Abstract: Method for pressing and dewatering a paper web, in which a hot-pressing stage is utilized where the wet paper web is pressed in direct contact with a cylinder face that has been heated to a temperature higher than about 100.degree. C. A relatively long pressing time and a relatively low compression pressure are applied in a pre-heating/pre-pressing stage. In this preliminary stage, a surface layer of the cylinder that heats the paper web is heated to a temperature higher than about 100.degree. C. In the immediately following stage, the compression pressure applied to the paper web is lowered so that vaporization of the water present in the paper web is intensified.

Abstract: Elastic, heat-insulating shapes of ceramic, refractory or fireproof fibers and, where needed, further refractory or fireproof substances, and temporary or inorganic binders, as well as a process for the preparation thereof. The heat-insulating shapes are characterized by the fact that they contain 5 to 40 weight % of fibrids comprised of organic polymers, as a result of which they have elastic properties and can be formed with ease at moderate temperatures. In preparing these shapes, a customary aqueous dispersion containing the fibers and binder is mixed with the fibrids of the organic polymer, and water is removed therefrom and the shapes are otherwise produced in a known manner.

Abstract: Method and arrangement in a machine for the manufacture of paper or board, for heating an outer face of a cylinder or roll which is in direct contact with a web to be pressed thereagainst. The cylinder or roll face is heated from outside inductively by using a magnetic field, and by which a heating effect based on eddy currents is produced in the outer layer of the roll or cylinder. A relatively thin outer layer of an electrically conductive ceramic material is used as the cylinder or roll face, in which the resistive heating effect is concentrated. The depth of penetration of the heating effect in the radial direction of the roll of cylinder to be heated is restricted to a sufficiently low depth by choosing the thickness of the ceramic outer layer and/or the electric frequency of the induction heating.

Abstract: A paper having an absolute dry moisture content (moisture content in absolute dry condition) of 1.8-7% is subjected to a heat calendering treatment at a temperature of 150.degree.-300.degree. C. under a linear pressure of 40 kg/cm or above to provide a paper which has both satisfactory surface smoothness and rigidity (stiffness) and is suited for use as a photographic support.

Abstract: A support for photographic printing paper containing a base paper having polyolefin coated on both surfaces thereof, wherein as the base paper is used a one side-machine glazed paper having a glossy surface which is obtained by bringing one surface of a wet paper into intimate contact with the mirror surface of a heated mirror surface type drier and drying.

Abstract: The invention consists of modified dryer section in a papermachine wherein elements normally found in the press section of the machine are included in the dryer section. The modification consists of the use of a press felt instead of a dryer felt and the addition of press rolls, adjacent to the dryer cylinders, forming nips through which the felt and the wet paper sheet to be dried are passed. Pocket ventilation rolls are also included to evaporate water absorbed by the felt from the paper sheet during passages through the nips. The dryer section incorporating these modifications can be viewed as a press-dryer hybrid. Improved dryer efficiency and lower costs per ton of paper produced are the results.

Abstract: Control of detachment of a web from a roll, such as a paper web from a press roll in a paper machine, in particular a so-called closed press section provided with a smooth-faced press roll. The temperature of the surface of the smooth-faced press roll is adjusted, so that adhesion between the roll surface and the paper web to be detached is influenced or affected. Thereby, the detaching angle and/or the detaching tension of the paper web, is set within an optimal range. Temperature profile of the smooth-faced press roll in the axial direction thereof, can also be adjusted with a view to controlling the detaching of the web.

Abstract: A carbonaceous cylindrical body including a composite body of a carbonized material of a thin paper-like supporting body having a strength ratio of lengthwise direction to widthwise direction of 2 to 10 and obtained by manufacturing a paper-like body so that its carbonizable fibers are oriented and a carbonaceous matrix having an optically isotropic structure under a polarizing microscope and which shows a carbon content of at least 85% by weight, an oxygen gas permeation coefficient of 10.sup.-2 to 10.sup.-7 cm.sup.2 /sec. under a partial pressure of oxygen of 1 atmosphere and a bulk density of from 1.4 to 1.9 g/cm.sup.3. A process for producing the carbonaceous cylindrical body is also provided.

