Abstract: The stiffness and wet strength of paper products are improved by subjecting the products to high temperature treatment, immediately followed by rewetting. The resultant products have good folding endurance.

Abstract: Continuous elimination of at least part of the liquid contained in a layer formed by depositing a liquid compound having a low solid matter content on a mobile, continuous, liquid-porous support, is effected by dripping, pressing and evaporation while the layer is maintained on the formation support without transfer. Evaporation means include means for passing a heated, gaseous flux through the layers.

Abstract: Disclosed is a steam-shower apparatus and method including a supply of steam which is fed through a Coanda nozzle and along a path running adjacent one surface of the apparatus which is heated to a temperature in excess of 212 degrees Fahrenheit. The sheet to which the steam is to be applied runs adjacent this same surface of the machine, but in a direction opposite to the direction of the flow of steam. In one embodiment, the heated surface is located relative to the sheet so that an upstream edge of the apparatus is spaced from said sheet by a greater distance than is the downstream edge of the apparatus which preferably contacts the sheet to back pressure the steam between the apparatus and sheet. The flow of steam runs the entire length of this surface heating the sheet as it flows in the opposite direction. The apparatus may be divided into several sections so that the sheet may be profiled along certain regions which are defined by these sections.

Abstract: A process for manufacturing of kraft paper, especially kraft sack paper, on a multi-wire machine in which the web is dried by a combined cylinder drying and free drying and is optionally creped or micro-creped and optionally also glazed. By forming the web into two or more layers which are couched together in the wire part of the machine and subsequent shrinkage in order to obtain a stretch at break of at least 2.5% in the machine direction and of at least 5% in the tranverse direction, improved strength properties are provided.

Abstract: A method for forming a paper web by which web formation is improved and flocculation in the web is reduced includes the steps of feeding steam under pressure into the fiber suspension when the suspension enters into the gap of the former and as web formation is initiated over the perforated mantle of the forming roll. The steam is fed from a steam supply chamber or the like provided within the forming roll through the perforations in the roll mantle within a steam supply sector of the roll mantle. The steam feed is applied to the pulp web when the web is still substantially uncouched and in a manner such that when the steam condenses in the pulp suspension, an implosion is generated in the pulp suspension which produces high frequency mechanical vibrations which can be closely controlled to achieve the desired effects. A twin-wire former and forming roll therefor for applying the method are also disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed is a semipermeable membrane support and a process for making the same. The support is formed of a non-woven fabric of a laminated structure having a low density layer with an air permeability of 5 to 50 cc/cm.sup.2 /sec and a high density layer with an air permeability of 0.1 cc/cm.sup.2 /sec to 5 cc/cm.sup.2 /sec, the non-woven fabric having an overall air permeability of 01 to 4.5 cc/cm.sup.2 /sec. The process for preparing such a support consists of laminating a dry processes web, which comprises entirely polyester fibers containing 20 to 80% of undrawn polyester fiber or conjugate polyester fibers having an average fiber denier of 1 to 3 denier formed through a dry process, and an un-press-treated wet processed web, which comprises entirely polyester fibers containing 30 to 90% of undrawn polyester fibers or conjugate polyester fibers having fiber denier of 0.1 to 1.

Abstract: Both the wet strength and the folding endurance of kraft linerboard are improved by subjecting the board to steps of densification and high temperature treatment during its production.

Abstract: Disclosed is a steam-shower apparatus and method including a supply of steam which is fed through a Coanda nozzle and along a path running parallel with one surface of the apparatus. The sheet to which the steam is to be applied runs parallel to this same surface of the machine, but in a direction opposite to the direction of the flow of steam. The sheet travels along a path spaced slightly from the surface of the machine, and the flow of steam runs the entire length of this surface heating the sheet as it flows in the opposite direction. The apparatus may be divided into several sections so that the sheet may be profiled along certain regions which are defined by these sections. In addition, means are included for altering the volume of flow to any one of the particular sections.

