Abstract: A method of producing oxide surface layers on compact and sintered metals and alloys has the steps of delivering a metal or alloy into a working chamber preheated to temperature from 200.degree. C. to temperature below its melting point so that the metal or alloy is heated in the working chamber in waterless atmosphere to a temperature from 100.degree. C. to below a melting point of the metal or alloy in waterless atmosphere at atmospheric, reduced or increased pressure, and then introducing into the working chamber a water solution of substances which contain alloying elements so that water steam and volatile oxides of the alloying elements are formed directly into the working chamber interact with a surface of the metal or alloy to produce an alloyed surface layer of the metal or alloy.

Abstract: A process invention for protecting alpha-2 and gamma titanium aluminide alloy specimens subjected to high temperature oxidation comprises providing an ion beam having an energy range from about 100 keV to about 170 keV. The ion beam incorporates an elemental species capable of promoting alumina formation. The ion beam is exposed to the specimen so as to implant a dose in a range from about 2.times.10.sup.16 to about 8.times.lO.sup.17 ions/cm.sup.2 for a sufficient time period to form a surface alloy of the elemental species and titanium aluminide near the surface of the specimen.

Abstract: A ceramic thermal barrier coating layer for a superalloy article is caused to adhere to the superalloy article by applying platinum to the superalloy article and heat treating at a temperature of 1100.degree. C. to 1200.degree. C. for one hour. This causes aluminum to diffuse from the superalloy article into the platinum to form a platinum enriched outer layer which generally includes a platinum enriched gamma phase and a platinum enriched gamma prime phase. An alumina layer is formed between the platinum enriched outer layer and a ceramic coating. The platinum enriched gamma phase and the platinum enriched gamma prime phase in the outer layer reduces the migration of transition metal elements to the ceramic coating to enable a very pure alumina layer to be formed.

Abstract: A coated article includes a superalloy substrate, an intermediate bond coat and a thermal barrier coating. The bond coat may include a platinum aluminide layer underlying a thin oxide layer. The thin oxide layer may include alumina. The coated article has high strength and durability at high temperatures over extended periods of time and thus is especially useful in the form of, e.g., a turbine blade or turbine vane.

Abstract: A method of preparing a superconducting oxide by combining the metallic elements of the oxide to form an alloy, followed by oxidation of the alloy to form the oxide. Superconducting oxide-metal composites are prepared in which a noble metal phase intimately mixed with the oxide phase results in improved mechanical properties. The superconducting oxides and oxide-metal composites are provided in a variety of useful forms.

Abstract: The use of a bi-layer thin film structure consisting of aluminum or aluminide on a refractory metal layer as a diffusion barrier to oxygen penetration at high temperatures for preventing the electrical and mechanical degradation of the refractory metal for use in applications such as a capacitor electrode for high dielectric constant materials.

Abstract: Disclosed is a corrosion-resistant film for protecting the surfaces of Ag, which comprises an Ag--Mg alloy having an Mg content of from 1 to 10 atomic % and which is applied to an Ag substrate. Also disclosed is a corrosion-resistant composite structure composed of an Ag substrate and a protective film of an Ag--Mg alloy with an Mg content of from 1 to 10 atomic % formed on the surface of the Ag substrate. The corrosion-resistant film protects an Ag with a silver-white gloss from being blackened by sulfide components, etc. The adhesiveness between the film and the Ag substrate is good. The composite structure has a high reflectivity and is useful as a reflective film for photo-magnetic recording media, optical recording media, reflectors, illuminators, etc. The surface of the corrosion-resisting film is oxidized to form an MgO layer on the film, and the film exhibits a high protecting effect.

Abstract: A process for preparing an oxidation resistant, electrically conductive copper layer on a substrate, and copper layers so formed, are disclosed. A copper layer is deposited onto the surface of a substrate, and subsequently annealed. The copper layer includes magnesium in an amount sufficient to form an inert magnesium oxide layer at the surface of the copper layer upon annealing.

Abstract: A bath for the treatment of DI cans that contains phosphate ions, at least one of zirconium and titanium compounds, oxidizing agent at no more than 500 ppm, and fluorides at no more than 2,000 ppm as fluorine, and that has a pH of 2.0 to 4.0, is useful for treating the surface of both aluminum and tinplate cans prior to the painting/printing thereof.

Abstract: The solid-liquid diffusion process used to form triniobium tin superconductor is improved by oxidizing the tin coated niobium substrate with an oxide layer on the surface of the tin coat after tin dipping. The oxide layer can be added to the tin coat by passing the tin coated niobium substrate through an oxidizing chamber before the reaction anneal step, by adding oxygen to the reaction anneal furnace with argon or helium, by adding oxygen to the cooling tower immediately after the tin dipping process, or by controlling the exit temperature of the tin coated substrate from the tin dip in room atmosphere conditions.

