Abstract: The invention is directed to a paper machine for the production of a fiber web, including a headbox for forming the fiber web. Disposed adjacent the headbox is either a dewatering unit, e.g., a dewatering cylinder, a double wire former or a four-drinier wire section. Also provided are at least one press unit for dewatering the fiber web, a tissue drying cylinder for finish drying the fiber web, a device for fiber web pickup from the tissue drying cylinder (Yankee cylinder), e.g., a creping doctor or a Clupak device, and a carrier belt for carrying the fiber web. At least one of the press units is configured as a shoe press for drying the fiber web, and includes a device for immediately separating the fiber web from a press felt after at least one press pass. The belt is preferably water impermeable, and an adhesion force between the water impermeable belt and the fiber web is greater than an adhesion force between the press felt and the fiber web.

Abstract: A calender for treating a material web, particularly a paper web, with at least two rolls forming with each other a roll gap for passage of the web, with a heating system and with a removable cover system. The cover system comprises a foil which is tightened at least around part of the circumference of at least one of the rolls while forming a machine-wide gap between itself and the shell surface of the respective roll, and extending in planes situated parallel to the roll axes.

Abstract: A non-woven solidified by means of a melt binder is described, which is based on supporting aramid fibers and on binding fibers made of thermoplastic aramids whose melting point is below the melting or decomposition point of said supporting aramid fibers. In the non-woven, the binding fibers are virtually completely melted. The non-wovens are distinguished by high strength.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for making soft tissue paper which includes providing a dry tissue web and then applying a sufficient amount of a functional-polysiloxane softener compound to the dry web. The softener application process includes the steps of mixing a functional-polysiloxane compound with a suitable nonvolatile diluent, such as a mineral oil, forming an emulsion containing the functional-polysiloxane compound and nonvolatile diluent using a volatile solvent, such as water, and surfactant emulsifier, applying the emulsion to a heated transfer surface, evaporating the volatile solvent from the emulsion to form a film, and then contacting the dry tissue web with the heated transfer surface. Preferably, the tissue web is dried to a moisture level below its equilibrium moisture content before application of the functional-polysiloxane material.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for making soft tissue paper which includes providing a dry tissue web and then applying a sufficient amount of a functional-polysiloxane softener compound to the dry web. The softener application process includes the steps of mixing a functional-polysiloxane compound with a suitable nonvolatile diluent, such as a nonfunctional-polysiloxane, forming an emulsion containing the functional-polysiloxane compound and nonvolatile diluent using a volatile solvent, such as water, and surfactant emulsifier, applying the emulsion to a heated transfer surface, evaporating the volatile solvent from the emulsion to form a film, and then contacting the dry tissue web with the heated transfer surface. Preferably, the tissue web is dried to a moisture level below its equilibrium moisture content before application of the functional-polysiloxane material.

Abstract: The method comprises the application of a liquid film to a paper or paperboard rawstock web in a controlled and uniform manner to achieve a moisture gradient in the Z-direction thickness of the web to a depth of less than about one-half of the web thickness, and then pressing the treated web in at least one nip of a calender device before drying the web. The liquid application plasticizes only the surface fibers of the web so that the paper fibers at or near the surface become deformed and bonded under pressure to achieve a substantially irreversible smoothness upon being rewetted in a coating application or the like.

Abstract: A process for making a strong, bulky, absorbent paper sheet with improved uniformity by forming the web on a forming fabric with a furnish having a consistency in the range of from about 0.08% to about 0.6% solids, dewatering the web noncompressibly such that the web is the range of from about 30% to about 40% dry, transferring the web from the forming fabric to an imprinting fabric, lightly pressing the web and the imprinting fabric against the drying can to form a pattern of densifications in the web, can drying the web from no more than about 30% to 40% dry to at least 55% to 60% dry, and restraining the web between the imprinting fabric and the drying can during the can drying step until the web is at least 55% to 60% dry.

