Abstract: A carpet molding system includes a support structure having a receiving end and an output end. Two ovens and two receiving systems are coupled to the support structure. One receiving system receives an under-pad material through the receiving end and guides the under-pad material through one oven and through the output end. The other receiving system receives a carpet material through the receiving end and guides the carpet material through the other oven and through the output end.

Abstract: A building board comprising a cement substrate, a top coated layer formed on the front surface of the substrate, and a plastic sheet formed on the back surface of the substrate. The plastic sheet should preferably be formed of a polyethylene sheet. Since the impregnation of water from the back surface of building board can be effectively prevented, the change in dimension of board as a whole can be minimized.

Abstract: A method of forming a continuous composite structure includes the steps of predetermining relative proportions of a liquid resin forming material, a catalyst, and a inhibitor from respective reservoir (32, 33, 34) based on the ambient temperature and a porous blanket. The predetermined proportions are recirculated independently substantially continuously and coordinated at preselected rates. The predetermined proportions are simultaneously withdrawn and continuously mixed in a chamber (39) having a dispensing outlet (40). A pool (46) of the mixture is formed on the blanket (44) and a leading edge (68) is advanced substantially immediately into permanent contact with a preselected final surface and adhered thereto. Part of the catalyzed and inhibited resin forming material migrates through the blanket to form a continuous resin matrix therein.

Abstract: Apparatus useful for applying sealant material to structural parts. The apparatus comprises a base material, means for attaching a hub to the base, means for guiding a structural part through the apparatus to engage a sealant, and pressure means disposed over means for guiding a structural part. The pressure means cooperates with the means for guiding a structural part to apply pressure to the structural part while guiding the structural part through the apparatus.

Abstract: An apparatus disclosed relates to a technique for applying adhesive tape to a workpiece. The apparatus includes a chuck table for receiving and holding the workpiece, a tape feeding device for feeding adhesive tape in strip form toward the workpiece held by the chuck table, an applying device for placing an applicator roller in contact with a surface of the adhesive tape and applying the adhesive tape to a surface of the workpiece, and a vibration generating mechanism for vibrating the applicator roller.

Abstract: One embodiment is directed to a print media coating device that includes first and second web supplies, first and second web take-ups, and a fuser defining a print media path therethrough. The first web supply and the first web take-up are positioned on one side of the media path and the second web supply and the second web take-up are positioned on the other side of the media path opposite the first web supply and the first web take-up. A first coating material web runs from the first web supply, along the media path through the fuser, to the first web take-up and a second coating material web runs from the second web supply, along the media path through the fuser, to the second web take-up. A first peel bar is positioned immediately adjacent to the print media path, downstream from the fuser on the first side of the media path. A second peel bar is positioned immediately adjacent to the print media path downstream from the fuser and downstream from the first peel bar.

Abstract: Systems and methods of dispensing adhesive in a bookbinding system are described. Sheets may be bound into bound text bodies having respective spines exposed for adhesive application and characterized by multiple length dimensions and multiple thickness dimensions. In one aspect, a sheet binding system comprises an adhesive dispenser that is configured to dispense across the thickness dimension of a text body spine solid sheet adhesive having one of multiple effective widths that is sized to correspond substantially to the length dimension of the text body spine. In accordance with this approach, books of different lengths (or heights) may be readily bound with solid sheet adhesive that may be contained within a single, replaceable cartridge housing.

Abstract: An apparatus for decorating sections comprises:

Abstract: From a supply reel which is set in position at an ACF (Anisotropic Concuctive Film) feeding station, an ACF tape having an ACF laminated on one side of a liner tape is drawn out by an ACF bonding means. At least two reel mount members are provided on a reel stand at the ACF feeding station to mount two ACF tape supply reels concurrently thereon. The reel stand is connected to a switch means thereby to switch the two reel mount members either to an operating or tape supplying position or a standby position. As soon as an ACF tape from a supply reel in the operating position is consumed completely, a fresh supply reel in the standby position is switched into the operating position to continue the supply of the ACF tape.