Abstract: In a particularly simple construction a twin-wire papermaking machine possesses a reduced number of rolls as well as a compact arrangement. The foregoing and the greatest possible velocity of a through-passed paper web can be obtained by employing non-suction rolls, instead of suction rolls, in a pressing section of such papermaking machine, by upwardly entraining the paper web conjointly with a top or upper wire of a twin wire arrangement and by transferring the paper web to a pressing roll having a smooth surface, and furthermore, by providing at the pressing roll an extended or wide-nip supporting shoe by means of which the paper web is dewatered in an extended pressing nip zone. Advantageously, the dewatered paper web is taken off from the surface of the pressing roll in a downward direction and fed to a drying section of the papermaking machine. The drying section may be arranged below the pressing section and directly adjacent the bottom or lower wire of the twin wire arrangement.

Abstract: A control valve (22) is disclosed for controlled both the flow of steam (S) from a steam header (18) and air (A) into a steam box (12) of a web drying machine. The control valve (22) includes a valve body (26) defining a longitudinal passageway (28). The passageway (28) has a first and a second end (30,32) with the first end (30) of the passageway (28) being connected to, and in fluid communication with, the steam header (18). The second end (32) is connected to and in fluid communication with an air header (19). A first and a second valve seat (34,36) are disposed adjacent to the first and the second ends (30,32) of the passageway (28) for controlling respectively the flow of steam (S) and air (A) into the steam box (12). An elongate valve stem (38) having a first and a second valve closure (44,46) is movable axially within and along the passageway (28), the first and second closures (44,46) being disposed adjacent to a first and second end (40,42) of the valve stem (38).

Abstract: The chill rolls of the cooling section are hollow, open-ended rolls. Spray nozzles in each roll spray water on the instantaneously upper half of the interior periphery and a fan blows air through the roll to effect evaporative cooling. Three different arrangements of the spray nozzles are disclosed for always directing spray to only the upper half of each chill roll.

Abstract: A process for producing an electroconductive film having a volume resistivity of fiber oriented direction of not more than 1.times.10.sup.8 ohm cm comprising mixing from 94.5% to 40% volume of a thermoplastic synthetic pulp with from 5% to 30% by volume of thermoplastic composite fibers comprising of a first component having a lower melting point than that of said thermoplastic synthetic pulp and a second component having a higher melting point than that of said thermoplastic synthetic pulp, and from 0.5% to 30% by volume of electroconductive fibers to prepare a paper stock; forming a wet web from the paper stock; heating and drying said wet web at a specific first temperature to melt the first component of the composite fibers, thereby forming a base paper; and thereafter heating said base paper under pressure at a specific second temperature to melt the thermoplastic synthetic pulp, thereby forming a film having dispersed said second component and said electroconductive fibers therein.

Abstract: A method for the moistening of an endless web moving in a processing device, wherein the moistening substance is an evaporated fluid condensated on the web and said web is treated with a corresponding steam substance prior to this moistening. The method includes steps for supplying the evaporated fluid in a bag-like member formed by the web, the bag-like member being supported by an external member. The supply of the substance is carried out by means of a steamer appliance arranged transverse to the web. The method includes steps for adjusting the specific property of the steam substance in accordance to specific values measured from the web.

Abstract: A drying cylinder for use in the drying part of a paper making process. The moisture profile of paper web is equalized all over the width of said paper web by fixedly winding synthetic fabric around the surface of a drying cylinder contacting with wet paper web at the appointed positions thereof to form the void areas among yarns of said synthetic fabric as highly insulating air-holding portions.

Abstract: Degradation of paper is retarded by treating paper with melamine. Method of treating existing paper with melamine to stop or retard degradation and methods for inclusion of melamine in paper as made to provide an age resistance paper are described. Rare books, paintings and prints can be preserved or books, paintings and prints as originally formed can use melamine-treated paper to retard degradation.

Abstract: Fibers, such as wood fibers, are treated with a solvent solution of a thermoplastic polymer, e.g., polypropylene; the solvent is removed; and the treated fibers are fused into an article such as a fiber-polymer sheet or a board.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for producing a sheet for a catalyst carrier for vapor-phase reactions which comprises mixing highly heat resistant ceramic fibers, organic fibers and an organic binder to form a slurry, forming the slurry into a paper sheet, impregnating the paper sheet with a silicon compound, converting the silicon compound to silica gel and heating the impregnated sheet to burn up the organic fibers and organic binder. The process produces an improved catalyst carrier for vapor-phase reactions having high porosity and good strength properties.