Abstract: Provided is a process for making a paper based product which comprises first preparing a slurry of a cellulosic pulp, a particulate binder substantially insoluble in water, and an emulsion comprised of lecithin and a fatty acid or derivative thereof. This slurry is then drained of liquid to form a web, with the web being dried to provide the paper based product. The preferred polymeric binder is a hydrolyzed polyvinyl alcohol powder, which binder can be present in the final dried product in amounts of up to about 20 weight percent or more. The use of the emulsion comprised of lecithin and a fatty acid or derivative thereof permits a web containing such a high amount of sticky polymeric binder to be dried at high temperatures, without the web sticking to the drying cans generally used in commercial processes. The process of the present invention thereby permits one to efficiently prepare such a paper based product using conventional, commercial papermaking machinery.

Abstract: The invention has as its object the provision of a method and an apparatus for the generation of smoothness and gloss on paper which essentially precludes a re-erection of the surface fibers after the smoothing process. This is achieved in that the surface of a paper web (1) to be smoothed is heated to a temperature above the glass transition temperature of the fibers at the surface of the web without subjecting the web to a press nip, and then these fibers are deformed and fixed in the deformed state in a subsequent process step under the simultaneous action of pressure with shock cooling. Accordingly, there is associated with each surface of the paper web (1) to be smoothed a heating device (2) and also a subsequent cooled body (5, 9, 10) which presses against the surface.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for making an embossed or dimpled combined board is disclosed. The combined board has two outer or facing layers or webs of paperboard which sandwich an embossed or dimpled middle paperboard layer or web. The middle web is embossed by passing it over two apertured vacuum drums. Embossments extending in one direction are vacuum formed on one surface of the middle web by the first vacuum drum, while embossments extending in the opposite direction are formed on the other surface of the middle web by the second vacuum drum. The embossments, i.e., concave and convex impressions, are located in a generally chess board pattern. The vacuum openings or apertures of the second drum are larger (larger average diameter) than those of the first drum, to thereby compensate for diminishing flexibility of the middle web due to drying as it passes sequentially over the first and second vacuum drums.

Abstract: A method and apparatus to produce a relatively dense high quality paper suitable for multi-color printing are provided. The paper web is super/soft-calendered while at a moisture content of between about 15 to about 55% and the web is subsequently treated to further reduce its moisture content. This procedure prevents galvanizing of the sheet which normally would occur using prior art techniques.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided for mechanical thermal dewatering of a web of fibrous material (1). The object is to provide a dewatering apparatus which delivers better drying results while precluding delamination of the web (1) of fibrous material. This is achieved in an apparatus in which the web of fibrous material is passed through at least two press surfaces (2, 3) which form a press gap and which exert the dewatering pressure on the web of fibrous material by forming one press surface (2) as an impermeable band (4) which can be pressed towards the other press surface (3) via a hydraulic pressing element means (15). A support pocket (5) is located in the pressing element essentially in the region between the web inlet end and the center of the pressing element means (15) and is effective to generate a hydrodynamic pressure field at the pressing element means (15) by setting a lubricant into circulation.

Abstract: An apparatus for drying a web of roll material has two rows of comparatively low and high temperature cylinders, and a metal belt and a felt belt entrained in parallel for transporting the web on a serpentine path around the cylinders. The metal belt is pre-heated at an input side to each low temperature cylinder to a temperature from 140.degree. C. to 170.degree. C. An input press roll applies a nip pressure to the metal belt against the web, felt belt, and low temperature cylinder from 60 to 200 pli (pounds per linear inch). The surface of the low temperature cylinder is heated to an intermediate temperature from 100.degree. C. to 140.degree. C. The temperature of the heated belt at an input side is maintained only about 20.degree. C. higher than that of the low temperature cylinder. The low temperature cylinder has air pressure grooves for maintaining a negative air pressure in the range of 0.1 to 0.7 bar at its surface for lowering the vapor pressure for water evaporated from the web.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for roll cooling in paper machines with soft smoothing mechanisms. The object of the invention is to protect the soft roll from damage without having to increase the extent of edge trimming of the paper web. This is achieved in that the parts of the soft roll which respectively project beyond the width of the paper web are cooled by the application of a thin and sharply bounded water film. The corresponding devices for generating the water films are mounted in carriages which are displaceable along a transverse beam parallel to the roll.

