said at least one machine direction yarn passing over the lower cross-machine direction yarn. The upper cross-machine direction paper-contacting yarn forms floats of shorter span as compared with the lower cross-machine direction yarn on the upper side of the fabric and is interlaced with at least two machine direction yarns per weave repeat.

Abstract: A wear resistant cloth for a paper-making machine, comprises a first fabric woven from first warp and weft threads and a second fabric woven from second warp and weft threads. The weft and warp count of the first fabric is preferably twice the warp and weft count of the second fabric. The cloth further comprises connecting threads parallel with the warp threads, arranged to interconnect the fabrics so that the first fabric forms the upper surface of the cloth and the second fabric correspondingly the lower surface of the cloth. In order to improve the wear resistance of the cloth, the connecting threads are arranged to be always at the same phase as the warp thread of that one the fabrics at which the interlacing takes place. The thread count of the connecting thread is the same as the warp count of the fabric.

Abstract: A procedure is described for providing an angled pin seam on a papermakers felt in which a base fabric is woven with a selectively joinable pin seam to form a continuous loop of the base fabric, skewing that base fabric and its seam by displacing one of the lateral edges of the fabric longitudinally of the machine direction relative to the opposed lateral edge while maintaining the machine direction yarns extending substantially in the machine direction, thus skewing the seam relative to the machine direction and to the cross machine direction, and in which batt material is needled into the base fabric while the base fabric is maintained in the skewed condition, whereby the needled batt maintains the fabric in its skewed condition.

Abstract: A forming fabric for use in papermaking machines for making tissue products in which the fabric is a three-ply fabric. The upper ply has its machine direction (MD) filaments arranged in groups so that wide channels are provided through the ply between the groups and narrow channels are provided through the ply within the groups. Cross direction (CD) filaments in the upper ply provide CD knuckles spanning across the channels to provide a gridwork for supporting fibers separated from the water of the slurry deposited on the forming fabric, the fibers having a greater density in bands overlying the wide channels than in the intermediate bands overlying the narrow channels. The lower ply is a porous fabric which further controls the flow of the water discharged from the pulp through the upper ply. The two plies are interconnected by integrated binder filaments which cooperate to maintain the groupings of the MD filaments in the upper ply.

Abstract: A strip of material, especially for papermaking machine cloth covers for the pressing zone, as a filter or as pressing pad for the particle-board presses, comprises individual, longitudinal threads and orthogonally thereto individual transverse threads. In order to endow the strip with a structure such that on one hand it can be manufactured rapidly and economically, and on the other hand to allow wide latitude in shaping its properties, the threads (1) extending in one direction always consist each of a core filament (2) and of at least one loop thread (3) enclosing this filament.

Abstract: A composite paper making wire (a generic term for a paper making fabric) as a sheet forming part of a paper-making machine includes an upper fabric layer and a lower fabric layer which are interconnected by longitudinally directed or cross directed connecting yarns of synthetic material. By utilizing the cross directed connecting threads the different cross contractions of that wire are restricted, but not the relative movements between the upper fabric layer and the lower fabric layer in the running direction of the machine as caused by the pertinent load changes on passing the rolling system of the wet part of the paper making machine. These movements destroy the binding threads by wear. Therefore, it is desirable that the composite wire be constructed to be suited for taking over existing tensions in longitudinal and cross-ways directions created by the roller in the paper making machine.

Abstract: A paper machine cloth which comprises longitudinal warp threads and transverse welt threads which are arranged to form a structure of three layers. In order to improve the dewatering properties and the stability of the cloth, the weft threads comprise lower weft threads and surface weft threads which form layers between which intermediate weft threads are woven, the thickness of the intermediate weft threads being chosen according to the desired permeability of the cloth.

Abstract: A wet press papermaker's felt which has a base fabric joined at a pin seam, and which has a batting applied to the felt surface so that the felt is relatively stiff and difficult to join at the pin seam, is provided with a region of increased transverse flexibility through the felt to facilitate the bending of one end of the felt during the threading of a pin through the pin seam. In one embodiment, the region of increased transverse flexibility is formed by a second pin seam in which the batting is uncut at the seam. In another embodiment, this region is defined by a common transverse cross-over point in which the top loop-forming strands go through the fabric to the opposite surface, thereby forming a region of transverse flexibility.

Abstract: A double-layer fabric for the sheet-forming section of a papermaking machine includes an upper layer of transverse threads, a lower layer of transverse threads, and a single system of longitudinal threads which are interwoven with both layers of transverse threads. The transverse threads of the lower layer are woven in pairs in parallel and the transverse threads of the upper layer are positioned above respective pairs of transverse threads.

