Abstract: The present invention relates to a hot stamped body comprising a steel sheet and a plating layer formed on at least one surface of the steel sheet, wherein the plating layer is comprised of a ZnO region present on a surface side of the plating layer and having an oxygen concentration of 10 mass % or more and an Ni—Fe—Zn alloy region present on a steel sheet side of the plating layer and having an oxygen concentration of less than 10 mass %, and an average concentration of a total of Fe, Mn and Si in the ZnO region is more than 0 mass % and less than 5 mass %.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a hot stamped body comprising a steel sheet and a plating layer formed on at least one surface of the steel sheet, wherein the plating layer is comprised of a ZnO region present on a surface side of the plating layer and having an oxygen concentration of 10 mass % or more and an Ni—Fe—Zn alloy region present on a steel sheet side of the plating layer and having an oxygen concentration of less than 10 mass %, and an average concentration of a total of Fe, Mn and Si in the ZnO region is 5 mass % or more and 30 mass % or less.

Abstract: A method for synthesis of PtNi smooth surface core/shell particles or Nano cages and porous nanocages from segregated nanoparticles.

Abstract: The present invention provides a microfluidic devices and methods of use thereof for the concentration and capture of cells. A pulsed non Faradaic electric field is applied relative to a sample under laminar flow, which results to the concentration and capture of charged analyte. Advantageously, pulse timing is selected to avoid problems associated with ionic screening within the channel. At least one of the electrodes within the channel is coated with an insulating layer to prevent a Faradaic current from flowing in the channel. Under pulsed application of a unipolar voltage to the electrodes, charged analyte within the sample is moved towards one of the electrodes via a transient electrophoretic force.

Abstract: A gas turbine engine includes a compressor section defining a compressor exit temperature, T3. The gas turbine engine also includes a combustion section and a turbine section, with the turbine section defining a turbine inlet temperature, T4. A ratio, T4:T3, of the turbine inlet temperature, T4, to compressor exit temperature, T3, during operation of the gas turbine engine at a rated speed is less than or equal to 1.85.

Abstract: A magnetic tunnel junction stack includes: a pinned layer; a main oxide barrier layer on the pinned layer; a free layer on the main oxide barrier layer; and a hybrid oxide/metal cap layer on the free layer. The hybrid oxide/metal cap layer includes: a first oxide layer on the free layer; a second oxide layer on the first oxide layer; and a metallic cap layer on the second oxide layer, wherein the free layer is free of boron (B).

Abstract: An apparatus and method are disclosed for machine-replaceable plasma-facing tiles for fusion power reactor environments. The apparatus and method involve a tile that is fish scale shaped, and a tile support tube that is attached to the back portion of the tile. The tile support tube includes at least one coolant channel and at least one guard vacuum channel. In one or more embodiments, the method for removing the tile comprises providing a tile that is installed in a manifold channel of a first wall of a fusion power reactor, rotating the tile such that it is in an install/removal orientation, inserting two tines of a removal tool between the outer edges of the tile and the first wall of the fusion power reactor, rotating the removal tool such that the two tines grasp the tile support tube, and lifting the tile away from the wall with the removal tool.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for producing a coated body hardened by hot forming. The base body is austenitized in a method step. The coating of the precoated base body is oxidized artificially prior to this method step. A body produced according to the method has an oxidized layer with a thickness of between 0.05 ?m and 30 ?m.

Abstract: A method of controlling a working gap between one or more cathodic tools and an anodic workpiece in an electrochemical material dissolution process, the method comprising: providing a cathodic tool and an anodic workpiece defining a working gap therebetween, the cathodic tool and the workpiece being at least partially immersed in a conductive electrolyte solution; providing a negative electrical potential to the cathodic tool; monitoring one or more of the electrical potential, current, current density and charge between the cathodic tool and the anode to determine the working gap between the cathodic tool and the anode; and, controlling one or more process parameters to maintain one or more of the working gap and electrochemical working conditions between the cathodic tool and anodic workpiece at a targeted value.