Abstract: A DFR laminating and PET removing system which is capable of both laminating a dry film resist (DFR) layer on a semiconductor wafer and removing a DFR support film such as polyethylene terepthalate (PET) from the DFR layer on the wafer at a single location. The DFR laminating and PET removing system of the present invention comprises a PET support film removing head for removing a portion of PET film from the semiconductor wafer substrate after the PET film portion and dry film resist (DFR) portion are laminated from a DFR tape onto the wafer and before the DFR portion is cut from the DFR tape.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for manufacturing a solid polymer film with a catalyst sufficiently deposited thereon preheats a solid polymer film and then hot presses this solid polymer film together with a catalyst carrier film. Hot pressing the solid polymer film while it is soft from preheating increases the bond strength between the solid polymer film and the catalyst such that separation of the catalyst from the solid polymer film during film separation can be prevented. Moreover, keeping the catalyst carrier film cool prior to hot pressing and making the temperature on the catalyst carrier film side slightly lower that than on the solid polymer film side during hot pressing inhibits an increase in binding strength between the film and the catalyst, and thereby improves separation of the film.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for applying a transfer sheet to sign appliqueś and removing them to a sign board or other substrate. A carriage is movably mounted on a layout table. The layout table has a surface upon which appliqueś are arranged to be made into a sign. The carriage is constrained to move along the layout table in a fixed orientation, such as by using gear racks mounted on the frame. The carriage may have pinions that are mechanically coupled so opposing sides move in a coordinated manner. A transfer roll support allows the transfer sheet to play out and about an applicator which smooths the sheet onto the sign appliqueś. The apparatus includes elevators which allow elevation adjustment between the carriage and layout surface.

Abstract: This invention relates to a hot-stamping device comprising a stamping arm with one end being a free end, a stamping section adapted to apply pressure to a hot-stamping foil positioned at the free end to a value-added medium such as ticket wherein the hot-stamping foil is transferred to the value-added medium. A first cam, in contact with said stamping arm, is used for moving a stamping section to close proximity of the value-added medium. A first drive section driving said first cam and a second cam for bringing pressure-exerting load to bear on the stamping section is used to move to close proximity a value-added medium. A second drive section is used for driving a second cam.

Abstract: There is disclosed a dust sealing label strip having a plurality of dust sealing labels arranged on a release liner strip for application over a handle opening of a corrugated box to seal the opening. The strip is usable in rapid application of the sealing labels over handle openings of corrugated boxes to provide seal to the corrugated boxes and function as grips for the box. Each of the dust sealing labels has a substrate having an aperture provided corresponding to the handle opening of a corrugated box, a stretchable film laminated to the substrate to cover the aperture, and an adhesive layer. The plurality of dust sealing labels are arranged peelably via the adhesive layer on the release liner strip in at least one line at predetermined intervals.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a system for preparing a microporous laminated sheet, which allows a stable breath ability of microporous film to be maintained while making an adhesion of the microporous film excellent. Also, a method of preparing the microporous laminated sheet using the system and a microporous laminated sheet prepared thereby are disclosed. The preparing system includes an adhesive-applying section serving to apply an adhesive in the linear or lattice shape on the microporous film.

Abstract: A machine which inflates and seals pillows in packaging is compact in overall size, can be conveniently operated to produce varied lengths of strips of inflated pillow-type packaging as needed, can begin production of inflated pillow-type strip packaging immediately after being held out of a production cycle for some period of time, and applies a heated sealing element directly to and in sliding contact with a web of film to securely seal the inlet port of an inflated pillow while the pillow is under pressure and as the web of film is continuously and uninterruptedly advanced through the machine.

Abstract: A tagging material comprises a pressure sensitive adhesive tape incorporating electromagnetic sensor material whose presence can be detected. Tags are cut from the tagging material as the tagging material and articles are conveyed along converging paths and are adhered to the articles by the adhesive of the tape by means of apparatus comprising a tagging material feeding means and an applicator head.

Abstract: A polyolefin resin drawn sheet 4 is laminated on at least one face of a sheet-form core material 6 having a density of 30 to 300 kgf/m3. At this time, a sheet or film 5 made of a bonding synthetic resin or rubber having a flow starting temperature lower than the thermal deformation temperature of the core material 6 and the melting point of the drawn sheet 4 is interposed between the core material 6 and the drawn sheet 4. The resultant stack product is heated to not less than the flow starting temperature of the synthetic resin or the rubber and not more than the thermal deformation temperature of the core material 6 and the melting point of the drawn sheet 4. At the same time of or after the heating, the stack product is pressed to apply a compression strain of 0.01 to 10% to the core material 6.