Abstract: The present invention provides a novel method for improving the adhesion of polymers, particularly adhesives, to nickel surfaces. The method involves contacting the nickel surface with a hydrogen peroxide solution having a temperature of at least about 40.degree. C. for a time sufficient to form a wettable oxide surface having a water contact angle of less than about 10.degree..

Abstract: An essentially flat "arc-grained" surface of a sheet of aluminum alloy is produced with a coarse and non-uniform microstructure which, after it is coated with a durable phosphate-free coating, provides excellent lithoplate. Though such arc-grained microstructure is much coarser than an electrochemically etched surface typically used on lithoplate, the very coarse surface is peculiarly well-adapted to provide durable lithoplate after it is coated with a phosphate-free protective surface. After the coated surface is coated with a photoresist the excellent resolution of prints is maintained over a large number of repeated uses in an off-set printing press.

Abstract: The paint adhesion and corrosion resistance of surfaces of aluminum and its alloys, particularly when using a paint based on poly{vinyl chloride}, is improved by using a conversion coating solution having a pH in the range from 1.0 to 3.0 and consisting essentially of water and:(A) an amount of phosphate ions that is stoichiometrically equivalent to at least 5.0 g/L of phosphoric acid;(B) at least 1.0 g/L of hexavalent chromium;(C) at least 0.1 g/L of fluoride ions; and(D) a complex fluoride ion component selected from the group consisting of:(i) at least 4.0 g/L of fluosilicate ions,(ii) at least 0.5 g/L of fluoborate ions,(iii) at least 2.0 g/L of fluozirconate ions, and(iv) at least 2.0 g/L of fluotitanate ions.

Abstract: A method of preparing a superconducting oxide by combining the metallic elements of the oxide to form an alloy, followed by oxidation of the alloy to form the oxide. Superconducting oxide-metal composites are prepared in which a noble metal phase intimately mixed with the oxide phase results in improved mechanical properties. The superconducting oxides and oxide-metal composites are provided in a variety of useful forms.

Abstract: An alloy has less stable oxides, e.g. nickel oxide, chromium oxide, and iron oxide on a surface (FIG. 1 ). The material has specific reaction elements such as titanium and aluminum in a relatively low concentration throughout the alloy. At an elevated temperature, the surface of the alloy is subject to a fluid which reduces the nickel, chromium, and iron oxides and the aluminum or titanium adjacent the surface reduces components of the fluid (FIG. 2 ). The alloy is maintained at the elevated temperature in the presence of the fluid until a barrier film of the specific reactive elements is formed. In one embodiment, the working fluid is a gaseous fluid of hydrogen or an inert gas with water vapor. The hydrogen of the water vapor reduces the less stable oxides and the oxygen oxidizes the specific reaction elements. In another embodiment, the working fluid is a liquid metal other than lithium which carries oxygen.

Abstract: The corrosion resistance inherent in stainless steel is further improved by a cladding layer provided on the surface thereof. The cladding layer is formed of a coating material which is applied onto the surface of the stainless steel and, then, burnt to be fused by laser beams. The coating material contains a larger amount of Cr than that of the stainless steel. The thus fused material and a fused portion of the stainless steel are mixed with each other to form the cladding layer of remarkable corrosion resistance due to a larger amount of Cr contained therein. The formation of the cladding layer on the inner surface of a small diameter pipe is enabled by a coating film shaping device which has a jig for shaping the applied material into a film of a uniform thickness and by a laser irradiation torch which has an arrangement for emitting the laser means radially outward from the inside of the pipe.

Abstract: A method for forming a protective layer on a copper surface is set forth. The surface of degreased strips or sheets of copper are roughened by mechanical treatment in a controlled manner. The roughened surfaces of the strips or sheets are then chemically treated to bring about a green patination. After the chemical treatment, the strips or sheets are stored in a climate-controlled space.

Abstract: A method for inhibiting the corrosion of metals exposed to aqueous mixtures of sulfuric acid and hydrocyanic acid by the use of iron salts.

Abstract: A patch for preventing carburization, nitriding or oxidation comprises:a film comprising a heat-fusible or heat-meltable particulate material having an anti-carburizing, anti-nitriding or anti-oxidizing effect and a heat-decomposable resin as a binder; anda heat-resistant silicone pressure sensitive adhesive, which is decomposed at a carburizing, nitriding or oxidizing temperature, provided on one side of the film.

Abstract: The anti-seizing coating according to the invention relates to the protection of the surfaces of male (7) or female (2) components of an assembly means (1) for metal tubes by threadings coming into contact with one another at the time of screwing.This coating is constituted by a thin lead oxide layer (14) produced by the oxidation of a lead layer, which is itself formed on an underlying layer (13) of a metal such as copper and which has been directly or indirectly deposited beforehand on the surface (4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 6) to be protected against seizing. The invention also relates to the process for producing this coating and the coated assembly means obtained.