Abstract: Disclosed is a new internally heated calendering roll capable of finishing paper satisfactorily at the temperatures, heat loads and pressures required for substrata thermal molding. The roll is internally heated and has a circumferential wall at least 4 inches thick. It includes means to provide heat into the interior of the circumferential wall to be conducted through the wall to the outer surface for heating the paper web being calendered by the roll. The roll is constructed of a first material with a thin circumferential surface layer of a second, cermet or ceramic containing material. The surface layer material has a hardness of at least 530 Vickers and a thickness of between .003 inch and .030 inches. It is capable of being polished to a roughness of less than 6 micro inches Ra. The roll has uniformly spaced conduits for passing heated fluid located no more than 2 inches from the outer edge of the conduits to the circumferential surface. The roll is capable of conducting at least 8,500 BTU/Sq. Ft./Hr.

Abstract: The calendering occurs in a press nip of a calender with application of pressure, moisture and heat. To achieve a desired surface quality, the surface of the paper or cardboard web which is to be calendered is brought in the press nip to a condition above the glass transition curve of the materials. Prior to expiration of 20 to 60 milliseconds, the surface of the paper web departing from the press nip is subjected to a transition step by virtue of a cooling device first in combination with a change in moisture content to a condition beneath the glass transition point of the material. The cooling can occur during contact of the surface to be cooled with a cooled surface or by direct contact with a cooling, preferably inert gas. After calendering there thus arises a diminished increase in the roughness of the paper web, so that the surface quality obtained in the press nip is predominantly retained. There have been illustrated suitable apparatuses for carrying out the method.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for making soft tissue paper which includes providing a dry tissue web and then applying a sufficient amount of a polysiloxane softener compound to the dry web. The softener application process includes the steps of diluting a polysiloxane compound with a suitable solvent, applying the diluted polysiloxane solution to a heated transfer surface, evaporating the solvent from the dilute solution to form a film, and then contacting the dry tissue web with the heated transfer surface. Preferably, the tissue web is dried to a moisture level below its equilibrium moisture content before application of the polysiloxane material. The process may further include the steps of applying an effective amount of a surfactant material to enhance softness and/or wettability control; and/or an effective amount of a binder material such as starch, for linting control, and/or to contribute tensile strength to the tissue paper.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for making soft tissue paper which includes providing a dry tissue web and then applying a sufficient amount of a chemical papermaking additive from a thin film to the dry web. The chemical papermaking additives are added to the surface of the tissue paper to enhance properties of the paper such as strength, softener, absorbency, and/or aesthetics. The chemical papermaking additive application process includes the steps of diluting the chemical papermaking additive with a suitable solvent, applying the diluted chemical solution to a heated transfer surface, evaporating the solvent from the dilute solution to form a film, and then transferring the film to the tissue by contacting the dry tissue web with the heated transfer surface. Preferably, the tissue web is dried to a moisture level below its equilibrium moisture content before application of the papermaking additive.

Abstract: A process for producing high grade polyethylene paper on conventional continuous wet-lay papermaking equipment. In particular, the process comprises preparing a furnish of 75-99 wt. % oriented polyethylene pulp, 0.5-15 wt. % fibrous stabilizing agent and 0.5-10 wt. % strengthening agent and depositing the furnish on the forming screen of a conventional wet-lay papermaking machine. The resulting waterleaf sheet is dried on heated drying cans and then thermally bonded to provide a high grade polyethylene paper having high dry strength and toughness, exceptional dimensional stability and superior uniformity (i.e., no holes). The high grade polyethylene paper made by the inventive process is particularly useful in microfiltration end-uses such as vacuum cleaner bags.

Abstract: Papers with improved tensile strength and increased porosity are obtained by heat treatment of calendered sheets of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) short fibers and poly(m-phenylene isophthalamide) fibrids.

