Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for producing a textile product of the lapped/bonded type from fibers and/or filaments travelling in the direction of advance in the form of a web, this method comprising at least one step, called the “prelooping step”, in which the fibers and/or filaments individually undergo looping transversely to the direction of advance of the web, if appropriate accompanied by transverse drawing, characterized in that it subsequently comprises a step of confining the parallelized fibers and/or filaments in the form of loops, this latter confining step taking place directly on a support, without transport members, such as needles or transfer elements, being involved.

Abstract: A method of adhesion inhibiting generation of bubbles is provided. Heating, evacuation and centrifugal degassing are performed on an adhesive 37 disposed in an adhesive container 30 to semi-harden the adhesive 37, then a semi-hardened adhesive is discharged as disposed in the adhesive container 30 to mount a chip. Removal of bubbles is efficiently performed since semi-hardening and degassing are simultaneously performed. Further, no defective product is produced even if a working process is stopped since no process for semi-hardening a discharged adhesive exists.

Abstract: A system and method for managing overflow of moistening fluid in a mailing machine is provided. An overflow pipe is provided in the reservoir, positioned over a sump located beneath the reservoir. The top of the overflow pipe in the reservoir is located slightly above the moistening fluid normal operating level in the reservoir. In the event the level of the moistening fluid rises above the normal operating level to a point above the top of the overflow pipe, the moistening fluid will flow through the overflow pipe and into the sump. The sump contains an absorbent material to absorb any moistening fluid that flows into the sump, thereby preventing the moistening fluid from sloshing out of the sump if the mailing machine is moved. The moistening fluid absorbed by the absorbent material will eventually evaporate, thereby preventing any leakage of the moistening fluid from the mailing machine.

Abstract: A charging bar applies a static charge to a printed label as it is fed in to a grounded adhesive applicator roll. The charged label is drawn to the grounded roll, and thereby obtains even coating of adhesive on the underside of the label, while avoiding contamination of the printed surface of the label with adhesive. The adhesive coated label is carried by a transfer roll to a laminating nip where it is adhered to a corrugated substrate.

Abstract: A device is provided for winding paper in which the paper web running is supported by a reel drum and wound onto exchangeable reel shafts in contact with the reel drum in order to form rolls of paper. The device applies a heated adhesive agent on the web and/or on the reel shaft onto which the web is to be wound. A spray rack is mounted on the stand of the reel-up, upstream of the reel drum and extending transversely to the machine direction, or alternatively, is mounted in various other locations of the reel-up. A hopper with a heater heats the heated adhesive agent to temporarily lower its viscosity and stickiness for smooth and even spraying. A series of nozzles are mounted on the rack spaced across the width of the web to spread spray jets of liquid containing said heated adhesive onto the web and/or the reel shaft. The adhesive area thus is disposed between the web and the empty reel shaft so as to facilitate initiating the winding process.

Abstract: An adhesive dispensing apparatus and image forming apparatus include a support device for supporting a sheet bundle, a dispensing device for dispensing an adhesive to an edge of the sheet bundle supported by the support device, and a transport device for transporting the sheet bundle with the edge having the adhesive dispensed by the dispensing device as a leading edge. A cover can be securely attached to the sheet bundle.

Abstract: The invention relates to a film tube (10) based on cellulose which is produced by extruding an aqueous cellulose-N-methyl-morpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) solution through a ring nozzle (21) onto a lining (3). The film tube (10) is manufactured by means of a vertically descending spinning in a spinning vat (12) in which a spinning bath (11) is located. The film tube (10) which is submerged in the spinning bath (11) passes through an air gap (9) between the underside of a nozzle block (7) and the upper surface of the spinning bath (11) and, internally, is pressurized, supported and slightly stretched in a transversal manner by compressed air. The film tube (10) is filled with an inner bath solution (31) via a supply tube (18). An idle roller (13) is situated near the bottom of the spinning vat (12) in order to guide the film tube (10) around and, afterwards, out of the spinning vat (12) in an upward sloping manner. The film tube is laid flat along a contact section (27) of the idle roller (13).

Abstract: The method and apparatus of the present invention includes an alignment base for receiving a golf club head, an injector for injecting an adhesive material into a bore of the golf club head, and a mechanism for holding a shaft for attachment to the golf club head. The present invention allows for greater efficiency in the amount of adhesive material that is used to attach the shaft to the golf club head, and reduces the assembly time.