Abstract: Production machinery applies heat fusible protective films to fibrous insulation rolls or batts. The insulation is passed through a conveyor with upper and lower conveyor belts which pinch the insulation therebetween and which urge protective films into contact. The conveyor belts are heated by proximate heater apparatus to a sufficiently high temperature to cause the film to become tacky and bond to the insulation.

Abstract: A very thin hot-melt layer (1X) is supported and carried by one (3) of the two textiles (3, 15), and is heated from the surface opposite that which is in contact with the textile (3) which supports and carries it, until the whole thickness of said layer (1X) is plasticized; the other textile (15) is then brought up to the first, and the two textile (3, 15) are pressed together.

Abstract: An overcoat application apparatus is used to transfer an overcoat material from a donor support to a printed media. The overcoat application apparatus in this case includes a laminate cartridge, a donor supply reel, a donor guide bar, a heated fuser roller, a pressure roller, a peel bar, and a take-up reel. The donor supply reel provides a continuous source of donor plus overcoat material. The donor guide bar guides printed media and the donor plus overcoat into a nip created by forcing the heated fuser roller and pressure roller together. The heated fuser roller is used to transport the printed media and donor through the nip and apply heat to the donor and printed media. The pressure roller is used to apply pressure to the fuser roller in order to produce the mechanical nip. The nip plus the heat causes the overcoat material on the donor to be transferred to the printed media.

Abstract: An apparatus, device and method for producing end seals on a continuous supply of fastener strip having first and second interlocked profiles before the fastener strip is attached to a supply of thermoplastic film used to make a reclosable bag. The fastener strip is advanced through a guide. A first section is identified and fused thereby providing a first end seal. A second end section is identified with the identification based on the first end seal. The second section is fused, thereby providing a second end seal with the result of a length of fastener strip including a pair of end seals. A device is provided to simultaneously fuse and cut the fastener strip at the exiting end of the fastener guide.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for automatically feeding slider-zipper assemblies to a station where the slider-zipper assemblies can be attached to bag material, such as thermoplastic film. The apparatus includes a slider guide having a channel running the length thereof. The channel has a cross section that allows passage therethrough of sliders slidably mounted to a tape of connected slider-zipper assemblies. A tape drive mechanism is located at the outlet of the slider guide. The tape drive mechanism includes a pair of rollers that form a nip therebetween. The zipper flanges of the tape are threaded through the nip. The rollers have respective grooves that form a space for passage of the sliders as the tape is advanced by the rollers. The zipper tape with sliders exits the tape drive mechanism and is drawn into a zipper flange sealing position by a tape transfer assembly comprising a bank of drive rollers having silicone surfaces in contact with the zipper tape.

Abstract: A foil applicator for evenly applying an adhesive backed foil to edges or pieces of stained glass. The applicator includes guide members which direct a foil strip from a foil spool through an adjustable grasping roller mechanism and past a horizontal, raised planar table where foil is applied manually to the edges of glass pieces, nuggets, or jewels.

Abstract: This invention relates to an apparatus for transferring a discrete portion of a first web traveling at a first speed onto a second web traveling a second speed. The apparatus includes a converting mechanism capable of forming at least one discrete portion out of the first web. An anvil roll is positioned in close proximity to the converting mechanism and can travel at a rotational speed equal to the first speed. The anvil roll is a vacuum roll that is capable of directing the discrete portion away from the converting mechanism. A transfer roll is arranged in close proximity to the anvil roll and initially travels at a rotational speed equal to the first speed. The transfer roll forms a gap with the anvil roll through which the discrete portion can pass. The transfer roll is also a vacuum roll that is capable of directing the discrete portion away from the anvil roll. The transfer roll is capable of changing rotational speed to match the second speed during a single revolution.

Abstract: A nozzle for directing discrete streams of air along separated and parallel first and second paths includes a chamber for receiving air of a selected temperature, a first outlet arm extending from the chamber and having a first outlet at a distal end thereof and in a first outlet plane, and a second outlet arm extending from the chamber and having a second outlet at a distal end thereof and in a second outlet plane, an axis of the second outlet arm being generally parallel with an axis of the first outlet arm, the second outlet plane being offset from the first outlet plane.