Abstract: A method for drying a fibre web such as a paper or paper board web, wherein air is first removed from the web and a dryer felt, whereafter they are led together between two parallel metal bands moving at the same speed as the web and the felt. For drying the web, the band on the side of the web is heated by means of a heating device before the band reaches the drying zone and, correspondingly, the band on the side of the dryer felt is cooled before the band reaches the drying zone and comes into contact with the dryer felt. In the method, for adjusting the mechanical Z compression exerted peripendicularly on the surface of the web, the temperature of the cooling band is adjusted so that the difference between the condensation pressure of the steam condensed on the surface of the band on the side of the dryer felt and the pressure acting on the outer surface of the bands is substantially equal to the desired mechanical Z compression.

Abstract: Method and device in a press section of a paper machine for detaching a web from a smooth face of a press roll. Momentary and local heating effect is directed at the web from outside the roll within the area or vicinity of a detaching point thereof. Material is used as the mantle or outer coating of the smooth-face roll which is at least somewhat magnetically conductive. An inductive heating effect is applied to the roll mantle free of contact therewith, and of such a high frequency, that depth of penetration of the heating effect remains sufficiently low in view of the local and momentary nature. Due to this heating effect, water present between the web and roll face is heated, even vaporized locally within the area of the detaching point, thereby detaching the web from the roll face. The electrical frequency of the induction heating is generally within the range of about 0.5 to 2 mHz, preferably within the range of about 0.8 to 1.5 mHz.

Abstract: Less porous, more abrasion-resistant nonwoven aramid sheets are made by expanding a smooth-surface, dried, wet-laid sheet of fibrids and fibers, which has fused, nonexpandable, densified regions, segmented by spaced interruptions of nonfused regions of the sheet structure, in a pattern which encloses expandable portions of the sheet structure. The re-wet sheet is heated dielectrically to expand the interior of the nondensified portions without substantially roughening or disrupting their surface skin.

Abstract: A paper machine includes a press section in which the paper web is carried along between a pair of paper machine felts. A dewatering apparatus is included in the press section which consists of a pair of opposed press rollers, one on either side of the felts, with the rollers forming a nip. The rolls are pressed toward each other to compress the felts and the paper web to the maximum mechanical compression. Compressed air is passed through one roller at the nip to the other roller which includes an exhaust device for draining the water blown through by the compressed air. The air is passed under pressure at the nip to evacuate water from the pores of the compressed felts and web. When the paper advances from the nip into an environment at atmospheric pressure, the paper web is substantially free of water.

Abstract: A press drying apparatus is disclosed for removing excess water from a formed web by the simultaneous application to the web of elevated temperature and pressure for a prolonged period of time. The apparatus includes a frame and a heated roll rotatably supported by the frame. A shoe is connected to the frame with the shoe cooperating with the heated roll for defining therebetween a first nip for the passage therethrough of the web. A deflection controller is connected to the frame with the controller cooperating with the heated roll for defining therebetween a second nip. The second nip is disposed diametrically opposite to the first nip such that when the web extends through the first nip and the heated roll is heated, deflection of the heated roll towards the second nip is compensated for by the deflection controller.

Abstract: An apparatus is disclosed for making a paper web from stock. The apparatus includes a first and a second forming wire which cooperate together to define therebetween a web-forming section having a first and a second end. A headbox is disposed adjacent to the first end of the forming section for ejecting the stock between the wires such that the web is formed from the stock during passage of the stock from the first towards the second end of the forming section. A first felt is disposed downstream relative to the forming section with the first felt running contiguously relative to the second wire such that the second wire is disposed between the first felt and the web. A second felt is disposed downstream relative to the forming section and on the opposite side of the web relative to the first felt.

Abstract: An apparatus and method is disclosed for removing fluid from a fibrous web. The apparatus includes a press member and a blanket which cooperates with the press member for defining therebetween an elongate pressing section such that the web is pressed between the press member and the blanket during passage through the pressing section. An elongate shoe urges the blanket towards the press member such that when the web passes through the pressing section, fluid is removed from the web. A heater is disposed adjacent to the press member for transferring heat to the web such that when the web passes through the press section, the web is subjected for an extended period to increased pressure and temperature so that water vapor generated within the pressing section during passage through the pressing section forces the fluid in the liquid phase away from the web. The press member defines a pressing surface which is porous so that delamination of the web is inhibited.