Abstract: An electronic device comprising a substrate having a surface; a first electrode wire extending on said surface along a first direction; a vanadium pentoxide layer extending on and contacting at least a portion of said first electrode; a second electrode wire extending over said surface along a second direction, such that the second electrode wire extends on and contacts at least a portion of the vanadium pentoxide layer above the first electrode wire at a crossing point; wherein a region of vanadium dioxide is included in said vanadium pentoxide layer between the first and second electrodes at said crossing point.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device includes forming a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) structure comprising a magnetic fixed layer, a non-magnetic barrier layer and a magnetic free layer, and forming a metal oxide cap layer on the MTJ structure, wherein forming the metal oxide cap layer comprises depositing a metal layer on the magnetic free layer, performing an oxidation of the deposited metal layer to form an oxidized metal layer, and depositing a metal oxide layer on the oxidized metal layer.

Abstract: An ECM method involves the use of a thin hollow electrode assembly that carries the electrolyte within and that is advanced relatively to the workpiece. The small profile of the electrode results in a minimal removal of metal in forming the desired rotor or stator shape. The electrode profile allows significant power consumption reduction or increased machining speed for a given rate of power input. The electrode can be a unitary ring shape or can be made of segments that are placed adjacent each other so that a continuous shape is cut. Not all the lobes of the stator or rotor have to be cut in the same pass. Electrode segments can be used to sequentially provide the desired lobe count in separate passes. The lobe shapes in the electrode can be slanted to get the desired rotor or stator pitch or they can be aligned with the workpiece axis.

Abstract: Provided is a zinc-plated steel sheet for hot pressing having outstanding surface characteristics, comprising: a steel foundation plate comprising a metal surface diffusion layer of which the Gibbs free energy reduction per mole of oxygen during oxidation is less than that of Cr, an aluminum-rich layer containing at least 30 wt. % of aluminum formed on the surface diffusion layer, and a zinc plating layer formed on the aluminum-rich layer. In this way, a metal having a low affinity for oxygen is coated to an effective thickness prior to annealing and thus the creation of annealing oxides at the surface of the steel sheet is suppressed and a uniform zinc plating layer is formed, and alloying of the zinc plating layer is promoted during press-processing heat treatment. Cracking in the steel foundation plate during hot press molding is prevented.

Abstract: In making an optical component, one or more portions of a substrate's surface are patterned. At least a region of the substrate's surface is coated in negative photoresist, the region encompassing said portions. The negative photoresist becomes undevelopable when exposed to light. Light which forms a grating structure is projected over each of the portions. Light of substantially uniform intensity over the entirety of the region but for the portions, thereby leaving the negative photoresist outside of the portions undevelopable. The negative photoresist is developed so as to embody the grating structure in the photoresist covering the portions. The substrate's surface is patterned to impose the grating structure on the substrate's surface from the developed photoresist; the undevelopable photoresist inhibits patterning of the surface region outside of the portions. The optical component comprises the patterned substrate.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are disclosed for machine-replaceable plasma-facing tiles for fusion-power reactor environments. The apparatus and method involve a tile that is fish-scale shaped, and a tile support tube that is attached to the back portion of the tile. The tile support tube includes at least one coolant channel and at least one guard vacuum channel. In one or more embodiments, the method for removing the tile comprises providing a tile that is installed in a manifold channel of a first wall of a fusion power reactor, rotating the tile such that it is in an install/removal orientation, inserting two tines of a removal tool between the outer edges of the tile and the first wall of the fusion power reactor, rotating the removal tool such that the two tines grasp the tile support tube, and lifting the tile away from the wall with the removal tool.

Abstract: A perpendicularly magnetized thin film structure and a method of manufacturing the perpendicularly magnetized thin film structure are provided. The perpendicularly magnetized thin film structure includes i) a base layer, ii) a magnetic layer located on the base layer and having an L10-crystalline structure, and iii) a metal oxide layer located on the magnetic layer.

Abstract: A metal material is contacted with a treatment solution containing zirconium and/or titanium compound, and a polyamine compound having a number average molecular weight from 150 to 500,000 and containing from 0.1 mmol to 17 mmol of primary and/or secondary amino group per 1 g of solid content and at least one siloxane unit. Concentration of zirconium and/or titanium compound in the metal surface treatment composition is from 10 ppm to 10,000 ppm with respect to the metal element, and mass ratio of the zirconium and/or titanium element is from 0.1 to 100 with respect to the polyamine compound. The metal material is washed with water after contacted by the treatment solution.

