Abstract: The invention relates to a process for controlling pitch deposition from pulp in papermaking systems which comprises adding to the pulp an effective amount of a polymer having methyl ether groups pendant to the backbone of the polymer.

Abstract: A process for the production of sugars, and optionally cellulose and lignin, from lignocellulosic vegetable materials which comprises subjecting the vegetable materials to a chemical pretreatment with a mixture of water and lower aliphatic alcohols and/or ketones at a temperature from 100.degree. to 190.degree. C. for a period of from 4 hours to 2 minutes with control of the breakdown of the hemicellulose components followed by separation of residue and a subsequent main chemical treatment with a similar solvent mixture at elevated temperatures for a further period of from 6 hours to 2 minutes.

Abstract: Novel imidazolinium compounds, and a method of using the compounds for softening and conditioning fibers, hair and skin and as surfactants, and debonders for cellulose pulp having the general formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is an n-alkyl, branched alkyl, alkenyl, branched alkenyl alkadienyl or branched alkadienyl group containing 8 to 21 carbon atoms; R.sub.2 is a radical selected from the group consisting of (a) --OH, (b) amide radicals each of which has the structure ##STR2## (c) a substituted imidazolinium group which has the structure: ##STR3## R.sub.3 is a radical which has the structure ##STR4## or --OR.sub.5 ; R.sub.4 is an alkyl or alkenyl group containing 1 to 17 carbon atoms; R.sub.5 is R.sub.1 or mono or dialkyl phenyl; A is an integer of from 0 to 20 and B is an integer of from 0 to 20 and A+B>0; x is either chlorine or bromine are provided.

Abstract: The process of making a wet or dry dispersion containing anthraquinone suitable for use in the alkaline digestion of wood comprising cyclizing ortho-benzoylbenzoic acid at a temperature of about 150.degree. to 180.degree. C. and at an absolute pressure between about 5 and 40 millibars in the presence of between about 0.05 to 2 parts by weight of sulfuric acid, having a concentration of at least about 95%, per part by weight of ortho-benzoylbenzoic acid to form a reaction mixture containing anthraquinone, bringing the reaction mixture to a pH of at least about 7 by addition thereto at a temperature between about ambient temperature and 100.degree. C. of an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide containing between about 10% to 40% hydroxide by weight, and then forming a dispersion thereof and using such dispersion in the alkaline digestion of wood.

Abstract: Disclosed is a novel process for decolorization of E1 effluent. Specifically, novel enzymes, designated rLDM.TM., and other ligninolytic enzymes present in the extracellular growth medium from a fermentation of Phanerochaete chrysosporium, are used to decolorize the effluent.

Abstract: The subject invention concerns a novel enzymatic process for bleaching kraft pulp. Specifically, novel enzymes, designated rLDM.TM., and other ligninolytic enzymes present in the extracellular growth medium from a fermentation of Phanerochaete chrysosporium, are used to bleach kraft pulp to a desired lighter color.

Abstract: Novel lignin-degrading enzymes designated rLDM.TM.1, rLDM.TM.2, rLDM.TM.3, rLDM.TM.4, rLDM.TM.5, and rLDM.TM.6 are isolated and purified to the essentially pure form, wherein each rLDM.TM. is substantially free of other rLDM.TM. and native proteins, from the extracellular medium of a novel mutant microbe. The novel mutant, designated SC26, produces large amounts of the rLDM.TM., thus facilitating the isolation and purification of them. These rLDM.TM. are useful in pulping processes to degrade and/or modify lignin.

Abstract: Disclosed is a novel process for enhancing the strength properties and brightness stability of mechanical pulps. The process uses novel enzymes called rLDM.TM. and other ligninolytic enzymes present in the extracellular growth medium of a fermentation of Phanerochaete chrysosporium.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for achieving additional bleaching of a wood pulp following a peroxide bleaching of the pulp, the method involving added thiourea to the slurry at a pH of 4 to 7 in the presence of residual peroxide and thereafter maintaining the slurry at a pH of 8 to 11.