Abstract: The surface properties of a roll and/or rolls in a paper machine are affected by regulating the temperature of the roll face by means of an external heating device. In the arrangement, a combination of a heating device and a roll coating is used in such manner that the heating radiation penetrates through the paper or only directly to the roll face, but does not heat the roll itself at a depth greater than the roll face. The roll coating is preferably made of a dark, readily heatable and insulating material. The arrangement of the invention is utilized for example in a calendar and for detaching the paper from a roll.

Abstract: A support for used in photographic printing paper is provided comprising a base paper covered on both sides with polyolefin coating, said base paper being one which has undergone calender treatment between a metallic roll and a synthetic resin roll and then between a metallic roll and another metallic roll.In a preferred embodiment, the calender treatment is performed at the final finishing process. The calender treatment between the metallic roll and the synthetic resin roll is performed in such a manner that the density of the paper is increased to from 0.70 to 1.00 g/cm.sup.3 and the calender treatment between the metallic rolls is performed in such a manner that the density of the paper is increased to from 1.00 to 1.20 g/cm.sup.3. The material of the synthetic resin roll is selected from the group consisting of urethane resin, ebonite resin, nylon resin, aramide resin and isocyanurate resin. The hardness of the synthetic resin roll is from 60 to 90, preferably 75 to 90 in terms of Shore hardness.

Abstract: Disclosed is a new internally heated calendering roll capable of finishing paper satisfactorily at the temperatures, heat loads and pressures required for substrata thermal molding. The roll is internally heated and has a circumferential wall at least 4 inches thick. It includes means to provide heat into the interior of the circumferential wall to be conducted through the wall to the outer surface for heating the paper web being calendered by the roll. The roll is constructed of a first material with a thin circumferential surface layer of a second, cermet or ceramic containing material. The surface layer material has a hardness of at least 530 Vickers and a thickness of between 0.003 inch and 0.030 inches. It is capable of being polished to a roughness of less than 6 micro inches Ra. The roll has uniformly spaced conduits for passing heated fluid located no more than 2 inches from the outer edge of the conduits to the circumferential surface. The roll is capable of conducting at least 8,500 BTU/Sq. Ft./Hr.

Abstract: Calendering takes place in a calendering zone which operates under pressure with application of temperature and moisture. The desired smoothness is achieved with a correspondingly long dwell time of the material web in a correspondingly long calendering zone in view of the speed of web travel. A web which is still wet is guided between parallel heatable surfaces which are arranged on both sides of the web and face each other through the web and can each be pressed against the web. The surfaces are designed to form and hold a given precise contour of the calendering zone over its full length. One surface is constructed e.g. as a casing of a heated roller and the second surface is constructed as an endless flexible belt which can be pressed in a direction towards the roller casing by means of a concave supporting element. If wished, the web can be calendered on both sides with the method.

Abstract: A method is provided for the removal of water from a web by hot-pressing while the web is in direct contact with a heated cylinder face. The web is passed, while being supported by a press fabric, through at least two separate press stages. The web is first passed into direct contact with the heated cylinder face and into an extended-nip press stage. At the beginning the extended-nip press stage, a press-glide belt is passed into contact with the press fabric, the press-glide belt is pressed by means of a press member in the extended-nip stage against the heated cylinder face. This press-glide belt is separated from the fabric and the web is passed to the next stage where the web is pressed against a cylinder face only by means of the tension of the press fabric. After this latter stage, the web is passed to an intensive roll-nip pressing stage, through a roll-nip which is formed between the hot cylinder and a hollow-faced press roll.

Abstract: A system for at least partly decoupling the control of sheet finish and sheet caliper in a calender stack is disclosed. The system includes a heating device for heating the sheet with dry heat substantially immediately before the sheet is pressed by an upstream nip of the calender stack and a moisturizer for moisturizing the sheet substantially immediately before the sheet is pressed at a downstream nip of the calender stack. The sheet is moisturized without substantially altering the sheet temperature.