Abstract: Provided is a chromium-free chemical conversion treatment technique that makes it possible to form a conversion layer excellent in corrosion resistance and appearance without using fluorine and hydrogen peroxide. The chemical conversion treatment liquid is for forming a conversion layer on zinc or zinc alloy and free of chromium, hydrogen peroxide and fluorine, includes 0.5 g/L to 38 g/L of magnesium, 0.5 g/L to 3.5 g/L of silicon, and 0.36 g/L or more of nitrate ion, contains the silicon as a water-soluble silicate, optionally further includes cobalt at a concentration of 5 g/L or less, and has an aluminum content of 0.08 g/L or less.

Abstract: A method of bonding a metal to a substrate involves forming a plurality of nano-features in a surface of the substrate, where each nano-feature is chosen from a nano-pore and/or a nano-crevice. In a molten state, the metal is over-cast onto the substrate surface, and penetrates the nano-features. Upon cooling, the metal is solidified inside the nano-features, where the solidification of the metal forms a mechanical interlock between the over-cast metal and the substrate.

Abstract: An acidic chromium-free solution for treating a metal surface containing: a vanadium cation source and/or a vanadyl cation source; an organic acid as an anion source; and at least one oxoacid as another anion source is provided. The oxoacid is selected from oxoacids of nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, boron, and chlorine. A metal component composed of, for example, aluminum or magnesium is brought into contact with the chromium-free solution to form a vanadium coating film of a surface of the metal component. A surface treating process using this chromium-free solution is useful for formation of a coating film having low corrosion resistance and low electric resistance.

Abstract: Disclosed are replenisher compositions and methods of replenishing pretreatment compositions. The methods include adding a replenisher composition to a pretreatment composition wherein the replenisher composition includes: (a) a dissolved complex metal fluoride ion wherein the metal ion comprises a Group IIIA metal, Group IVA metal, Group IVB metal, or combinations thereof; (b) a component comprising an oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate of Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group IVB metals, or combinations thereof; and optionally (c) a dissolved metal ion comprising a Group IB metal, Group IIB metal, Group VIIB metal, Group VIII metal, Lanthanide Series metal, or combinations thereof.

Abstract: A metal matrix has a biocompatible solid lubricant in at least a portion of its surface and the solid lubricant functions to protect the interior of the metal matrix and minimize the friction coefficient and related wear induced damage at the articulating surface of the metal device. The lubricated biocompatible metal device is made of materials compatible for in vivo and ex vivo applications in order to minimize wear induced degradation as well as metal ion release. The lubricated biocompatible metal device is suited for use as medical implants.

Abstract: An alloy casting having a protective layer disposed on a surface of the casting is provided. The protective layer is resistant to liquid metal attack, and wherein the protective layer includes an oxide of an element present in the alloy. A method of forming a protective layer on a surface of the alloy casting is also provided. The method includes disposing the alloy in a mold, and oxidizing an element of the alloy to form a protective layer on the surface of the casting.

Abstract: A surface treatment method of a magnesium alloy article includes, instead of forming a primer on a magnesium alloy based composite first, directly performing a hairline finish process on the magnesium alloy based composite, to form a hairline structure on a surface of the magnesium alloy based composite, and performing a chemical oxidation process on the magnesium alloy based composite, to form a glossy film covering the hairline structure on the magnesium alloy based composite, thereby forming a magnesium alloy article structure. Alternatively, another chemical oxidation process is performed before the hairline finish process, to form an oxide film on the surface of the magnesium alloy based composite.

Abstract: A method of bonding a metal to a substrate involves forming an oxide layer on a surface of the substrate, and in a molten state, over-casting the metal on the substrate surface. The over-casting drives a reaction at an interface between the over-cast metal and the oxide layer to form another oxide. The other oxide binds the metal to the substrate surface upon solidification of the over-cast metal.