Abstract: A process for preparing linerboards from blends of Kraft chemical pulp with a Kraft high yield pulp comprises forming the pulp blend into sheets, pressing the sheets to a specific solids content and subsequently pressing at a press impulse of at least 7.5 psig-second. The linerboards have the same crush strength as those prepared from Kraft chemical pulps.

Abstract: Method and apparatus are provided for effectively controlling cross-machine moisture profile in a paper web undergoing processing, such as water-removal via a press nip. A compartmentalized system is provided in close proximity across a section of a traveling web undergoing dewatering whereby select size cross-machine compartments, for example, about 6" in width, are selectively provided with steam and/or air so as to control wet and/or dry streaks along the traveling web so that web areas opposite each compartment can be selectively heated for accentuated moistre removal or cooled for retarded water removal. In preferred embodiments, control of the profiling system occurs with the air of moisture sensors and a computer.

Abstract: In a press for papermaking comprising in combination, a pair of elongated rollers arranged one to another to provide an adjustable elongated nip therebetween, each of the rollers comprising a substantially rigid elongated shaft and a substantially rigid elongated sleeve overlying and rotatably supported upon the elongated shaft, the respective shafts extending outboard of the respective sleeve to provide two pairs of parallel spaced shaft outboard portions, the improvement comprising, in the case of each roller, providing a circumferentially extending running fit between the outer surface of the shaft and the inner surface of the sleeve defining an elongated annular chamber extending lengthwise of the sleeve. Other embodiments are disclosed which include the shaft being tubular and pressurized, lubricant in the annular chamber and a cable system for urging the rollers together. A splashguard is also provided for preventing water on the surface of the rollers from rewetting the paper.

Abstract: In a calendering apparatus for hot-calendering a paper web, the apparatus includes a rotatable calendering roll defining a smooth calendering surface. A backing roll rotatably cooperates with the calendering roll for defining therebetween a calendering nip for the passage therethrough of the web. An induction heater is disposed in close proximity to the calendering surface nip for inducing eddy currents within the calendering roll such that the calendering roll is heated. A blow box is disposed in close proximity to the calendering surface and between the heater and the nip. The blow box defines a plurality of compartments which are disposed in a cross-machine direction. Each of the compartments selectively blows a current of cooling air against the calendering surface for controlling the temperature of the calendering surface so that the temperature of the calendering surface adjacent to the nip is controlled in a cross-machine direction.

Abstract: A process for preparing a porous random fiber polymeric composite sheet through the addition of a cellulose ether which is selectively soluble or insoluble to a random fiber composite slurry under conditions such that the cellulose ether is insoluble, forming the slurry into a sheet, fusing the organic polymer component of the sheet and heating the sheet to solubilize the cellulose ether whereby voids are formed in the sheet. Before the sheet is treated to remove the cellulose ether, it may be combined with other sheets and densified under heat and pressure. Before removing the cellulose ether, the densified sheet may be heated under reduced pressure to expand or loft the sheet in a direciton normal to the plane of the sheet. A random fiber polymeric composite sheet, a densified sheet and a lofted sheet, each comprising a binder, fusable organic polymer, reinforcing material and a cellulose ether are also provided. The same sheets after removal of the cellulose ether are further provided.

Abstract: A relatively inexpensive mat is provided which through the application of heat and pressure readily can be densified to form rigid shaped articles. The mat is substantially free of a binder (e.g., a latex binder) and consists essentially of a substantially random array of (a) relatively coarse cellulosic fibers, (b) thermoplastic synthetic polymer fibrils, (c) non-fibrous thermoplastic synthetic polymer particles, and (d) substantially void-free substantially water-insoluble particulate inorganic material (e.g., talc) in the specified quantities. The mat preferably is formed by wet-laying from an aqueous dispersion wherein the (c) and (d) components are dispersed among and physically retained by the (a) and (b) components. A plurality of the mats while stacked may be subjected to heat and pressure to accomplish densification and thermal bonding within and between adjoining sheets to form a laminate.