Abstract: An apparatus and process are disclosed for an efficient decurling system wherein a web material is introduced into a steam environment such that the distance between the web and the steam source is maintained substantially constant.

Abstract: The specification discloses a steam distributor having a chamber to contain steam on one side of a paper web and a vacuum box on the opposite side of the paper web. The distributor has a feeding system for controlling the rate at which hot gas is applied to the paper.

Abstract: An absorbent material comprising hydrocolloidal fibers provided in board form having substantial structural integrity both in the dry state and after being wetted with body fluids. The board comprising hydrocolloidal fibers is subjected to a heat treatment step whereby the board is heated, in a dry state to impart such stability.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for guiding a fibrous web from a press section to a drying section, such as guiding a paper web from the press section to the drying section in a paper-making machine. The apparatus comprises a fetching roll adapted to guide the web passing from the press section onto a drying wire from the drying section passing about the fetching roll, and means for urging the web and drying wire against one another as the web is passed to the drying section, this urging means disposed between the fetching roll and the drying section in a running direction of the web and wire. The method of the present invention comprises passing the web from the press section onto a drying wire passing about a fetching roll, and urging the web and drying wire against each other as the drying wire passes from the fetching roll to the drying section.

Abstract: An apparatus and process are disclosed for an efficient decurling system wherein a web material is introduced into a steam environment such that the distance between the web and the steam source is maintained substantially constant.

Abstract: A method is provided for controlling the moisture content of a paper web during its movement through the drying section of a paper making machine.According to the present invention it is possible to control or equalize the moisture profile of a fiber web, e.g. the paper web in a paper making machine, during its movement through the drying section of a paper making machine, so that the finished paper web will be provided with a desired moisture level and if desired a moisture profile as uniform as possible, wherein the paper web in the drying section of the machine being moved to contact with a means, the parts of which contacting the part of a paper web, where moisture shall be increased or further moisture loss shall be prevented, being damped.

Abstract: Defiberized lignocellulosic material, such as wood, is treated with a liquid carrier containing an oxidizing agent (a per compound, a chlorate or a nitrate), and the wet mat thereof is subjected to pressure, and to heat for a sufficient period of time to cause an oxidative reaction among the fibers resulting in a strong interfiber bond. Where the oxidizing agent is a per compound, the pH of the mixture or lignocellulosic material and per compound is less than 7. Catalysts or other reaction modifying agents are employed if needed. By virtue of the enhanced interfiber bonding effect, paper sheets, such as liner board, which are usually formed of delignified cellulosic material, the fibers of which are highly refined, can be formed totally or partially of less expensive sources of material such as ground wood, semi-chemical or semi-mechanical lignocellulosic pulps without sacrifice of strength.

Abstract: A steam distributor for applying steam to a paper sheet moving beneath it and spaced from the distributor. The distributor has a leading edge and a trailing edge relative to the sheet movement. There is a header for steam extending along the leading edge. At least one opening formed in the header enables steam to be directed towards the sheet. The steam so directed forms a curtain to eliminate air entrained by the sheet.

Abstract: A non-woven alginate fabric useful as a wound dressing is made by spreading a tow of calcium alginate filaments in a flow of water, overfeeding the spread filaments onto a water-pervious support so that the filaments cross over each other and drying the filaments so that the alginate filaments become bonded to each other at their points of contact where they cross over each other. The filaments used have preferably been stretched in an atmosphere of steam and water-washed but not dried and are preferably dried by suction on the water-pervious support.