Abstract: A coated film forming method is capable of readily forming a coated film of a thermoplastic material on a coated region of an inner peripheral surface of a cylinder. A nozzle, through which a molten paste of a thermoplastic material kept molten is discharged, is disposed toward an inner peripheral surface of a cylinder. The nozzle is moved along a rotational central line of the cylinder while rotating the cylinder and discharging the molten paste from the nozzle. Centrifugal force acting on the cylinder being rotated leads to spreading of the molten paste applied to the inner peripheral surface of the cylinder. Viscosity of the molten paste, a rotational speed of the cylinder and a speed of movement of the nozzle are set so as to keep the molten paste discharged from the nozzle from being scattered to a region other than the coated region.

Abstract: A turbine brush seal is created between two members, one of which may rotate with respect to the other. A bonding agent, capable of withstanding temperatures above at least about 400° C. for at least about 10,000 hours, is applied to one or both members, each of which may include a groove for application of the bonding agent. Flexible filaments, also capable of withstanding temperatures above at least about 400° C. for at least about 10,000 hours, are then embedded into the bonding agent by, for example, electrostatic flocking. After the bonding agent solidifies, the turbine brush seal is created.

Abstract: A self-adjusting moistening system for a mailing system is provided. The applicator is coupled to a float mechanism, placed in the reservoir of moistening fluid, by a spring. When the reservoir is full of moistening fluid, the spring is compressed, and therefore does not provide any force on the applicator. As the level of moistening fluid decreases, the height of the float mechanism in the reservoir will also decrease, thereby causing the spring to elongate. As the spring elongates, it will pull down on the applicator, thereby causing an increase in the force applied between the applicator and the wick. This increase in force provides a more uniform deposition of the moistening fluid to the envelope flap as the level of the moistening fluid in the reservoir varies from full to empty.

Abstract: Apparatus for applying adhesive to outer edge portions of a generally rectangular clear plastic package piece has a lower portion that is a reservoir for liquid adhesive and an upper portion comprising a cover plate for the reservoir and having a flat rectangular top surface with a slot extending along each of the opposing sides of the top perimeter. Additionally, there a pair of longitudinally extending slots along the middle of the top surface and lateral slots extend through other portions of the cover plate. For each slot there is a removably mounted wick assembly, each assembly including a sheet of felt-like wick material that is looped around a rigid support bar with a lower part of the wick material extending downwardly into the reservoir. An upper portion of the wick extends a certain distance above the surface of the cover plate.

Abstract: A apparatus and method for manufacturing a laminated optical disc that include an adhesive applying device adapted to apply an adhesive to a first substrate, and forming an adhesive layer having a specific thickness between the first substrate and a second substrate superimposed onto the first substrate. The manufacturing apparatus and method may further include a provisional bonding device adapted to partially cure the adhesive layer to partially bond and provisionally fasten the first substrate and the second substrate.

Abstract: A production method of and a production apparatus for an optical recording disc comprising two bonded round substrates, capable of obtaining a high quality optical recording disc by drastically reducing the number of bubbles remaining in a cured ultraviolet ray curing type resin of the completed optical recording disc. An adhesive is applied on a predetermined position of the upper surface of a first round substrate. The first round substrate applied with the adhesive is reversed. The reversed first round substrate and a second round substrate are bonded with each other via the adhesive on the first round substrate.

Abstract: A method of forming a continuous composite structure includes the steps of predetermining relative proportions of a liquid resin forming material, a catalyst, and a inhibitor from respective reservoir (32, 33, 34) based on the ambient temperature and a porous blanket. The predetermined proportions are recirculated independently substantially continuously and coordinated at preselected rates. The predetermined proportions are simultaneously withdrawn and continuously mixed in a chamber (39) having a dispensing outlet (40). A pool (46) of the mixture is formed on the blanket (44) and a leading edge (68) is advanced substantially immediately into permanent contact with a preselected final surface and adhered thereto. Part of the catalyzed and inhibited resin forming material migrates through the blanket to form a continuous resin matrix therein.