Abstract: High temperature resistant pressboard having a desirable combination of compression set values and oil absorption is prepared by a process whereby a low density pressboard is first prepared by forming a wet lap of multiple layers of a waterleaf containing 50-95% by weight water and pressing the wet lap at 100-200.degree. C. under a pressure of 10-60 kg/cm.sup.2, drying, ultimately at 270.degree.-320.degree. C. until substantially no further moisture is evolved and finally pressing at 270.degree.-320.degree. C. under a pressure of 8-350 kg/cm.sup.2 and optionally cooling under restraint.

Abstract: Disclosed in a process for producing gloss and smoothness on the surface of a paper web, comprising:A. advancing a web of papermaking fibers through a nip formed by a smooth metal finishing drum and a resilient backing roll; andB. heating the drum to a temperature at least high enough to heat a substrata portion of the web to a temperature in which gloss and smoothness rapidly increase with increasing temperature due to thermoplastic molding of the substrata beneath the surface and at a temperature higher than where substantial gloss and smoothness would have already been obtained by molding of the surface of the web.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for accomplishing smoothness and glaze to paper or board webs in a calender by leading a web through hot nips which are formed between cooperating rolls of different hardnesses and having adjustable temperatures, and where a gradient calendering of the web based on the temperature difference between the web and the rolls is brought about. In order to increase the efficiency of the gradient calendering and in order to achieve a suitable temperature difference between the web and the heated rolls, the temperature of the web is arranged to be adjustable before the web enters the hot nip.

Abstract: A press apparatus is disclosed for removing fluid from a fibrous web. The apparatus includes a press member and a blanket cooperating with the press member for defining therebetween an elongate pressing section such that the web is pressed between the press member and the blanket during passage through the pressing section. The blanket is urged towards the press member such that when the web passes through the pressing section, fluid is pressed from the web. A heating device is disposed adjacent to the press roll for transferring heat to the web such that when the web passes through the pressing section, the web is subjected for an extended period to increased pressure and temperature so that water vapor generated within the pressing section during the passage of the web through the pressing section forces the fluid in the liquid phase away from the web.

Abstract: Disclosed is a semipermeable membrane support and a process for making the same. The support is formed of a non-woven fabric of a laminated structure having a low density layer with an air permeability of 5 to 50 cc/cm.sup.2 /sec and a high density layer with an air permeability of 0.1 cc/cm.sup.2 /sec to 5 cc/cm.sup.2 /sec, the non-woven fabric having an overall air permeability of 01 to 4.5 cc/cm.sup.2 /sec. The process for preparing such a support consists of laminating a dry processes web, which comprises entirely polyester fibers containing 20 to 80% of undrawn polyester fiber or conjugate polyester fibers having an average fiber denier of 1 to 3 denier formed through a dry process, and an un-press-treated wet processed web, which comprises entirely polyester fibers containing 30 to 90% of undrawn polyester fibers or conjugate polyester fibers having fiber denier of 0.1 to 1.

Abstract: Both the wet strength and the folding endurance of bleached kraft paper product are improved by subjecting the paper to steps of densification and high temperature treatment during its production.

Abstract: Both the wet strength and the folding endurance of SCMP and sulfite paperboard are improved by subjecting the board to steps of densification and high temperature treatment during its production.

Abstract: A culvert having a corrosion resistant composite coating and a method of producing the corrosion resistant composite coating. The coating method is for use in a conventional hot dip coating line of the type wherein a steel strip, having been appropriately pretreated so as to be at or above the coating temperature and have its surface free of oxides, is caused to pass through a bath of molten coating metal. A fibrous aramid paper is bonded to the surface of the steel strip by pressing the fibers into the molten coating layer immediately after the steel strip exits the coating bath. The steel strip may be fabricted into construction products such as culvert which may be further protected with bituminous type coatings.

Abstract: Both the wet strength and the folding endurance of kraft linerboard are improved by subjecting the board to steps of densification and high temperature treatment during its production.

Abstract: A dryer for paper and similar fibrous web materials including a dryer roll having an outer cylindrically-shaped wall, a radiant heat source within the dryer roll adapted to heat the wall substantially uniformly about the entire periphery thereof, and nip-forming means forming a pressure nip with the dryer roll.

Abstract: Dry laid board comprising peat moss is provided and made by harvesting peat moss having a degree of decomposition of H-1 value as measured by the Modified Von Post Scale, individualizing the harvested peat moss, drying the individualized peat moss and entraining the peat moss in a gas stream. The entrained peat moss is then condensed to form a low density peat moss containing board which is subsequently calendered for use in such products as dressings, diapers and sanitary napkins.