Abstract: Non-aqueous solvents are removed from a substrate, e.g., paper, by contacting the substrate with a condensable, vaporous heat transfer medium that is in a superheated state, e.g., superheated steam, and maintaining said substrate in contact with said superheated heat transfer medium, while also maintaining said heat transfer medium in superheated state, for a period of time sufficient to effect removal of said non-aqueous liquid from said substrate without concomitant condensation of said superheated heat transfer medium thereon. The superheated heat transfer medium, as well as being the source of energy for evaporating the solvent, acts as a solvent vapor transport medium. Upon evaporation of the solvent, the solvent vapor-heat transfer medium mixture can be sent to a recovery zone to easily recover said solvent via condensation of the mixture and thereby avoid the discharge of said solvent vapors into the atmosphere.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel cellulosic wood pulp fiber having lower specific volume for a given surface area than conventionally prepared wood pulp fibers, to products made therefrom, and to the process of making such fiber comprising hydrating cellulosic wood pulp fiber to a freeness of at least about 650 CSF and lower, freezing the fibers while in an aqueous slurry containing at least 40% water to a fiber temperature of at least -5.degree. C. or below, and thawing the pulp fibers to a temperature at which they will flow.

Abstract: A ceramic sheet comprising 5 to 50 wt. % (absolute dry weight) of a cation-modified pulp having a degree of substitution of cationic group of 0.02 to 0.04 and beaten to freeness of 200 to 100 ml C.S.F. and 50 to 95 wt. % of fine inorganic particles dispersed uniformly in and supported by said cation-modified pulp. This ceramic sheet can be easily prepared from an aqueous suspension of the cation-modified pulp and the fine inorganic particles by using a paper-making treatment.

Abstract: A method and apparatus used in the uniform drying of a continuous web, such as a sheet of paper or paperboard. A newly formed web of paper of wet cellulosic fibers and the necessary additives is initially directed through a press section where excessive water is squeezed from the web to reduce its moisture content to about 50-80 percent, by weight, for subsequent passage through a dryer section wherein the moisture content is further reduced to anywhere between 3 and 15 percent, depending on the quality of the paper being processed. The moisture content profile of the nearly dry web of paper is constantly monitored adjacent the discharge end of the dryer section for dry streaks which occasionally occur in the web. Moisture is added accordingly to the web when the web is relatively wet and has a moisture content of at least 25 percent to eliminate further dry streaks and provides a paper product which has a uniform moisture content.

Abstract: A method and mechanism for dewatering a web in a paper making machine having press means, a first thermal dryer section having a long continuous support looped belt carrying the web along a first drying run with rolls and suction zones beneath the web and a hot air generating means for directing a flow of air onto the web in the first thermal run with the web being received substantially 40% bone dry at the beginning of the first thermal run and being delivered substantially 50% bone dry at the end of the run onto a heated drum dryer section.

Abstract: Apparatus to supply steam to a paper sheet moving beneath it. The apparatus has a leading edge and a trailing edge relative to sheet direction. It has a header and there is a supply of steam to the header. A chamber is positioned adjacent to the header. Steam can be transferred from the header to the chamber. A heating zone is defined beneath the chamber to be generally adjacent to the paper sheet when the apparatus is in use. Outlets in the chamber permit steam to pass from the chamber to the heating zone. Exhaust manifolds positioned adjacent to the leading edge and the trailing edge of the apparatus permit excess steam and vapor to be drawn away from the heating zone.