Abstract: The coated article includes a refractory metal substrate having an oxidation resistant intermetallic layer formed in situ thereon; e.g., a fused refractory metal silicide layer, and a ceramic layer applied on and adhering to the intermetallic layer to provide enhanced high temperature properties and improved resistance to premature catastrophic failure in high temperature oxidizing environments where dissimilar materials are present that may destructively react with the intermetallic layer.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for surface passivating stainless steel articles against the effects of corrosive materials having activities anywhere from aqueous salt solutions to corrosive gases such as hydrogen chloride and silane. Additionally, after the treatment and exposure of the article to moisture, when the article is subsequently flushed with a dry gaseous fluid, the time that the article takes to exhibit an acceptable moisture outgassing rate is reduced over an untreated article. In accordance with the present invention, the surface to be passivated is flushed with a dry gaseous fluid, chemically non-reactive with the stainless steel and containing essentially no oxygen. During such flushing, the articles is baked and cooled. The baking is accomplished at a predetermined temperature and time (preferably between about 250.0.degree. C. and 500.0.degree. C. for about 4.

Abstract: This invention permits, in a colored galvanized coating using Ti-Zn, Mn-Zn, Ti-Mn-Zn, (Ti, Mn)-(Cu, Ni, Cr)-Zn, etc., to clearly and stably develop yellow, purple, green, blue or other color by controlling the composition of a galvanizing bath and oxidizing conditions. Further, a gold, dark red, olive gray and iridescence color which have not yet obtained can be developed. The color development effected by this invention is clearer than conventional. Instead of galvanizing, the spraying process may be adopted. The surface painting on the colored zinc coating is effective.

Abstract: A method for producing aluminum-containing ferritic stainless steel from a magnesium-contaminated melt such that the steel is suitable for growing oxide whiskers to cover the surface thereof is disclosed. The method comprises adding sulfur to the contaminated melt in an amount sufficient to increase the sulfur content not less than 1.3 time the magnesium content, whereupon the sulfur reacts with the magnesium to render the magnesium inert to whisker growth. The method also preferably comprises an addition of titanium, zirconium of hafnium in amounts sufficient to react with residual sulfur in excess of the amount required for magnesium reaction, thereby mitigating the adverse affect of sulfur on oxide adhesion.

Abstract: A process for preparing a permanent magnet is disclosed. The process comprises the steps of exposing material, in particulate form, and having an overall composition comprising 8 to 30 atomic percent of a first constituent selected from the group consisting of rare earth metals, 42 to 90 atomic percent of a second constituent selected from the group consisting of transition metals and 2 to 28 atomic percent of a third constituent selected from the group consisting of substances from Group III of the Periodic Table, to hydrogen gas under conditions such that hydrogen gas is absorbed by the material, exposing the hydrided material, in particulate form, to oxygen or an oxygen-containing gas in an amount and for a period of time sufficient to passivate the material, and compacting the material. Also disclosed are products from this process, namely, passivated, hydrided particles, alloy compacts formed of passivated, hydrided material and permanent magnets, having superior properties.

Abstract: In the pursuit of the forming of light composite materials which may be substituted for metal without loss of strength, composites have been manufactured from silicon carbide fibers in a titanium matrix. Titanium diffuses into the given boundaries of the silicon carbide and degrades it. Yttria has been sandwiched between the titanium and silicon carbide, to provide a reaction skin of yttria which reduces the extent of diffusion. The present invention oxidizes the silicon carbide prior to applying the yttrium and thus further improves the resistance to diffusion.

Abstract: This invention permits, in a colored galvanized coating using Ti--Zn, Mn--Zn, Ti--Mn--Zn, (Ti, Mn)--(Cu, Ni, Cr)--Zn, etc., to clearly and stably develop yellow, purple, green, blue or other color by controlling the composition of a galvanizing bath and oxidizing conditions. Further, gold, dark red, olive gray and iridescence color which have not yet obtained can be developed. The color development effected by this invention is clearer than conventional. Instead of galvanizing, the spraying process may be adopted. The surface painting on the colored zinc coating is effective.

Abstract: The suitability of the kind of steel strip known as black plate, optionally coated with small quantities of tin or nickel for food packaging, is greatly improved by ensuring the presence of a layer of P-type semiconducting oxide on the surface thereof. The ratio of the number of Type-P charge bearing atoms (NA) of that semiconducting oxide to the numbr of Type-N charge bearing atoms (ND) is greater than 1.2. The quality of the plate is yet further improved by coating the oxide surface with a thin chromic passivation layer that also contains a P-type semiconducting oxide.