Abstract: Bulky processed sheets which are obtained from mixtures of crosslinked pulp and hot water-soluble fibers, or crosslinked pulp, thermally fusible fibers and binders are described. The sheets may be embossed by hot pressing them in wet state and may be treated with flame retardants. The bulky sheets which may be embossed or treated with retardants have wide utility in various fields and especially as interior materials.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method in calendering, wherein one or several pairs of rolls are employed through which the web to be calendered runs. One roll in each pair of rolls is a hard roll which is a heated metal roll, and the other roll in each pair of rolls is a roll provided with a resilient coating. In the method, the face of the roll with a resilient coating is also heated to a high temperature, advantageously to the same temperature as the heated metal roll. The invention also concerns a roll used in the method as well as the use of the method and of the roll.

Abstract: To achieve desired treatment results at both sides of a material web to be calendered, the material web is initially guided through a first nip formed between yieldable elastic surfaces confronting the throughpassing material web. In the first nip there is predominantly applied a relatively high pressure to the material web. Then the material web is guided through a successively arranged second nip formed between practically non-yieldable hard surfaces confronting the throughpassing material web. In the second nip there is applied, apart from pressure, in particular heat to the material web. The treatment result achieved in the first nip, namely the smoothness and glaze values of the treated material web, are augmented at both sides of the material web to achieve desired treatment effects.

Abstract: A press apparatus and method for pressing water from a paper web is disclosed. The apparatus includes a frame and a first press roll which is rotatably supported by the frame. A second press roll cooperates with the first roll for defining therebetween a pressing nip such that in use of the apparatus, the web extends through the nip for pressing the water therefrom. An elastomeric cover covers at least one of the rolls such that the pressing nip is extended in a machine direction so that the residence time of the web during passage of the web through the nip is increased.

Abstract: A method for simultaneously drying a moist fibrous web and imprinting a pattern in each side thereof by passing the web through the nip between a patterned heated roll and a pressing roll, on a carrier having a nonplanar imprinting surface.

Abstract: The invention provides multiple steam applicators which are used to distribute steam against a web during calendering. The invention includes a primary steam applicator located adjacent a side of the web to which steam is applied. The primary steam applicator has a manifold, a primary inlet valve, and a plurality of steam valves spaced along the primary manifold. Each steam valve regulates a steam flow distributed to a cross-directional section of the web. A secondary steam applicator is located adjacent the side of the web to which steam is applied. The secondary steam applicator has a manifold, a secondary inlet valve, and a plurality of steam valves spaced along the secondary manifold, each steam valve regulating a steam flow distributed to a cross-directional section of the web. A gloss sensor measures the gloss finish of the web.

Abstract: Method and device for intensifying the dewatering of a web in a paper machine press section having a compact roll combination and a separate press. The web is pressed in press nips formed by a compact roll combination. Thereafter, the web is transferred on a paper guide roll onto the outer face of the press felt of the separate press, on which felt the web is transferred into the nip of the separate press. The web runs over the lower sector of the paper guide roll and before the web is transferred into the nip of the separate press, the web as well as the press felt of the separate press are heated by means of heating devices. By means of these devices, the temperature levels both of the web and of the outer face of the press felt of the separate nip which felt reaches contact with the web are raised so that the dewatering is substantially intensified in the separate nip.

Abstract: An apparatus for controlling the cross-directional smoothness profile of the surface of a calenderable material substantially independently of the materials's caliper profile. A plurality of adjustable nozzles selectively direct jets of steam of selected velocities against sections of the material across the material's width and in counterflow to its movement, immediately before the material enters the last nip of a calender stack. Built-in steam control valves are provided to control the amount of steam applied to each section. Suction means may also be provided upstream of the nozzles, with reference to the movement of the calenderable material, to remove excess steam and thus prevent undesirable condensation on adjacent structures. The smoothness profile may be monitored and compared to a desired smoothness profile and the valves and nozzles may be adjusted accordingly.