Abstract: A system for producing a bulky, soft and absorbent paper web wherein the web is creped from a first creping surface, passes through a nip formed between a dewatering felt and imprinting fabric of a specified character and is applied to and creped from a second creping surface.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a high impart strength carbonate building element is disclosed. Solids and water are mixed to produce a slurry in which the solids consist essentially of at least one alkali earth oxide or hydroxide and an amount of cellulose fibers in the range of 7-40% by weight of solids. The slurry is formed into a gas permeable shape having water-containing voids and a porosity in the range of 35-50%. Carbon dioxide is then caused to permeate into the shape through the voids to convert the hydroxide to a carbonate, thereby imparting high impact strength to the resulting element. This converting step is performed in a short time period, the duration of which depends on the percentage of carbon dioxide present in the processing atmosphere. This time period is about 30 minutes for an atmosphere of 100% carbon dioxide.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for producing a non-woven boron nitride (BN) fiber felt. Boron nitride fibers are blended with a lesser amount of boron oxide fibers and a nondissolving, anhydrous liquid medium to form a homogeneous slurry. The slurry is deposited on the moving screen of a Fourdrinier machine where the liquid content is gradually reduced until sufficient fiber to fiber contact is made to provide internal cohesiveness, to form a felt. The felt may be further treated by heating it in an anhydrous gas atmosphere at a sufficient temperature to soften the boron oxide binder to fuse the BN fibers together, and then converting the interstitial boron oxide into boron nitride. The resulting boron nitride-bonded boron nitride felt may be used as an electric cell separator in a lithium sulfide battery.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for producing a non-woven, boron nitride-bonded boron nitride fiber mat, suitable for use as an electric cell separator in a lithium-sulfide battery. A web having a combination of structural boron nitride (BN) fibers and interstitial, thermally bondable boron oxide (B.sub.2 O.sub.3) fibers is passed through the nip of a pair of cooperating calender rolls at an appropriate temperature and pressure to soften the boron oxide binder throughout the web to fuse the BN fibers together. The interstitial boron oxide then is heated in an anhydrous ammonia atmosphere to convert it into boron nitride.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for producing a non-woven, boron nitride-bonded boron nitride fiber mat, suitable for use as an electric cell separator in a lithium-sulfide battery. Molten boron oxide is centrifugally spun into strands and attenuated by an annular gas stream into fibers which are compacted at a controlled relative humidity into a bundle and heated in an anhydrous ammonia atmosphere to convert boron oxide in the fibers to boron nitride (BN). The BN fibers are blended with a lesser amount of boron oxide fibers and a nonaqueous liquid medium to form a slurry. The slurry is processed through a Fourdrinier machine to form a felt; and, the felt is calendered by passing it through the nip of a pair of calender rolls at an appropriate temperature and pressure to soften the boron oxide binder to fuse the BN fibers together. The interstitial boron oxide then is converted to boron nitride.

Abstract: An apparatus for the drying of a slurry being conveyed on a movable support including a steam producing arrangement below the movable support forming a steam atmosphere. A film of condensed vapor is produced above the slurry caused by heat transfer through the movable support, and an air drying arrangement is adapted to propel a stream of air across the slurry surface so as to entrain the vapor therein and to remove it from the slurry.

Abstract: The method and mechanism for removing water from a traveling paper web including carrying the web through a first nip and then immediately on the offrunning side of the nip blanketing the web surface with steam and carrying the web up along a suction roll holding the steam onto the surface of the web and causing it to permeate the web without air getting onto the web surface following the nip.

Abstract: A steam shower for reducing paper web moisture content variability in the cross machine direction is described. The local dewatering effect of the shower on the moving supported web is controlled by varying its bottom steam discharge area incrementally across the width of the web. In one embodiment the hood is divided across the width of the machine into compartments, each having at least one cross machine direction wall whose bottom edge may be adjusted relative to the rear wall of the hood. A second embodiment has a pleated curtain whose bottom edge is controlled by lever arms with respect to the hood's rear wall. Local adjustments are made based on a comparison of moisture measurements at the finished product reel with the desired level.

Abstract: The paper web is directly contacted with superheated steam to evaporate the water in the paper web by direct contact and to remove some of the superheat from the steam. The exhaust steam is again superheated and recycled back to the direct contact dryer.The paper web drying system includes a direct contact dryer, a superheater such as a heat exchanger, means for feeding the exhaust steam from the direct contact dryer to the heat exchanger, and means for feeding superheated steam from the heat exchanger back to the direct contact dryer.

Abstract: A paper machine dryer cylinder mounts a plurality of circumferentially spaced stud clamps which project from the inside face of the panel, each stud clamp constituting a slotted, arcuate body with a screw spanning the slot to reduce the diameter of a central opening within the body and to which a dryer bolt head is clamped to fix the panel to the end face of the dryer cylinder to reduce heat loss axially of the cylinder.

Abstract: A photographic support is produced by heat consolidating paper made wholly of thermoplastic synthetic fibres. The consolidation is carried out in such a way as to produce a homogeneous surface film having a desired surface finish for receiving a photographic coating, a fully bonded but still fibrous layer adjacent the film, and a lightly bonded fibrous layer adjacent the fully bonded fibrous layer. The homogeneous surface film is produced in such a manner that its surface is substantially free of pits. This may be achieved by consolidating the web by heating it on one surface while cooling it on the other surface.