Abstract: A tandem calender is provided at the output end of a paper machine which includes two single stack nips in-line. The first nip is formed by a pair of steel rolls which are lightly loaded and the second nip is formed by a steel roll and a plastic covered roll which is loaded 2-10 times greater than the first nip.

Abstract: Method and apparatus in the calendering of a web in a calender comprising a calender stack including at least two calender rolls situated substantially one over the other defining at least one calendering nip between them in which the web to be calendered is pressed at a suitable linear load, and wherein the outer rolls of the stack are provided with internal apparatus for varying or adjusting the roll crowns. The mantle of one or both of the calender rolls defining a calendering nip is heated to produce in the web passing through the nip a significant temperature differential in the thickness direction of the web between its interior portion and its surface layers and/or between its opposite surface layers. In this manner, the mechanical calendering work normally a function of the linear loading of the calender rolls is compensated for by the temperature gradient produced by the temperature differential which acts on the plastic properties of the web.

Abstract: A process for producing an electroconductive film having a volume resistivity of fiber oriented direction of not more than 1.times.10.sup.8 ohm cm comprising mixing from 94.5% to 40% volume of a thermoplastic synthetic pulp with from 5% to 30% by volume of thermoplastic composite fibers comprising of a first component having a lower melting point than that of said thermoplastic synthetic pulp and a second component having a higher melting point than that of said thermoplastic synthetic pulp, and from 0.5% to 30% by volume of electroconductive fibers to prepare a paper stock; forming a wet web from the paper stock; heating and drying said wet web at a specific first temperature to melt the first component of the composite fibers, thereby forming a base paper; and thereafter heating said base paper under pressure at a specific second temperature to melt the thermoplastic synthetic pulp, thereby forming a film having dispersed said second component and said electroconductive fibers therein.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a material in sheet form, used in a process of moulding-stamping or heat-forming involving melting of the thermoplastics resin contained in said material, said material in sheet form being prepared by the papermaking technique and comprising from 20 to 95% of reinforcing fibres and from 80 to 5% of thermoplastics resin in powder form forming the basic mixture and, with respect to this mixture, from 5 to 25% of a polyolefin pulp, from 5 to 30% of a binding agent and from 0.2 to 10% of at least one flocculating agent. The invention also relates to the process for preparing said material in sheet form.

Abstract: Disclosed in a process for producing gloss and smoothness on the surface of a paper web, comprising:A. advancing a web of papermaking fibers through a nip formed by a smooth metal finishing drum and a resilient backing roll; andB. heating the drum to a temperature at least high enough to heat a substrate portion of the web to a temperature in which gloss and smoothness rapidly increase with increasing temperature due to thermoplastic molding of the substrate beneath the surface and at a temperature higher than where substantial gloss and smoothness would have already been obtained by molding of the surface of the web.

Abstract: Fibers, such as wood fibers, are treated with a solvent solution of a thermoplastic polymer, e.g., polypropylene; the solvent is removed; and the treated fibers are fused into an article such as a fiber-polymer sheet or a board.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the inductive heating of a roll used in the manufacture of paper by means of eddy currents, such as the inductive heating of a calender roll. In the apparatus, pole shoe devices provided with electromagnetic coils are used, by means of which the eddy-current heating is applied only to the surface layer of the roll, the surface layer being constituted of ferromagnetic material, solely from outside the roll. The apparatus comprises several iron cores placed side by side and provided with magnetizing coils. Into each coil, a magnetizing current is passed, the magnetizing current being of adjustable intensity and/or frequency to control the temperature profile of the roll in the axial direction thereof.

Abstract: Paper and paperboard which have been thoroughly dried but not calendered is provided with a smooth surface by rewetting a thin layer (5% to 10% of the thickness) along the surface and then pressing the resulting damp surface against a substantial portion of the surface of a heated dryer drum or other smooth-surfaced cylinder. This technique provides the web with a surface comparable in smoothness with what can be obtained by calendering but without the degree of compaction which occurs in calendering, due to the fact that with the major portion of the web dried, it is highly resistant to such compaction. The same method steps can be applied subsequently to the reverse side of the web to provide it with two smooth surfaces. It is also possible to forego the rewetting step if the initial drying of the web is unsymmetrical so that one surface remains wetter than the remaining portion of the web.