Abstract: The fabric for the sheet forming section of a paper making machine includes a double-layer or multi-layer fabric of interwoven longitudinal and transverse threads and additional transverse threads floating on the paper supporting side. The additional transverse threads are interwoven in a plane disposed below the plane formed by the transverse threads of the paper supporting side. The additional transverse threads preferably have a smaller diameter than the ordinary transverse threads.

Abstract: A papermaker's fabric is disclosed. The fabric is comprised of at least top and bottom machine direction yarn systems, each machine direction yarn system being formed of a plurality of yarns which defines a respective top or bottom plane of machine direction yarns. The yarns of the systems are vertically aligned and the top and bottom planes are parallel. A cross machine direction yarn system is interwoven with the machine direction yarn systems in a repeated pattern encompassing at least four adjacent top plane machine direction yarns, with the fabric top plane having an open area of at least 40% and the fabric having an air permeability of at least 900 CFM. The fabric as a substrate has special utility for an embossing fabric.

Abstract: A papermaker's forming fabric has a repeating pattern of weft and weft support yarns on the paper-forming side, which are secured in position by multi-pattern interlacing with the warp yarns. The fabric has advantages, when used in a forming wire belt, of light weight, dimensional and running stability and long operating life. By varying the diameters of the weft yarns one can optimize fiber support on the sheet supporting surface and abrasion resistance on the wear surface.

Abstract: An improved seamed papermaker's press felt of the type having a pintle seamed base fabric and at least one layer of batt material affixed thereto is disclosed. The improvement resides in the provision of an angled slit through the batt material adjacent to the seam. By means of the angled splice, a need for a flap overlying the seam is avoided.

Abstract: A seamed papermaking fabric having a multilayer base fabric includes an endless woven fabric forming a tubular belt that is flattened to form a base fabric with at least one helical coil seaming member inserted between opposing sidewall portions at each respective lengthwise extremity of the base fabric. The helical axes of the seaming members extend transverse to the lengthwise direction of the fabric and the coils of the seaming member extend through spaces between adjacent machine direction yarns and supportably engage the machine direction yarns. The opposed lengthwise extremities of the base fabric are joined together by interengagement of the coils of the respective seaming members and insertion of the pintle member axially through the interengaged coils to form a seamed endless fabric of substantially twice the predetermined thickness.

Abstract: Papermaker's felt employing compressible knit yarn in a woven base to provide a durable resiliency so as to provide vibration dampening and delay the occurrence of crushing during papermaking.

Abstract: An improved loop construction for use in closing the ends of an open papermaker's fabric is disclosed. The loop constuction, as disclosed, is elongated to achieve a minimum loop length of at least three millimeters. The loop is formed by an arcuate portion which defines the free end of the loop and adjacent portions which are interwoven with the fabric body in a repeated pattern. As a result of the disclosed construction, the continuous arcuate portion of the seaming loop is positioned vertically with respect to a plane through the horizontal plane of the fabric. The continuous arcuate portion of the loop is within 15.degree. of the perpendicular to the horizontal plane of the fabric.

Abstract: A papermakers fabric in which a plurality of load control yarns are provided within the interior of the fabric. The load control yarns are not crimped during fabric manufacture, pass through the fabric in the machine direction, and are made from yarns containing Kevlar or similar low stretch, high strength type yarns and protected from abrasion, heat, and hydrolysis.

Abstract: In a drainage belt for presses in the wet section of a paper machine, which belt includes a porous support belt (3,4) in the form of a screen webbing and a finely porous cover layer (1,2) on the side of the support belt (3,4) facing the paper web, the cover layer (1,2) is formed by a shape-retaining single-plane screen webbing which forms drainage channels.

Abstract: A seam is provided for a papermaker's felt for use in a papermaker's machine. The seam joins a felt having at least four layers of machine direction yarns in which at least two layers at each end of the felt are finished in loops, and the remaining layers are finished with or without loops. The loops of the ends to be joined are mated, and a pintle is inserted to close the seam.

Abstract: The invention is concerned with a base fabric for use in the manufacture of a papermachine press-felt, the base fabric comprising a multi-layer endless woven fabric wherein the machine direction yarns of at least one fabric layer form interdigitated weft loops having a warp yarn therein, and thus define a seam, and wherein at least one further fabric layer exists. The further layer or layers may be continuous throughout the full longitudinal extent of the multilayer fabric, and are slit along the line of the seam after needling of a batt to the base fabric, or may be broken and the weft yarns woven tight about an extreme warp yarn.