Abstract: Cellulose fibres such as wood pulp are made more suitable for reinforcement of cement products by a treatment which reduces their swelling in aqueous and alkaline mediums. The fibres are dispersed in water, allowed to swell, and impregnated with a solution of a titanium and/or zirconium chelate compound. After drying, the fibres are heated to react the chelate compound(s) with the hydroxyl groups on the cellulose fibres, preferably to produce cross-linking between hydroxyl group residues.The treated fibres are more stable in cement media, and, despite their increased hydrophobicity, are dispersible in cement slurries to give good web formation in the manufacture of cement products such as sheet. They impart improved flexural strength and modulus to cement products compared with untreated cellulose reinforcing fibres.

Abstract: The bioavailability of polysaccharide components of lignocellulosic materials can be increased substantially by treatment with ammonia in a supercritical or near-supercritical fluid state.

Abstract: The method of substantially removing and dispersing resinous or waxy contaminants from contaminant-containing secondary fiber during repulping, is disclosed. The method includes combining the contaminant-containing secondary fiber in an aqueous repulping medium with a substituted oxyethylene glycol nonionic surfactant, and a water soluble, low molecular weight polyelectrolyte dispersant, at an elevated temperature.

Abstract: The use of primary and secondary amines and certain other compounds in ferricyanide assisted oxygen delignifying bleaching of lignocellulosic pulps permits more rapid removal of a desired amount of lignin from the pulp and, hence, the retention of higher pulp viscosity.

Abstract: A process for producing isopropyl alcohol and useful by-products from cellulosic substrates without utilizing toxic acids. This process comprises the steps of: (1) digesting cellulosic substrates in a heated solution of sodium carbonate; (2) digesting the cellulosic product of step (1) in a heated solution containing isopropyl alcohol or aluminum isopropylate together with sodium acetate and optionally, acetic acid, to produce a biomass and a black liquid of saturated acyclic hydrocarbons; (3) mixing the biomass of step (2) with amylolytic enzymes or with xylophagous bacteria to initiate fermentation of the biomass; (4) adding the black liquid of step (2) together with basic aluminate acetate and a mixture of formaldehyde and phenol or sulfonated phenol to the mixture of step (3) and heating the resulting mixture to a temperature ranging between 120.degree. to 160.degree. C. under a pressure ranging between 1.5 and 45 kg/cm.sup.2 until isopropyl alcohol is produced.

Abstract: A pulping liquor for the delignification of lignocellulosic materials is disclosed which avoids the use of sodium hydroxide and so avoids degradation of substantial portions of the cellulose component, and simultaneously avoids the use of sulphide or other environmental pollutants. The cooking process employing this liquor can advantageously include recycling of the liquor to provide sustained delignification from the same original liquor provided, and distillation of spent liquor to recover the essential components thereof.The liquor is comprised of alcohol, an amine and water, each present in amount of 1-12 parts by volume. The liquor is further used in the presence of a quinone and/or azine catalyst.

Abstract: Reductive bleaching of lignin containing pulps employing polydentate ligand complexes of dipositive vanadium, chromium and titanium. High brightness pulps with good reversion stability are obtained. The process is essentially polution free as the reduced complexes can be repeatedly regenerated electrochemically.

Abstract: A method of introducing anthraquinone into the kraft pulping process for the delignification of lignocellulosic material by dissolving or homogeneously dispersing the anthraquinone in a mixture of from about 10% to about 50% white kraft pulping liquor and, correspondingly, from about 90% to about 50% black kraft pulping liquor and then blending this solution with the white liquor feed into the pulping digesters.

Abstract: A two-stage process is provided for the conversion of lignocellulosic material, for instance, wood, to cellulose pulp, first oxidizing the lignocellulosic material to form aldonic acid end groups, preferably bound with 1,4-glycosidic bonds, in the polysaccharides, in an alkaline medium in the presence of the oxidized form of a redox additive which is converted into a reduced form in reaction with the wood and/or products formed from the wood, withdrawing the alkaline medium and then reoxidizing the reduced form of the redox additive in the absence of the lignocellulosic material at a rate to maintain the oxidized form of the redox additive in a major proportion in the alkaline medium during oxidation of the lignocellulosic material by contacting the withdrawn alkaline medium with oxygen-containing gas, and then continuing the digestion in an alkaline medium at a temperature within the range from about 160.degree. to about 200.degree. C.

Abstract: A process for removing an anthraquinone type scale comprises condensing a steam evaporated from a black liquor obtained by separating pulp from a digested mixture of lignocelluloses containing an anthraquinone type digesting assistant; and contacting a heated aqueous solution of a base in the presence or absence of a reducing agent or an alkali resistant surfactant with a wall of a condenser of an evaporator on which said anthraquinone type scale is adhered.