Abstract: A supercalender at the output of a paper machine includes two pairs of zone-wise deflection-controlled rollers. Each pair has a hard surface roller and a soft roller with an elastic outer layer or covering having a minimum hardness of 85.degree. Shore D. The hard rollers are disposed on one side and the soft rollers on the other side of the travel path of the paper.

Abstract: Coherent expanded nonwoven sheets having a density of less than 0.16 g/mL are comprised of fibrids of a wholly synthetic polymer, preferably not melting below 130.degree. C., and optionally containing up to 80% by weight floc. The sheet is comprised of a plurality of paper-like membranous layers which join and separate at random throughout the thickness of the sheet to form expanded cells. The expanded nonwoven sheets are prepared by rapid vaporization of water in a wet, never-dried sheet of fibrids containing at least 60% by weight water. Rapid vaporization of the water preferably is induced by dielectric heating. Embossing may be used before or during expansion to produce a sheet which is expanded only in selected areas.

Abstract: A method and mechanism for positive web transfer in a press section of a papermaking machine including an intermediate press nip formed between first and second press members with a porous felt on one surface of the web and a nonporous looped smooth surface belt of nonextensible material impervious to water passing through the nip in direct contact with the other surface of the web so that the web follows the belt downstream of the nip with the web first being pressed between an earlier press upstream of the intermediate press, and the web being removed from the belt following the intermediate press with rewetting of the web on the offrunning side of the intermediate nip due to contact with the impervious belt being eliminated.

Abstract: A peat moss containing board is manufactured by first conditioning the board to a specific water content and then densifying the board by calendering between rollers. A board of enhanced absorbency results.

Abstract: A non-woven alginate fabric useful as a wound dressing is made by spreading a tow of calcium alginate filaments in a flow of water, overfeeding the spread filaments onto a water-pervious support so that the filaments cross over each other and drying the filaments so that the alginate filaments become bonded to each other at their points of contact where they cross over each other. The filaments used have preferably been stretched in an atmosphere of steam and water-washed but not dried and are preferably dried by suction on the water-pervious support.

Abstract: Fibrous materials in the form of shaped articles such as paper are made from heat-cured amino-formaldehyde resin fibres having a degree of cure of at least 93%, optionally in admixture with other fibres. The amino-formaldehyde resin fibres are welded to one another and/or to the other fibres. The welding is brought about by subjecting the shaped article to pressure and to heat in the presence of water.

Abstract: Press dried paper sheets from certain ozonated high yield pulps are disclosed. Such sheets show substantially improved strength over comparable sheets prepared from non-ozonated pulps and over non-press dried sheets from ozonated pulps.

Abstract: A system for producing a bulky, soft and absorbent paper web wherein the web is creped from a first creping surface, passes through a nip formed between a dewatering felt and imprinting fabric of a specified character and is applied to and creped from a second creping surface.

Abstract: A moist, porous web is consolidated and dried by running it through the nip between two rotatable rolls, the surface of one of which is heated as it approaches the nip. One side of the web is in direct contact with the surface of the heated roll and the other side faces a permeable surface. The rolls are pressed together under high pressure to transfer heat from the heated roll to the web compressed therebetween to dry the same. The roll surface may be heated by hot gases from a fuel combustion burner or by a liquid medium. The dried and consolidated web may be removed from the heated roll by doctoring or it may be conveyed from the nip between the rolls to apparatus for processing it further.

Abstract: The properties of nonwoven glass fiber and nonwoven polymer fiber are combined efficaciously in a composite web that comprises two component webs of particular composition. One of the component webs is formed by screen casting, squeezing, and drying an aqueous dispersion of glass fiber, thermoplastic fiber, and a hydrophilic polymer so that temporary adhesion bonding occurs. The other of the component webs is formed by orienting textile polymer fiber and thermoplastic fiber so that temporary matting occurs. The composite web is formed by superposing and calendering the component webs under heat and pressure so that fusion bonding of the thermoplastic fiber occurs within each and between both of the component webs. As a result, the glass fiber and textile fiber are predeterminedly locked and the properties of both are predeterminedly available.