Abstract: A process for the manufacture of highly compressed paper containing synthetic fibers with a volume weight of equal to or greater than 0.9 kg/dm.sup.3 whereby the paper sheet which comprises a mixture of cellulose and thermoplastic synthetic fibers in the ratio of 50:50 to 90:10 with a degree of grinding of 35 to 75 SR, is treated with sizing, retention and wetting agents and, if applicable, filler materials and is sized on the surface. Subsequently during a separate operational stage the sheet is subjected to a glaze finishing at surface temperatures of the calender rollers of equal to or greater than 100.degree. C. and linear roller pressures equal to or greater than 30 Kn/m.

Abstract: A device is provided for the removal of water from a web by hot-pressing while the web is in direct contact with a heated cylinder face. The web is passed, while being supported by a press fabric, through at least two separate press stages. The web is first passed into direct contact with the heated cylinder face and into an extended-nip press stage. At the beginning of the extended-nip press stage, a press-glide belt is passed into contact with the press fabric. The press-glide belt is pressed by means of a press member in the extended-nip stage against the heated cylinder face. This press-glide belt is separated from the fabric and the web is passed to the next stage where the web is pressed against a cylinder face only by means of the tension of the press fabric. After this latter stage, the web is passed to an intensive roll-nip pressing stage, through a roll-nip which is formed between the hot cylinder and a hollow-faced press roll.

Abstract: Flash expansion of moist multi-layered boards wherein each layer comprises aramid floc bonded by aramid fibrid results in high strength, low density aramid boards.

Abstract: An apparatus and method is disclosed for removing fluid from a fibrous web. The apparatus includes a press member and a blanket which cooperates with the press member for defining therebetween an elongate pressing section such that the web is pressed between the press member and the blanket during passage through the pressing section. An elongate shoe urges the blanket towards the press member such that when the web passes through the pressing section, fluid is removed from the web. A heater is disposed adjacent to the press member for transferring heat to the web such that when the web passes through the press section, the web is subjected for an extended period to increased pressure and temperature so that water vapor generated within the pressing section during passage through the pressing section forces the fluid in the liquid phase away from the web. The press member defines a pressing surface which is porous so that delamination of the web is inhibited.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a heated sag-compensation roller, with short heat-up and cool-down times and a more even temperature distribution, which reduces the risk of damage to the roller shell. These improvement are achieved by the roller shell being heated or cooled from the inside and the outside simultaneously. The heating devices can be controlled so that the temperature difference between the inside and outside does not exceed a particular value.

Abstract: High temperature resistant pressboard having a density of 0.70 to 0.90 g/cc, a calculated void volume of 31 to 49, percent by volume of said pressboard and a smoothness of 80 to 250 microinches MD range and 90 to 260 microinches is disclosed. The pressboard is prepared by wet laying an aqueous dispersion of polyaramid fibrids and floc to form a waterleaf building up layers to form a wet lap which is dried and then pressed at 270.degree. C. to 520.degree. C. rising a press with a predetermined minimum opening to form the desired smooth low density pressboard.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for wetting a paper web in a calendering step by using water-containing microcapsules in the surface structure layer of the paper web, said microcapsules being ruptured in the calendering step whereby water is released. The invention also relates to microcapsules comprising a water-impermeable shell and an interior substantially comprising water, and having a diameter of 0.1 to 100 .mu.m and a shell thickness of 0.01 to 5 .mu.m.

Abstract: At least two substantially parallel rows of adjustable pressure elements cooperate with a heatable counter element like a counter roll and are arranged immediately consecutive but separate from each other to define at least two pressing sections of an extended pressing zone through which a water-containing fibrous web is passed conjointly with a water absorbing porous band or felt in a predeterminate travel direction. Pressures and temperatures in each one of the at least two pressing sections of the extended pressing zone are adjusted such that water is displaced from the fibrous web under the combined action of pressure and steam which is formed in the extended pressing zone in a controlled manner and without damage to the fibrous web due to explosion-like flash evaporation.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for producing high grade synthetic paper containing at least 97 wt. % polyethylene on conventional continuous wet-lay paper-making equipment. In particular, the process comprises preparing a pulp furnish of 97-99.5 wt. % oriented polyethylene fibers and 0.5-3.0 wt. % polyvinyl alcohol fibers and depositing the fibers on the forming screen of a conventional wet-lay paper machine. The resulting waterleaf sheet is then dried on heated PTFE-coated drying cans, using a particular drying profile to reduce sticking and elongation, and then thermally bonded to provide a polyethylene paper having high strength, low defects and excellent uniformity. A process for producing the pulp fibers used in the paper-making process is also disclosed.