Abstract: An adhesive tape piece sticking device (14) for sticking a double-coated adhesive tape piece to a cigarette paper (P) has a motor (52) for rotating a reel (32) that takes up a tape band (T) delivered from a tape roll (58). A guide block (66) for projectingly guiding the tape band toward the paper (P) and a lift guide unit (68) are arranged in the middle of a take-up path for the tape band. The sticking device slides as a whole with a tape piece positioned between an edge (70) and a guide plate (74), thereby pressing the tape piece against the paper. Further, the lift guide unit is lowered to separate the mount from the tape piece that is stuck to the paper.

Abstract: A multi-layer absorbent product in a preferred embodiment includes a fibrous nonwoven top sheet, a fibrous nonwoven absorbent core layer, and a fibrous nonwoven substantially water-impervious back sheet. Each component layer or sheet is manufactured at a fiberizing station (i.e., melt spinning) and laminated together at a combining station. The preferred melt spinning apparatus is spunbond for the top sheet, meltblowing for the core layer, and a combination of spunbond and meltblowing for the bottom sheet.

Abstract: A lamination device for performing a lamination method for a dry film resist as a transfer layer, comprising a substrate transport part (15), a substrate preheating part (8), a lamination part (9) and, (10), an inter-substrate film processing part (3), a film feed part (2), a film accumulation part (4), a base film continuous peeling part (12, 13), and a cover film continuous peeling part (5), wherein a lamination is carried out by a pair of lamination rolls (9) and (10), part (15) being transport rolls, a base film is peeled off from a substrate after lamination, a guide roll (12) for peeling off the base film is located forward of the lamination rolls in the transport direction of the substrate, and the guide roll is free to move vertically or laterally, whereby an angle between a substrate surface and the base film being wound up, i.e., the peeling angle of the base film can be changed to any angle.

Abstract: Printed slips are applied to packets in a cigarette packer by a unit comprising a first device designed to feed slips procured as single items and ordered in a stack, or a second device designed to feed slips obtainable as cuts generated from a continuous strip; the two feed devices are conceived as mutually interchangeable accessory components that can be mounted in identical manner to a universal pickup and application device that is installed permanently in the machine and able to take up the slips with equal facility from either the first or the second feed device at a pickup station.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for laminating media sheets to remove trailing edge coating debris as the carrier is removed from the laminated sheet involves imparting a transverse force to the laminated sheet to cause the sheet to abruptly straighten as the trailing edge of the sheet passes by a corner of a carrier separation bar at which the carrier is removed. The transverse force may be imparted by guides such as rollers defining a serpentine path through which the laminated sheet must travel.

Abstract: An exemplary embodiment of the invention concerns a process for forming an elongated strip for use in making two tone muntin bars. An elongated strip of muntin bar material is provided that has been treated on at least a portion of one side to define an exposed surface of a completed muntin bar fabricated from the muntin bar material. An elongated strip of covering material is also provided for controlled application onto a specified portion of a surface of the muntin bar material. The elongated strip of covering material includes an adhesive for adhering the covering material to the muntin bar material. The muntin bar material and the covering material are brought into contact with each other thereby causing the covering material to overlie and adhere to the muntin bar material.

Abstract: An adhesive tape piece sticking device (14) for sticking a double-coated adhesive tape piece to a cigarette paper (P) has a motor (52) for rotating a reel (32) that takes up a tape band (T) delivered from a tape roll (58). A guide block (66) for projectingly guiding the tape band toward the paper (P) and a lift guide unit (68) are arranged in the middle of a take-up path for the tape band. The sticking device slides as a whole with a tape piece positioned between an edge (70) and a guide plate (74), thereby pressing the tape piece against the paper. Further, the lift guide unit is lowered to separate the mount from the tape piece that is stuck to the paper.

Abstract: A labeling machine has a rotatable mounted drive wheel with alternating knurled and recessed sections formed on its circumference. The drive wheel rotates at a predetermined number of revolutions per minute, and the respective lengths of the knurled and recessed sections are pre-selected to provide a timing function that synchronizes operation of various parts of the machine. A label-carrying backing is driven along a path of travel between a supply drum and a take-up drum when a knurled section is in meshing agreement with a rotatably mounted pressure wheel. The backing is held against travel by a detent member when a recessed section is in juxtaposition with the pressure wheel, and a rotatably mounted cam operates an air valve that causes the detent member to momentarily release the backing just before a knurled section engages the pressure wheel.