Abstract: A liquid dispensing module and nozzle or die tip for discharging at least one liquid filament. The nozzle includes a strand guide for guiding a substrate past the nozzle. The strand guide is a concave or rounded notch in the nozzle which receives and aligns a strand to allow accurate placement of a liquid such as adhesive.

Abstract: A gluing station for adhesive binding sheet blocks with clamping fixtures for localizing a sheet block with a glue application device, which provides at least one glue application roller that is moveable relative to a block spine by a carriage. Moveable tightening fixtures for slanting the block spine are provided, and the carriage is arranged on a linear carriage track that is inclined at least nearly parallel to the slanted alignment of the block spine. The gluing station may be used for adhesive bindings of books, brochures and other printed products.

Abstract: A paste application apparatus includes a robot mechanism for holding a syringe storing paste material and a controller for controlling the operation of the robot mechanism. The robot mechanism further takes charge of delivering the syringe to a holding mechanism and also connecting and disconnecting a pipe to be connected with the syringe. By this robot mechanism, the exchange of an empty syringe for a new syringe can be carried out without an operator automatically. It is possible to reduce an operator's burden and enhance the operating efficiency in applying the paste material.

Abstract: An apparatus for applying fluid onto a substrate, in particular for glueing inner books, books, magazines and other substrates that need to be bound. The apparatus comprises a first slot nozzle, connectable with a fluid source, for applying a fluid film onto one side of the substrate to be coated. The first slot nozzle comprises a seal member for adjusting the width of the first slot nozzle outlet transversely to the principal direction of movement of the substrate. This enables the width across which fluid is applied to the inner book side to be adjusted.

Abstract: A device for application of a liquid gluing system comprising at least two components, such as a resin component and a hardener component, the device comprising at least two hollow members (11, 11′), each member being provided with a row of orifices designed to apply the respective components onto a substrate (6) below the hollow members (11, 11′), and at least two trays (2, 2′) one tray below each of the hollow members to receive surplus of the respective component not being applied onto the substrate, wherein the hollow members (11, 11′) are adapted to be placed in the respective tray (2, 2′) having the orifices below the level of the liquid in the tray. A method for avoiding plugging of the orifices in the hollow member during a stop in application is also described.

Abstract: Apparatus for the application of adhesive to one side of a running web of tipping paper for use in filter cigarete makers has a single source of adhesive or two or more sources containing identical or different adhesives, and one or more conduits leading from the source(s) to one or more nozzles which applies or apply one or more films of a single adhesive or of different adhesives to selected portions of the one side of the web. The rate of admission of adhesive(s) to the nozzle(s), including interruption and restarting of admission of adhesive(s), is regulated by one or more valves each having a body receiving a rotary valving element provided with one or more peripheral projections and/or recesses serving to regulate the rate of flow of adhesive toward the single nozzle or the respective nozzles. The rotary elements of two or more valves can constitute disc-shaped sections of a single rotor confined in a valve body common to all valves.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for applying adhesive in a web converting machine is disclosed. In some embodiments, an adhesive application assembly is used to seal the tail of a rolled product against the rolled product. After being positioned in a location upon a roller, the rolled product is rotated and a sensor detects the location of the tail end, thereby establishing a reference for determining tail length in later operations. When the tail reaches a desired position, the adhesive application assembly applies adhesive to the tail and/or rolled product. In some embodiments, the adhesive assembly includes one or more adhesive sprayers with aperture members, and is self-cleaning. After the adhesive has been applied, the tail is wound upon the rolled product. In some embodiments, an adhesive application assembly is employed to apply adhesive to a core about which sheet material is to be wound.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method and apparatus for applying adhesive to packaging in a variety of configurations. The adhesive may be applied by a nozzle in a first direction, a second direction and a stationary spot, wherein the first direction and the second direction are transverse to each other.

Abstract: An apparatus having several stations that receive, apply adhesive to, crowd, press and cure the wood pieces into a continuous wood panel. A singulation station engages an individual one of the wood pieces oriented in a cross-machine direction from an infeed station, presents the wood piece to an adhesive station for adhesive application and releases the wood piece for crowding at a crowding station into a batch of the wood pieces. A press station downwardly presses the batch with an upper platen and presses the batch in a downstream direction onto the continuous wood panel with a clamping device. A radio frequency device applies radio waves to cure the adhesive between the wood pieces of the batch so as to adhere the wood pieces together and so as to adhere the batch to the continuous wood panel. A cutting station cuts individual wood panels from the continuous wood panel.