Abstract: In the delignification of chemical wood pulp with oxygen and alkali a larger reduction of the kappa number may be obtained without an increase in the charge of oxygen or alkali, provided the pulp is pretreated with a solution of sulphite or bisulphite in order to introduce hydrophilic groups in the sulphate lignin in the chemical wood pulp.

Abstract: An improved pulping process for producing high yield pulps from woody lignocellulosic material wherein the lignocellulosic material is treated with a pulping chemical and mechanically defibrated. The improvement comprises pre-treating the lignocellulosic material by impregnating same with a loweralkanolamine so as to cause softening of lignin in the material and to promote fiber separation. As a result, pulping chemical and refining energy consumption as well as vapor and liquid effluent pollution are significantly reduced.

Abstract: A nonsulfur chemimechanical pulping process for producing pulp from woody materials is disclosed. The process is particularly suited for producing corrugating medium pulp from hardwood chips although the process can be adapted to production of other types of pulp and can use other types of woody materials. The process comprises impregnation and dilution of the chips in a dilute aqueous pulping solution of a lower alkanolamine catalyzed with ammonium hydroxide. The preferred alkanolamine is monoethanolamine present in a weight ratio to ammonium hydroxide of about 1 part to 1 part or less to 1 part to 3 parts or more. The pulping solution may be repeatedly reused and the process of this invention does not produce environmentally objectionable by-products.

Abstract: An absorbent batt of non-delignified fibers is stabilized by applying a lignin solvent to an assemblage of such fibers to soften at least 10 percent of the fibers. When the fiber assemblage is compressed and the solvent is removed, the softened lignin of adjacent contacting fibers cause a lignin-to-lignin interfiber bond to occur at the fiber intersection.

Abstract: This invention is a process for maintaining pulp viscosity while enhancing brightness during the oxygen bleaching stage or stages of pulp preparation in the manufacture of paper comprising adding an effective amount of melamine to paper pulp prior to the oxygen bleaching stage.

Abstract: A process for the production of sugars, and optionally cellulose and lignin, from lignocellulosic vegetable materials which comprises subjecting the vegetable materials to a chemical pretreatment with a mixture of water and lower aliphatic alcohols and/or ketones at a temperature from 100.degree. to 190.degree. C. for a period of from 4 hours to 2 minutes with control of the breakdown of the hemicellulose components followed by separation of residue and a subsequent main chemical treatment with a similar solvent mixture at elevated temperatures for a further period of from 6 hours to 2 minutes.

Abstract: A method for delignifying ligno-cellulosic materials and efficiently separate from each other the constituents thereof. Said materials are heated in an aqueous acid medium in the presence of phenol compounds. Then the reaction medium is drained and washed for isolating the purified solid cellulose pulp, the liquid phase separating into two layers: an aqueous layer rich with pentoses and an organic layer rich with phenols and lignin, the latter providing, by distillation and pyrolysis of the residue, a quantity of phenols at least equal to that of the phenols used in the delignification stage.

Abstract: The invention is a fibrous, cationic cellulose pulp product and the method for preparing it. A water suspension of cellulosic fiber is treated under alkaline conditions with a condensate of epichlorohydrin and dimethylamine. Up to 30 molar percent of the DMA may be replaced by a crosslinking agent such as ammonia or a lower aliphatic diamine. The process may be carried out at room or elevated temperatures. It is practical to add the condensate at one of the later alkaline stages of a bleaching process; e.g., an alkaline extraction or peroxide stage. This is most preferably done later than any chlorination or hypochlorite stages. The product shows greatly improved retention of acid and other anionic dyes. It also shows superior retention of some pigments and latices without the need for other cationic aids. In some cases a small amount of alum appears to have a synergistic retention effect with the cationic pulp product when used with titanium dioxide and certain anionic latices.

Abstract: This invention relates generally to the extraction process and provides a novel process and reactor for the continuous extraction of vegetable-fibre material such as wood chips. The process comprises a two stage process, the first stage comprising an extraction process using a methanol:water mixture and the second stage using the same extraction liquid as the first with a greater proportion of water, with sodium hydroxide and anthraquinone. A part of the extraction liquid which is saturated by extraction substances is continually carried away at each stage and after extraction, the mixture is subjected to washing. This process has eliminated the heavy pollution produced by the prior art processes and also has reduced the cost and complexity of the prior art processes.