Abstract: A rotary hot foil stamping machine is provided for repeatedly stamping a foil image onto a continuous product web at a consistent interval along the length of the product web. The rotary hot foil stamping machine includes first and second die stations, each die station comprising a servo driven rotary die holder with at least one removable die attached thereto. Counter rolls are mounted adjacent each die holder such that the outer surfaces of the dies engage the counter rolls as the dies are rotated past the counter rolls. The die holders are driven at a constant speed such that said die surfaces engage the counter rolls simultaneously at regular timed intervals.

Abstract: A roll of web and a method of making it has a total web width that is divided into n+1 portions by n circumferential slits. Each portion has a width less than the total web width such that the sum of the width of the portions equals the total web width and such that each portion can be individually used as an independent roll of web. The portions are held together such as by a core or an unslit portion of the web at innermost wraps of web.

Abstract: An apparatus for applying a cutting edge tape or a reinforcing tape to a substrate by feeding and cutting lengths of tape and advancing the lengths to a vacuum wheel applicator, the feed section of the apparatus comprising a feed roll, an anvil vacuum roll, and a rotary knife adjacent to the anvil vacuum roll, and means for adjusting the speed of the feed roll and the speed of the anvil vacuum roll to vary the length of the tape advanced to the applicator.

Abstract: A method of continuously forming a multi-layer laminate of thermoplastic polymeric films wherein one surface thereof has a precision pattern of embossed elements thereon and wherein the thermoplastic polymeric films can be dissimilar. A generally cylindrical seamless metal embossing tool with an outer surface having the reverse of the pattern to be formed on the surface of the sheeting is used. The laminate is formed by continuously feeding onto a heated embossing tool a superimposed first resinous film and a first carrier film wherein the first resinous film is pressed against the embossing tool and is heated above its glass transition temperature thereby becoming embossed with the pattern, while the first carrier film remains at a temperature below its glass transition temperature.

Abstract: A method of producing a succession of self-adhesive labels (6) carried on a backing of release material (8), the method comprising the steps of: (a) providing a first web of release material carrying a succession of folded leaflets (30); (b) conveying the first web along A pathway by a web conveyor, (c) printing a second web (36) with a succession of images along its length by at least one print station (44, 46, 48, 50), the or each print station being driven independently of the web conveyor and being directly or indirectly registered with reference to the first web or the folded leaflets; (d) laminating the printed second web over the succession of folded leaflets; and (e) die-cutting (54, 56) through at least the second web as far as the release material to form a succession of self-adhesive labels.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus and a method for manufacturing a windable carbonaceous material sheet, which is obtained by continuously curing a long uncured fiber sheet which is obtained by using short fibers to make paper and which contains uncured resin to produce a resin-impregnated cured sheet, and then continuously carbonizing it, and its production process.

Abstract: A card manufacturing machine assembly for producing a coupon card fabricated from a continuous sheet of stock. The machine assembly has a support frame for supporting the continuous sheet of stock as the sheet of stock moves through the machine assembly. A driving mechanism is mounted to the support frame and has driving gears for transferring the sheet of stock through the machine assembly at a predetermined speed. A printing station prints indicia on the continuous sheet of stock in two parallel rows. A cutting device separates the continuous sheet of stock into two strips. An inverting device rotates one of the strips 180° relative to the other strip. A stripping device removes a release liner from one of the strips to expose an adhesive layer. A pair of coupling rollers are mounted to the support frame and are in driving engagement with one of the driving gears to rotate the coupling rollers at a predetermined rotational speed.

Abstract: Methods and systems for producing continuous laminated film label stock from a polypropylene or polyethylene film with pressure-sensitive adhesives which cure without evaporation by heating and labels produced by these methods are provided.

Abstract: An intermediate transfer film on which an image is printed is carried on a backing web and after is laminated to a substrate, such as an identification card. A lamination station uses heater rollers for the lamination process, and subsequent to the lamination station the backing web is guided to a take-up roller around a peel-off roller. The peel-off roller is supported in a heat insulating frame to minimize storing heat that increases the likelihood of flakes of the laminate material remaining with the backing web.