Abstract: A paste unit (3) for a bottom guide device for star seal bottom bags, which are formed of tube sections, is introduced. The paste unit (3) serves for the glueing of bottom warps, or star seal bottom bags. The unit's characteristics are a glue reservoir (1), or a glue source (5), a metering roller (2), a glue application roller (3), as well as a making roller (4). Drive means are assigned to the rollers.

Abstract: The invention relates to a paste unit for a bottom guide device for star seal bottom bags, which are formed from tube sections, for gluing of bottom warps or star seal bottom bags, and has at least the following characteristics:

Abstract: In an adhesive applicator apparatus comprising an adhesive applicator roll and a nip roll, a web of corrugated board is led through the nip that is formed between the rolls. In the nip, the web of corrugated board is pressed against the adhesive applicator roll by a given constant force.

Abstract: A apparatus and method for manufacturing a laminated optical disc that include an adhesive applying device adapted to apply an adhesive to a first substrate, forming an adhesive layer having a specific thickness between the first substrate and a second substrate superimposed onto the first substrate, and a suction device adapted to suction the adhesive layer formed between the first substrate and the second substrate with a predetermined suction force. The manufacturing apparatus and method may further include a provisional bonding device adapted to partially cure the suctioned adhesive layer to partially bond and provisionally fasten the first substrate and the second substrate.

Abstract: A apparatus and method for manufacturing a laminated optical disc that include an adhesive applying device adapted to apply an adhesive to a first substrate, forming an adhesive layer having a specific thickness between the first substrate and a second substrate superimposed onto the first substrate. The manufacturing apparatus and method further include an adhesive supply source adapted to supply the adhesive to the adhesive applying device at a first predetermined temperature and a defoaming tank adapted to remove bubbles from the adhesive at a second predetermined temperature, which is higher than the first predetermined temperature.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for sealing a tail of a log of web material is provided. A linear tail seal system includes a track and electromagnets that cooperate to move a linear motor. The tail of the log is detected by an electronic eye as the log moves near the linear tail seal system, which signals an adhesive applicator to apply an adhesive to the log. An ironing roll forms a tail seal by adhesively ironing the tail seal on the log. A process for making a roll having a well defined handle formed by the linear tail seal system is also provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for the application of fluid materials to a surface of a sheet-form material, comprising an application roller, with a roller body and a jacket surface, which, by means of at least partial contact with the sheet-form material, transfers the fluid materials leading to the sheet-form material. The invention further comprises an application doctor blade, with a pre-dosing channel for the supply of fluid materials leading thereto and which at least partly coats the application roller with fluid material. A flow of a medium is provided in at least one region adjacent to the jacket surface, which is directed from the longitudinal mid-axis of the application roller to the outside.

Abstract: A die bonder includes a conveyor, a pre-heater, at least one carrier, a paste-dispensing mechanism, a die taking/placing mechanism, and a heater. The conveyor continuously operates in a ring-shaped manner. The carrier is carried on the conveyor to position the substrate. The pre-heater heats the substrate to eliminate the moisture in the substrate. The paste-dispensing mechanism dispenses an adhesive agent onto the substrate. Then, the die taking/placing mechanism places a die onto the substrate at a position where the adhesive agent is dispensed. Finally, the heater is used to cure the adhesive agent so as to bond the die to the substrate.

Abstract: The bonding system for auxiliary door seals contains a receiving means for detachably holding a mounting template whose peripheral edge at the narrow side is provided with a plurality of spaced-apart trough-like suction members which are connectable via a joint line and a connection valve to a source of vacuum to suck in the auxiliary door seal placed on the peripheral edge. The receiving means is guided together with the mounting template by a slide means below and past two plasma irradiation means and below two metering devices which apply a predetermined amount of a viscous adhesive to the auxiliary door seal. Each of the metering devices has a double seat valve which releases either the connection between a cartridge and a displacement-type metering means or the connection between the displacement-type metering means and the outlet opening of the valve means.