Abstract: Disclosed is an easily handleable composition for metal surface treatment which enables to achieve foundation surface concealment, coating adhesion and corrosion resistance equal to or higher than those obtained by the conventional metal surface treatment compositions. This composition for metal surface treatment places no burden on the environment. Also disclosed are a method for treating the surface of a metal material wherein such a composition for metal surface treatment is used, and a metal material treated by such a metal surface treatment method. Specifically disclosed is a metal surface treatment composition used for a treatment of a metal surface, which composition contains a zirconium compound and/or titanium compound substantially not containing fluorine, and an inorganic acid and/or a salt thereof. This metal surface treatment composition has a pH of not less than 1.5 but not more than 6.5.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method for producing a titanium aluminide intermetallic alloy composition having an improved wear resistance, the method comprising heating a titanium aluminide intermetallic alloy material in an oxygen-containing environment at a temperature and for a time sufficient to produce a top oxide layer and underlying oxygen-diffused layer, followed by removal of the top oxide layer such that the oxygen-diffused layer is exposed. The invention is also directed to the resulting oxygen-diffused titanium aluminide intermetallic alloy, as well as mechanical components or devices containing the improved alloy composition.

Abstract: A nickel powder with an average particle size of 0.05 to 1.0 ?m, which is composed of nickel particles having an oxidized surface layer and containing sulfur, wherein the sulfur content with respect to the total weight of the powder is 100 to 2000 ppm, and the intensity of a peak identified to sulfur bonded to nickel in surface analysis by ESCA of the nickel particles varies in a direction toward the center from the surface of the particles, and this intensity has its maximum at a location deeper than 3 nm from the particle outermost surface. This nickel powder is manufactured by bringing a nickel powder containing sulfur and dispersed in a non-oxidizing gas atmosphere into contact with an oxidizing gas at a high temperature.

Abstract: A method for protecting a surface of an article includes preparing or otherwise providing a reactive solution of a form of polyaniline and an acid, thereafter applying the reactive solution to the surface of the article to form an adherent conversion coating on the surface, thereafter oxidizing the adherent conversion coating to form an oxidized coating, and thereafter contacting a chromate-free, corrosion inhibiting organic compound such as a salt of a dithiocarbamate or a salt of a dimercaptothiadiazole to the oxidized coating to form a fixed conversion coating on the surface of the article. The resulting article has the fixed conversion coating adhered to the surface of the article. The fixed conversion coating has a mixture of a reduced polyaniline salt, and a fixed disulfur-linked dithiocarbamate polymer or dimer.

Abstract: A process for melt dip coating a strip of high-tensile steel with alloy constituents including zinc and/or aluminum includes the following steps. The strip is heated in a continuous furnace initially in a reductive atmosphere to a temperature of approximately 650° C., at which the alloy constituents diffuse to the surface in small amounts. The surface, consisting predominantly of pure iron, is converted into an iron oxide layer by a short heat treatment at a temperature of up to 750° C. in a reaction chamber which is integrated in a continuous furnace and has an oxidizing atmosphere. In a subsequent annealing treatment at a higher temperature in a reductive atmosphere, this iron oxide layer prevents the alloy constituents from diffusing to the surface. In the reductive atmosphere, the iron oxide layer is converted into a pure iron layer to which the zinc and/or aluminum are applied in the molten bath with optimum adhesion.

Abstract: Methods of making surface hardened medical implants comprising providing a biocompatible alloy with a surface comprising an oxide or nitride layer, diffusing at least a portion of the respective oxygen or nitrogen from the oxide or nitride layer the substrate for a period of time to form a diffusion hardened zone of desired thickness. The period of time is based at least on (1) the diffusivity of a diffusing specie in the oxide or nitride layer, (2) a desired hardness profile of at least a portion of said implant defined by a function selected from the group consisting of: an error function, an exponential function, a near uniform distribution function, and any sequential combination thereof, or (3) a desired thickness of said oxide or nitride layer to be retained.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a substrate and a plurality of conductive traces formed on the substrate. The conductive traces are doped with a concentration of an aluminum material forming a protective layer as a portion of the plurality of conductive traces to inhibit oxidation. A set of first metal contact pads are formed in contact with the plurality of conductive traces. The substrate, the plurality of conductive traces and the set of first metal contact pads define an electronic circuit board configured to operate at a temperature greater than 200 degrees Celsius. A high operating temperature electronic device is configured in electrical communication with the conductive traces defining an assembly configured to operate at a temperature greater than 200 degrees Celsius.