Abstract: Articles including material laminated to a surface of a microcellular substrate are disclosed, as well as methods of making these articles. Microcellular polymeric material in sheet form can be extruded and continuously fed from the extruded to a lamination system, or microcellular sheet can be produced and stored, and then fed into a lamination system.

Abstract: A production line for manufacturing absorbent disposable articles includes a conveyor path (3, 14, 15) which moves a web of material through the production line, and a row of devices (1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13) which are arranged sequentially in the movement direction of the conveyor path and which perform different operations in the manufacture of the absorbent article. The devices are carried by rectangular carrier plates (29, 34, 35, 39, 47) which are attached to vertical posts (17) which, in a framework (16), are placed on the same side of the conveyor path and sequentially in a direction parallel with the movement direction of the conveyor path. The framework includes a plurality of connectors (27, 28) which connect to flowing media delivery lines, such as electric current and compressed air.

Abstract: A resin laminated metallic sheet having excellent adhesion during forming, corrosion resistance, and impact resistance is continuously manufactured at high speed with consistent properties is constantly kept at a selected and variable traveling speed of the metallic sheet by controlling the orientation of resin film after lamination, heating the continuously traveling metallic sheet, laminating resin films on both sides of the heated metal sheet using laminating rolls, and thereafter deflecting the traveling direction of the resin laminated metallic sheet using a deflector roll disposed movably in a direction perpendicular to the direction at a right angle from traveling direction of the metallic sheet, and further, differentiating a contacting period of time in which each surface of the resin laminated metallic sheet is contacting each of the laminating rolls, or differentiating an amount of the heat of each surface portion of the resin laminated metallic sheet lost by the cooling effect due to the contact o

Abstract: A teartape for packaging materials, and particularly such materials based on polyolefin films, includes a base film coated with a pressure sensitive adhesive composition. The teartape is affixed to the packaging material by the adhesive composition. This avoids the problem of distortion which can occur when affixing conventional teartapes to such packaging materials by means of hot melt wax compositions. The teartape is applied to moving packaging material by controlling the speed of the teartape in accordance with the speed of the packaging material so as to reduce tension imbalance. The speed of the teartape may be controlled in dependence upon the tension in the teartape. This can be achieved by supplying the teartape from a dispenser having a brake means (4,5) and a drive means (10,11,12) for regulating the speed oft he teartape in dependence on the tension in the teartape.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for making a graphic product from a layer of sheet material on a carrier sheet uses stored machine readable data describing the periphery of the graphic product to cut and remove the product from the carrier sheet. The apparatus includes a feeding mechanism for feeding the layer of sheet material and a bonding web adjacent a thermal heating head. The thermal heating head has individual heating elements that are selectively energized to heat the bonding web throughout a patterned heat application area which overlies the portion of the sheet material corresponding to the weed or the graphic product designated for removal. The portion of the layer of sheet material secured to the bonding web is then separated from the carrier sheet. The apparatus can also be used to apply an adhesive inhibitor to one portion of the sheet material so that another portion can be removed with a conventional adhesive transfer web.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for forming a connection of portions of a moving folded web of disposable undergarments is provided. The apparatus preferably includes a registration conveyor positioned to register and convey a folded web of disposable undergarments moving along a predetermined path of travel and a web connector positioned adjacent the registration conveyor to connect portions of the folded web as the folded web is conveyed along the predetermined path of travel. A method preferably includes registeringly conveying a folded web of disposable undergarments along a predetermined path of travel and connecting portions of the folded web as the folded web is conveyed along the predetermined path of travel.

Abstract: A method for a production of a laminated metal sheet which can reduce the ratio of pinholes being caused in a synthetic resin film (the incidence of pinholes) upon deep draw forming of the laminated metal sheet involves superimposing the heated metal sheet on the synthetic resin film unwound from a film roll, passing the heated metal sheet and the synthetic resin film through a pair of laminating rolls to laminate the two together, the laminating process being carried out in a laminating chamber in which the concentration of fine particles having a mean particle diameter exceeding 3 .mu.m is kept below 100 pieces/ft.sup.3.