Abstract: The invention relates to an applicator comprising a) an elongated chamber (3) having an opening for a glue stick and a nozzle (6) for distributing melted glue, b) means for gradually pushing the stick into the chamber (3) and c) two heating elements (131, 132), each of which comprises a channel (151, 152) made from an electrically resistant material and which can be connected to an electrical power source. Said channel (151, 152) is formed on an electrically insulated surface of a substrate (141, 142) which is arranged so as to be in thermal contact with a mass of glue contained in the chamber (3). The heating element (131, 132) is applied against an external conformal surface (21, 22) of a heating body (2), one surface of which defines said chamber (3). The heating body (2) is made from a heat-conducting material.

Abstract: This invention is related to an apparatus for attaching resists and wafers to substrates, including: first and a second moving devices for moving substrates and wafers respectively; a first tank for containing an adhesive agent; a dispensing device which dispenses a predetermined amount of the adhesive agent at the central region of the wafer; a third moving device for placing the substrate on the wafer, a compressing device which compresses the substrate to squeeze out any possible air bubble existing within the adhesive agent between the substrate and the wafer; a second tank for containing the adhesive agent; a fourth moving device for moving the attached substrate and the wafer together to the second tank such that the complete area of the wafer at the side thereof opposite to the substrate is covered with the adhesive agent in an appropriate amount; a mold having a plurality of cavities arranged in a required pattern; a supplying device for providing a plurality of resists on the mold; a shake-and-load d

Abstract: An apparatus for controlling a speed of a motor of a metering pump providing pressurized fluid at a dispensing gun. The dispensing gun is opened and closed to dispense fluid onto a substrate being carried by a conveyor past the dispensing gun. The apparatus has a pressure control producing first motor speed signals as a function of changing speeds of the conveyor and changing fluid pressures in the dispensing gun when the dispensing gun is open. A flow control produces second motor speed signals as a function of the changing speeds of the conveyor. During changes in conveyor velocity, a motor speed control provides the first motor speed signal to the pump motor which operates the motor at speeds causing the pump to provide fluid to the dispensing gun at pressures changing at a rate tracking a rate of change of the speed of the conveyor.

Abstract: A servo control system for adjusting adhesive film thickness on a glue machine glue roll, wherein the glue machine includes a glue roll, a metering roll, and a glue gap defined between the glue roll and the metering roll. The system includes a servo motor for driving a glue gap adjusting mechanical linkage, a position encoder integrated into the servo motor, and a servo position controller coupled to the position encoder.

Abstract: The invention relates to an adhesive application station provided for bonding stacked printed products using a flowable or liquifiable adhesive. The inventive station comprises an application head which is provided for the adhesive and which has a sliding surface for the printed products. The station also comprises a stop which is arranged on each side of said sliding surface and which is provided for the printed products, and comprises a slotted nozzle which is provided for the adhesive and which extends over the entire width of the sliding surface. The adhesive application station also has an adhesive reservoir that is configured as a pressure chamber and has means for generating pressure in said adhesive reservoir. At least one lateral stop is configured as a lateral guide surface which, within a narrow tolerance zone, automatically compensates for different thicknesses of the stacked printed products that are passing through.

Abstract: A method of joining fabric sheets is disclosed, wherein a thermoplastic joiner is impregnated into a fabric sheet. The molten adhesive is applied to the fabric and may be made to impregnate the fibres by a combination of a roller (16), and infrared source (7), and an ultrasound head (5). The method enables otherwise non-containable fibres (2) to he contained, thereby providing a strong, leakproof seam. In another embodiment, the roller is shaped in order to provide a self locating bead profile, to improve the alignment process.

Abstract: The invention comprises a method for gluing fibrous raw materials, which improves the even distribution of the binding agent on the fibers considerably. The invention furthermore describes a device for performing the gluing process. The invention suggests a method for moistening fibrous raw materials provided for the manufacture of fiberboards, mats and the like with bonding agents, wherein the fibrous raw materials exist in at least a pre-dried state and are moistened by a pre-dispersed binding agent in a continuous stream, characterized in that subsequent to the moistening process the fibrous raw materials are compressed with high pressure before being conveyed further.