Abstract: This is a process for fabrication of nickel-oxide insulation on a superconductor. The process utilizes; reacting oxygen-free nickel powder with oxygen-free carbon monoxide generally at 50.degree.-75.degree. C. to produce a nickel carbonyl, separating the nickel carbonyl from reaction by-products and excess reagents by cooling the carbonyl and decanting the nickel carbonyl liquor, and contacting the carbonyl to a surface of a wire containing superconductor or superconductor precursors in an atmosphere containing a controlled amount of oxygen, with the wire at 50.degree.-800.degree. C. to produce nickel suboxide insulation on the wire. The purified nickel carbonyl and oxygen may be alternately (rather than simultaneously) introduced, to deposit a series of metallic nickel films on the wire, each of which metallic films are then oxidized to a nickel suboxide.

Abstract: This invention concerns a production process of ferrite stainless steel covered with oxide whisker suitable for metal catalyst supports in automobile's exhaust gas converters, which comprises plating a ferrite stainless steel with aluminum, diffusing the aluminum into the stainless steel by heating in vacuum or in a non-oxidizing gas so that the surface of the ferrite stainless steel turns into an aluminum-enriched ferrite phase, and allowing oxide whisker to grow there by heating in the air.

Abstract: Zinc and zinc alloy surfaces can be given an effective corrosion inhibiting treatment by contact for less than a minute with an alkaline aqueous solution having a pH not more than 11 and containing at least 0.020 g/L of dissolved nickel ions and sufficient ammonia to give a molar ratio of ammonia to nickel ion of at least 6. If the concentration of nickel ions in the treating solution is at least 1.0 g/L, a durable blackening of the surface is also produced. Both the corrosion resistance and the quality of the blackening can usually be further improved by subsequent conventional phosphate conversion coating.

Abstract: A method for forming an EDM wire electrode includes coating a copper wire core with zinc, and then heating the coated wire in an oxidizing atmosphere to simultaneously provide a copper-zinc alloy layer over the copper core and a zinc oxide surface on the alloy layer. The oxide- and alloy-coated wire is then reduced in diameter to reduce the thickness of the alloy layer by about one-half of its initial thickness. The resulting electrodes wire permits a greater current density and a greater tractional force to be employed, yielding a significantly greater machining speed in the EDM process.

Abstract: A method of producing a superconducting cable or a coil including an A-B-C-D system superconductor where the A includes an element of group IIIa of the Periodic Table, the B an element of group IIa of the Periodic Table, C copper, D oxygen.

Abstract: Discloses a process for producing oxidic superconductors having advantageously textured oxide structures which involves zone oxidizing elongated metallic precursors of the superconductors.

Abstract: Protective coatings are applied to substrate metals by coating the metal surface, e.g. by dipping the substrate metal in a molten alloy of the coating metals, and then exposing the coating at an elevated temperature to an atmosphere containing a reactive gaseous species which forms an oxide, a nitride, a carbide, a boride or a silicide. The coating material is a mixture of the metals M.sub.1 and M.sub.2, M.sub.1 being zirconium and/or titanium, which forms a stable oxide, nitride, carbide, boride or silicide under the prevailing conditions. The metal M.sub.2 does not form a stable oxide, nitride, carbide, boride or silicide. M.sub.2 serves to bond the oxide, etc. of M.sub.1 to the substrate metal. Mixtures of M.sub.1 and/or M.sub.2 metals may be employed. This method is much easier to carry out than prior methods and forms superior coatings. Eutectic alloys of M.sub.1 and M.sub.2 which melt substantially lower than the melting point of the substrate metal are preferred.

Abstract: A steel component is provided with a black wear and corrosion resistant finish by the steps of forming an epsilon iron nitride or carbonitride layer, bringing the component to gas oxidation temperature and oxidizing by a gaseous medium to form a dense black coating, and carrying out a surface finish treatment.

Abstract: Disclosed are optically transmissive conductors, particulary resistive electrodes for optical devices such as electroluminescent lamps and displays, comprising a thin layer of indium tin oxide (ITO) stabilized by a layer of a metal oxide, such as palladium oxide or nickel oxide. In the disclosed method, a thin layer of conductive ITO is coated with a metal layer and then oxidized by heating in air to 500.degree. C.

Abstract: A process for producing a metallic catalyst-carrier, comprising the steps of: preparing a steel sheet containing 9.0 to 25.0 wt % Cr and 0.01 to 6.0 wt % Al, plating the steel sheet with Ni at an amount of from 0.3 to 10.0 g/m.sup.2, then plating with Al or Al-alloy at a plated amount defined by the formula; ##EQU1## and with a provision that the thickness of an Al-Fe alloyed layer is controlled to a thickness of 10 .mu.m or less, cold rolling to a rolled thickness of 0.1 mm or less, working to a body of a required form, and heat-treating the body.