Abstract: A spiral seam construction for lower caliper, multi-layer papermaking fabrics. The spiral seam members have a plurality of headcurves which are interconnected by a plurality of winding legs. Each of the winding legs has a cross-section in which the vertical dimension is less than the horizontal dimension, whereby it is possible to use a larger seaming pintle without an associated increase in seam caliper. The winding legs determine the maximum caliper of the seam, and the seam does not exceed the final fabric caliper.

Abstract: Papermaker's felt employing compressible knit yarn in a woven base to provide a durable resiliency so as to provide vibration dampening and delay the occurrence of crushing during papermaking.

Abstract: An improved loop construction for use in closing the ends of an open papermaker's fabric is disclosed. The loop construction, as disclosed, is elongated to achieve a minimum loop length. The loop is formed by an arcuate portion which defines the free end of the loop and adjacent crossing portions which are interwoven with the fabric body in a repeated pattern. As a result of the disclosed construction, the continuous arcuate portion of the seaming loop is positioned vertically with respect to a plane through the horizontal plane of the fabric and the crossing portions are within 15.degree. of the perpendicular to the horizontal plane of the fabric.

Abstract: Process of manufacturing a papermakers' wet press felt for the wet end and a felt produced thereby with one or two flaps (14, 10), made of two batts (12, 13) needled onto each side of the felt (1), which ends in two rows of loops (4, 5) that are intended to seam the felt, characterized in that the rows of loops (4, 5) are joined during needling by temporary, removable connecting means (6) placed in relation to the flap(s) (14, 16) which have a greater width than the widths of the finally cut flaps (14, 16).The flap(s) (14, 10) are not damaged during the needling operation and are easily loosened without damage by removing the spiral (7) which form the temporary joining means (6).

Abstract: A conveyor belt such as a paper-making fabric, said belt being made of spirals (2, 3) assembled together by rods (5) or by imbrication. With a view to reducing the permeability or to changing the surface condition, it has a generally flat member (7) which is inserted inside the spirals (2, 3) so as to completely or partially fill the spaces between or inside the spirals.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a composite-type paper making wire or screen, comprising an upper or forming fabric and a lower or wear fabric including at least three sets of longitudinal threads and at least two sets of cross threads. Due to the imperfect nature of the paper-facing surface which results in all kinds of markings in the paper, paper making screens of this type are unsuited for the manufacture of fine papers. To eliminate this drawback, the screen is formed in such a way that at least half of all outwardly disposed longitudinal knuckles of the upper fabric (paper-facing side) of the screen are formed of two sets of longitudinal threads and that the first set of longitudinal threads is woven with the first set of cross threads, the third set of longitudinal threads is woven with the second set of cross threads, and at least portions of the second set of longitudinal threads are woven with both sets of cross threads.

Abstract: A papermaker's wet press felt constructed entirely from a plurality of layers of non-woven batt fibers which have layers of polymeric mesh interposed between and alternating with the batt layers. The mesh layers may be a thermoplastic material having a lower melt temperature than the batt fibers. The mesh layers and batt layers may be fixed by needling, sewing, heating or some combination thereof.

Abstract: A multi-layer fabric for paper-making comprising at least two fabric layers A and B, each of which is formed by inter-weaving respective warps and wefts. An upper-most layer A is woven as a plain weave 1/1 except at binding points S1, S3 and is adapted to support a paper-web thereon. A lower layer B is positioned below the upper-most layer A, and formed by warps 3 and wefts 4, 4a, each of which have larger diameters than those of the upper-most layer A. The upper-most layer A and the lower-most layer B are bound by means of a part 1a of the warps 1 of the upper-most layer A being interwoven with a part 4a of the wefts 4 of the lower-most layer, or by means of separate binder threads 5 other than the warps or wefts being interwoven with the upper-most layer A and the lower-most layer B. At the binding points, a warp 1a of the upper-most layer which intersects with a weft 4a of the lower-most layer B or with a binder thread 5 is extended under three successive wefts 2a.

Abstract: A fabric, adapted for use in a belt of a papermaking machine, is formed of interwoven machine direction wrap and cross-machine direction shute type strands, at least the shute strands being woven in a repetitive pattern of passing over at least three adjacent warp strands and then passing under at least two adjacent warp strands so as to form a 3/2 type weave pattern.