Abstract: A system for manufacturing a trim panel includes a plurality of rollers for routing a foam core of the trim panel along a path. A first doctor blade for applying an adhesive resin is disposed adjacent to the first side of the foam core. A second doctor blade for applying an adhesive resin to the second side of the foam core is disposed adjacent the second side of the foam core. The system further includes a mixing head having an output port. A mixing tube is attached to the output port. The mixing head defines first, second, and third distinct fluid paths for the first, second and third components, respectively. The first, second, and third fluid ports extend to the output port. In use, the system continuously monitors the actual application rate of the adhesive resin and compares this actual application rate to a desired application rate and adjusts the pump output accordingly.

Abstract: The invention provides an apparatus and method for the application of adhesive substances to objects, such as solder balls, for the purpose of mounting them onto substrates. The apparatus comprises an applicator having a layer of the adhesive substance and a pick carrier to carry objects and move the objects from a supply source to a substrate for mounting the objects thereon. The applicator is located so that the applicator applies the adhesive substance to the objects while the objects carried on the pick carrier are moving between the supply source and the substrate.

Abstract: A printer for printing and binding documents and for moving bound documents into a collection tray. The printer has printing means designed to print onto substantially planar print media, a binder designed to bind a plurality of substantially planar print media together to form a substantially planar bound document and to retain the bound document in a substantially vertical orientation. The printer also has a collection tray positioned beneath the binder which is designed to receive and retain a bound document in a substantially vertical orientation. The printer also has a document transfer device positioned beneath the binder and above the collection tray. The document transfer device is designed to transfer a bound document from the binding means to the collection tray while maintaining the substantially vertical orientation of the bound document.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a system for preparing a microporous laminated sheet, which allows a stable breath ability of microporous film to be maintained while making an adhesion of the microporous film excellent. Also, a method of preparing the microporous laminated sheet using the system and a microporous laminated sheet prepared thereby are disclosed. The preparing system includes an adhesive-applying section serving to apply an adhesive in the linear or lattice shape on the microporous film.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for sticking, a container, a pocket tape, a method for the production of a pocket tape, a device for the production of a pocket tape, a method for the production of an adhesive tape, an adhesive tape and a device for the production of an adhesive tape. The invention is characterised in that adhesive zones are spaced from one another by non-adhesive zones.

Abstract: Disclosed is a device and a method for bonding friction material of clutch pulley. The device and method for bonding friction material of clutch pulley can simplify bonding processes by bonding friction material to a clutch pulley of an electromagnetic clutch for a compressor with a liquid phase adhesive, and improve productivity and prevent bonding error of the friction material by automatically inspecting a coated condition of the liquid phase adhesive.

Abstract: An apparatus for applying glue to a tubular core in a re-reeling device for winding logs of material in strips in which a conveyor feeds cores, one after another and distanced form on another, in succession, and at controlled speeds, through an arrangement of two rollers rotating at the same speeds and in synchronization with the controlled linear speed of the conveyor. The first rotating roller, is at least partly immersed in a tank of glue, with at least one portion of a generatrix of the first roller coming into contact with the core fed by the conveyor, and the second roller is positioned opposite the first roller and interacts with the core so that the core is fed through without unintended rotation and the glue is applied in a controlled fashion.

Abstract: An integrated, automated system for terminating an optical fiber with an optical connector which includes an apparatus for preparing adhesive for injection into an optical connector, an apparatus for injecting adhesive into an optical connector, an apparatus for inserting a fiber optic cable into an optical connector, and an apparatus for curing an adhesive following insertion of optical fiber into the optical connector. Devices that utilize vibratory or wave energy throughout the assembly process are also provided, as are feedback modules that enhance the accuracy and efficiency of the system.

Abstract: Disclosed are a system and method for installing tiles and the like. The system allows for easily spreading mortar before installation of tiles or the like, and grout thereafter; and the method uses the same system for dispensing both mortar and grout with only minor modification thereto being required to optimize material spreading results.

Abstract: The system includes a nozzle, a drive, a metering pump, a supply of material and a controller. The nozzle dispenses material into contact with one or more surfaces of a window sash. The drive relatively moves the nozzle with respect to the window sash along a path of travel defined by a perimeter of the window sash at controlled speeds. The metering pump delivers the material to the nozzle at controlled volumetric rates that correspond to the controlled speeds of relative motion between the nozzle and the sash. The supply of material delivers the material to the metering pump. The controller controls the relative motion between the window sash and the nozzle and controls the flow rate of material dispensed by the nozzle.