Abstract: A method for coating a flat steel product manufactured from a high strength steel with a metallic coating, wherein the flat steel product is initially subjected to a heat treatment, in order then, in the heated state, to be hot-dip galvanized with the metallic coating in a melting bath containing overall at least 85% zinc and/or aluminum. The heat treatment includes heating the steel product in a reducing atmosphere, followed by converting a surface of the flat product to an iron oxide layer by a heat treatment lasting 1 to 10 secs in an oxidizing atmosphere, followed by annealing in a reducing atmosphere over a period of time which is longer than the duration of the formation of the iron oxide layer such that the iron oxide layer is reduced at least on its surface to pure iron, followed by cooling the product to a melting bath temperature.

Abstract: A laminated structure by internal oxidation includes an alloy coating layer structured as columnar grains. The alloy coating layer includes a first metal element and a second metal element, wherein the first metal element is oxidized more easily than the second metal element. The surface layer portion of the alloy coating layer has a plurality of oxide layers and a plurality of metal layers stacked alternately with each other. The material of the oxide layers includes the oxide of the first metal element and the material of the metal layers includes the second metal element.

Abstract: The invention concerns an analytical test element in which the sample liquid is transported from a sample application site to a determination site, where a detection site lies upstream of the sample application site in the transport direction. The analytical test element has at least one surface which is composed of at least one element that can be oxidized with water or an alloy that can be oxidized with water which has been treated by the action of boiling water or water vapor.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods and compositions for reducing damaging oxidation of metals. In particular, the present invention relates to nanoparticle surface treatments and use of nanoparticle surface treatments to reduce the damaging oxidation and corrosion of stainless steel and other alloy components in oxidating and corrosive conditions.

Abstract: A dry cleaning method of a substrate processing apparatus includes forming a metal oxide by oxidizing a metal film adhered to the inside of a processing chamber of the substrate processing apparatus; forming a complex by reacting the metal oxide with ?-diketone; and sublimating the complex to be removed. A cleaning gas containing oxygen and ?-diketone is supplied into the processing chamber while heating the inside of the processing chamber. A flow rate ratio of oxygen to ?-diketone in the cleaning gas is set such that a formation rate of the metal oxide is lower than a formation rate of the complex.

Abstract: Providing an iron and steel material having quenched surface part, avoiding oxidation of a compound layer formed on the surface of the iron and steel material due to quenching, its production method, and an induction-quenched component. A quenched iron and steel material 10 comprises an iron and steel material 11, a compound layer 12 formed on the iron and steel material 11, and an antioxidant cover layer 13 formed on the compound layer 12. The iron and steel material 11 has a hardened layer having a given depth, and the surface of the iron and steel material 11 has enhanced hardness.

Abstract: A process for surface treatment of aluminium foils includes steps of applying an etching solution to chemically etch at least one surface of the foil to form an etched surface, and forming an aluminium oxidized coating on the etched surface. The etching solution comprises an aqueous solution which includes hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant and sulfuric, orthophosphoric or nitric acid.

Abstract: A method of reducing the formation of electrically resistive scale on a an article comprising a silicon-containing ferritic stainless subjected to oxidizing conditions in service includes, prior to placing the article in service, subjecting the article to conditions under which silica, which includes silicon derived from the steel, forms on a surface of the steel. Optionally, at least a portion of the silica is removed from the surface to placing the article in service. A ferritic stainless steel alloy having a reduced tendency to form silica on at least a surface thereof also is provided. The steel includes a near-surface region that has been depleted of silicon relative to a remainder of the steel.

Abstract: Rendering a refractory coating on a metal substrate impenetrable by molten metal.

Abstract: The invention deals with a process for manufacturing a hot-dip galvanized or galvannealed steel sheet having a TRIP microstructure, said process comprising the steps consisting in: -providing a steel sheet whose composition comprises, by weight: 0.01?C?0.22%, 0.50?Mn?2.0%, 0.2?Si?2.0%, 0.005?Al?2.0%, Mo<1.0%, Cr?1.0%, P<0.02%, Ti?0.20%, V?0.40%, Ni?1.0%, Nb?0.20%, the balance of the composition being iron and unavoidable impurities resulting from the smelting, -oxidizing said steel sheet in a direct flame furnace where the atmosphere comprises air and fuel with an air-to-fuel ratio between 0.80 and 0.95, so that a layer of iron oxide having a thickness from 0.05 to 0.2 ?m is formed on the surface of the steel sheet, and an internal oxide of Si and/or Mn and/or Al is formed, -reducing said oxidized steel sheet, at a reduction rate from 0.001 to 0.