Abstract: A heated extended nip press apparatus and method are disclosed for pressing water from a formed web. The apparatus includes a frame and a backing roll rotatably supported by the press frame. A press device is connected to the press frame and movable relative to the backing roll. The press device cooperates with the backing roll for defining therebetween n extended nip for the passage therethrough of the web. An endless looped blanket extends through the extended nip such that the web is disposed between the blanket and the backing roll. Additionally, the press device includes an arrangement for selectively changing the pressure applied on the blanket along a machine direction relative to a further pressure applied for moving the press device relative to the backing roll such that optimum web properties are obtained and delamination of the pressed web is inhibited.

Abstract: A composition comprising epoxidized polyamide wet strength resin and lecithin. The composition provides wet strength to paper and molded pulp products and at the same time increases the internal bonding of the paper or molded pulp products.

Abstract: A process for producing a smooth and glossy surface on a paper web and a calender arrangement for carrying out the process are disclosed. The calender arrangement comprises two sets of rolls through which the paper web is conducted in succession. Each set of rolls comprises a highly heated hard roll and a soft roll. A cooling device arranged upstream of at least one of the nips formed between the roll sets restricts the amount of heat transfer to the inner layers of the paper web and the attendant, undesirable partial plasticization of the inner layers of the web.

Abstract: A calendar wherein a bottom roll and a deformable top roll flank one or more intermediate rolls is operated in such a way that the shape of the top roll is caused to conform to that of the adjacent intermediate roll before the nip of the top roll with the adjacent roll is narrowed. At least the top roll is heated to enhance the satinizing effect upon paper webs without unduly affecting the specific volume of treated material. It is further proposed to subject the bottom roll to preliminary deformation and/or to heat the bottom roll and/or one or more intermediate rolls.

Abstract: A method of papermaking in which a wet paper web is supported on press felt and passed through the nip between cooperating press rolls to extract water from the web. The felt, supporting the paper web, then travels through a span of distance and is passed around a heated dryer roll in the dryer section with the felt being interposed between the heated roll and the paper web. The felt is thus heated and insulates the paper web from the high temperature roll. The paper web is separated from the felt and travels around the remaining dryer rolls in the dryer section, while the heated felt is returned to the nip into position to support the wet paper web.

Abstract: A nonwoven, flexible sheet and process for making same consisting essentially of a comingled mixture of about 55 to about 75% by weight short fibers of poly(meta-phenylene isophthalamide) and about 25 to about 45% by weight fibrids of poly(meta-phenylene isophthalamide). The sheet has a basis weight of between about 10 and about 25 g/m.sup.2 and a thickness of between about 25 and about 45 microns and is impregnatable with resins or silicone oils.

Abstract: A method for calendering paper, especially with glassine calendering in a calender which comprises press rolls arranged successively in the paper-advancing direction where, at least between some of the rolls, press nips are formed for passing paper therethrough. Each press nip is preferably formed by a pair of rolls, one of which is hard and the other elastic. Paper is advanced into the calender at an initial moisture X within the range of 12% .ltoreq..times..ltoreq.25%, at least one of the press nips having a calculable line pressure higher than 250 kN/m. In operating conditions, the ratio X/LP between paper moisture X and calculable line pressure LP is maintained in the press nips within predetermined limits in such a manner that the maximum value of ratio X/LP divided by the minimum value of ratio X/LP is .ltoreq.2.15, whereby X refers to the moisture percentage of paper and LP is the line pressure at a particular press nip expressed as a quantity kN/m (kilonewton/meter).