Abstract: In a tissue paper making machine, a method for dewatering a tissue web without wet pressing and transferring the web onto a flow through drying cylinder including conducting a tissue web onto a pick-up fabric formed of felt and dewatering the web, without wet pressing, into the pick-up felt through the application of suction and capillary forces until the web has sufficient dry matter content to be passed to a flow through drying cylinder. The web is transferred to a flow through wire which passes over the web carrying pick-up felt at a suction roller by the application of suction over a narrow zone, the web being secured to the flow through wire by the application of additional suction over a broader suction zone.

Abstract: A method of recovering the thermal energy contained in the pressurized steam utilized during the production of thermomechanical pulp. The steam is applied to the primary side of a heat exchanger with water supplied to the secondary side in order to produce hot water. The water is vaporized to produce clean steam. The clean steam is then utilized to at least a first steam group of the drying sections of a paper manufacturing machine without increasing the pressure of the clean steam.

Abstract: Moisture is added to a traveling web of paper or the like by passing the web over one or more steamfoil nozzle devices which emit substantially dry steam vapor into the region between the web and the steamfoil. The steamfoil nozzle or nozzles extend across the web from side-to-side and the velocity of the emitted steam vapor is such that it produces a pressure differential between the side of the web adjacent the steamfoil and the opposite side of the web so that the web is urged toward the steamfoil where it rides on a cushion provided by the steam vapor and the boundary layer air surrounding the web. The steam vapor condenses on and in the relatively cool web when the web is passed over the steamfoil and the substantially dry steam vapor is mixed with the boundary layer air associated with the web. The steam flow disrupts the boundary layer air to permit intimate contact of the steam with the web to add moisture to the web.

Abstract: A paper machine drying section and method for operating the same are provided for reliably maintaining a web in engagement with a drying fabric at locations where the fabric is situated between the web and drying cylinders. Those drying cylinders which are directly contacted by the drying fabric, so that the web is separated therefrom by the drying fabric, are formed with recessed outer surfaces having voids across which the fabric extends. The pressure in these voids is maintained at a magnitude less than the pressure at the outer surface of the web where it travels around those cylinders from which it is separated by the fabric, so that in this way the web is urged by the pressure differential toward the fabric so as to be incapable of becoming detached therefrom.

Abstract: A method and apparatus in a paper making machine for transferring a web from a pick-up fabric to a flow-through drying wire for transport of the wire supported web to a flow-through dryer cylinder including passing a section of the flow-through drying wire over the web supported by the pick-up fabric thereby defining a sandwich structure of the drying wire, the web and the pick-up fabric. A first vacuum is applied by a first vacuum member on the sandwich structure from the flow-through drying wire side over a narrow first detaching zone. The direction of the pick-up fabric with respect to the flow-through drying wire is deviated and a second vacuum is applied by a second vacuum member over a second detaching zone subsequent to the first detaching zone in the direction of web travel from the drying wire side thereof thereby securing the web on the flow-through drying wire. The pick-up fabric may thus comprise either a felt or wire structure.

Abstract: Wet-laid paper having, when creped, improved bulk, softness, and flexibility; a relatively large cross-machine-direction to machine-direction stretch ratio; and improved burst to total tensile strength ratio. The paper is characterized by an array of uncompressed zones which are in staggered relation in both the machine direction and the cross-machine direction; and by having each uncompressed zone defined by a picket-like discontinuous lineament of compacted fibrous material. The invention also includes a process for making the paper through the use of an imprinting fabric which is configured to precipitate the requisite compacting of the picket-like lineaments prior to final drying and creping of the paper.

Abstract: A process for directly forming multiple layer web, and creping such webs to provide absorbent, soft and bulky, creped tissue. The process produces a laminar fibrous formation with outer layers of strongly bonded fibers separated by an intermediate central section of weakly bonded fibers, which outer layers are creped such that the crepe in one outer layer is independent of the crepe in the other outer layer.