Abstract: A method of providing sulfidation corrosion resistance and corrosion induced fouling resistance to a heat transfer component surface includes providing a silicon containing steel composition including an alloy and a Si-partitioned non-metallic film formed on a surface of the alloy. The alloy is formed from the composition ?, ?,and ?, in which ? is a metal selected from the group consisting of Fe, Ni, Co, and mixtures thereof, ? is Si, and ? is at least one alloying element selected from the group consisting of Cr, Al, Mn, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, Sc, La, Y, Ce, Ru, Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Ga, Ge, As, In, Sn, Sb, Pb, B, C, N, P, O, S and mixtures thereof. The Si-partitioned non-metallic film comprises at least one of sulfide, oxysulfide and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: A method of providing sulfidation corrosion resistance and corrosion induced fouling resistance for a heat transfer component is disclosed. The heat transfer component includes a heat exchange surface formed from a chromium-enriched oxide containing material formed from the composition ?, ?, and ?, wherein ? is a steel containing at least about 5 to about 40 wt. % chromium, ? is a chromium enriched oxide (M3O4 or M2O3 or mixtures thereof) formed on the surface of the steel ?, wherein M is a metal containing at least 5 wt. % Cr based on the total weight of the metal M, and ? is a top layer formed on the surface of the chromium-enriched oxide ?, comprising sulfide, oxide, oxysulfide, and mixtures thereof. The top layer ? comprises iron sulfide (Fe1-xS), iron oxide (Fe3O4), iron oxysulfide, iron-chromium sulfide, iron-chromium oxide, iron-chromium oxysulfide, and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: Shape Memory Alloy tube is protected from damage during drawing, caused by galling-type interaction between the tube and high-carbon dies, by forming an oxide surface layer. This invention protects the tube internal diameter from oxidation while allowing the tube outside diameter to be oxidized, by using an oxygen getter located within the tube during the oxidation step. The method yields a higher quality internal diameter and improves productivity.

Abstract: A novel method of manufacturing a transition metal oxide having a spinel structure is provided. A mixture of powdery metals of metal elements constituting the transition metal oxide is heated in an oxidizing atmosphere to generate the transition metal oxide.

Abstract: A pre-coated plate of steel is heated in a furnace to form an intermetallic alloying layer on the plate at least in an area thereof. Air is pretreated through drying to produce dried air which is fed into the furnace to control the atmosphere within the furnace while the pre-coated plate is in the furnace.

Abstract: A method for selectively plating a leadframe (1100) by oxidizing selected areas (401, 402, 403, 404) of the leadframe made of a first metal (102) and then depositing a layer (901) of a second metal onto un-oxidized areas.

Abstract: A metal layer is formed on a highly light-transmissive substrate; a resist mask having an opening pattern is formed on the metal layer; exposed portions of the metal layer is etched away in this state to form openings; then the resist mask is removed; and a surface of the metal layer and an inner side wall of each of the openings are oxidized to form a metal oxide layer. Thus, a front surface and a rear surface of the aperture plate are caused to have different reflectances. The oxide layer is formed at the same time as when the resist mask is ashed to remove resist.

Abstract: A method is provided which includes forming a metal layer and converting at least a portion of the metal layer to a hydrated metal oxide layer. Another method is provided which includes selectively depositing a dielectric layer upon another dielectric layer and selectively depositing a metal layer adjacent to the dielectric layer. Consequently, a microelectronic topography is formed which includes a metal feature and an adjacent dielectric portion comprising lower and upper layers of hydrophilic and hydrophobic material, respectively. A topography including a metal feature having a single layer with at least four elements lining a lower surface and sidewalls of the metal feature is also provided herein. The fluid/s used to form such a single layer may be analyzed by test equipment configured to measure the concentration of all four elements. In some cases, the composition of the fluid/s may be adjusted based upon the analysis.