Abstract: A process for maintaining pulp viscosity while enhancing brightness during the bleaching stage or stages of pulp preparation in the manufacture of paper comprising adding an effective amount of melamine to paper pulp prior to or during the bleaching stage. One example adds melamine to one bleach stage of a chlorine bleaching sequence. One example adds melamine to one bleach stage of a chlorine bleaching sequence.

Abstract: A process for maintaining pulp viscosity during the bleaching stage or stages of pulp preparation in the manufacture of paper comprising adding an effective amount of caffeine or guanine prior to or during the bleaching stage. One example adds caffeine or guanine to one bleach stage of a chlorine bleaching sequence.

Abstract: A process for removing an anthraquinone type scale comprises condensing a steam evaporated from a black liquor obtained by separating pulp from a digested mixture of lignocelluloses containing an anthraquinone type digesting assistant; and contacting a heated aqueous solution of a base in the presence or absence of a reducing agent or an alkali resistant surfactant with a wall of a condenser of an evaporator on which said anthraquinone type scale is adhered.

Abstract: Lignocellulosic material is pulped with an alkaline sulfide cooking liquor which is characterized by containing a combination of a delignification-accelerating additive consisting of a quinone compound, hydroquinone compound, 9,10-diketohydroanthracene compound or 9,10-dihydroxyhydroanthracene compound, and a reducing additive consisting of a sulfite, hydrogen sulfite, thiosulfate or formate.

Abstract: Comminuted cellulosic materials which may or may not contain lignin are partially or totally hydrolyzed or saccharified by an improved organosolv process using an aqueous acetone solvent mixture containing a small amount of an acidic compound and containing at least about 70 percent by volume of acetone and up to virtually anhydrous acetone. The process is performed at elevated reaction temperatures, preferably at 145.degree. C. to 230.degree. C., for a limited period of time and then with cooling such that the resultant dissolved sugars from the hydrolysis are not degraded into non-sugars. In particular the reaction is conducted such that the cellulosic material is dissolved and such that at least ninety percent or more of available sugars in the cellulosic material are recovered. Unexpectedly it has been found that acetone at high concentration forms stable complexes with the sugars which prevents their degradation and also facilitates separation of the sugars.

Abstract: Lignocellulosic materials are separated into usable lignin and cellulose fractions by contacting said materials with a 2-oxazolidinone (or a 2-imidazolidinone) in weight ratios of at least 1:0.1, respectively, at a temperature between 200.degree. C. and 250.degree. C.

Abstract: Process for cooking lignocellulosic materials by heating the said materials in a cooking solution containing caustic soda with or without an alkali metal sulphide, in which the solution used contains about 0.01% to 10%, preferably 0.05% to 2%, by weight of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-9,10-anthracenediol based on the weight of the dry lignocellulosic material.

Abstract: A lignin product for dispersing cement and other finely divided mineral materials, such as clays and equivalent, and for plasticizing their water mixtures. The product is large-molecular such that at least 40 percent of the material consists of molecules whose molecular weight is higher than 10,000. The sulfonation degree of said lignin product is lower than 0.4. The product is obtained from a cellulose cooking to which have been added catalysts preventing the splitting and dissolution of carbohydrates, such as amines, quinone and/or antraquinone derivatives or equivalent, in order to stabilize the cellulose and the hemicellulose during the cooking. The lignin product has been isolated from the spent liquor by using ultrafiltration, and/or complementary ion exchange.

Abstract: A process and apparatus are provided for the deresination and brightness improvement of cellulose pulp, by adjusting the pulp concentration to within the range from about 15 to about 35%; adding sufficient alkali to the pulp to bring the amount of alkali, calculated as NaOH, within the range from about 0.5 to about 17 g/kg of water accompanying the pulp; adding sufficient oxidizing bleaching agent to the pulp to bring the amount of oxidizing bleaching agent to within the range from about 0.2 to about 22 g/kg of water; subjecting the pulp to a mild, mechanical working in the bite of twin interdigitated rotating screws at an energy input of from 8 to 100 kWh per ton of pulp; removing and reacting the pulp with the added alkali and bleaching agent for from about 0.1 to about 5 hours; and then washing out dissolved resin from the pulp.

Abstract: A process for extracting resin from wood pulp by contacting the pulp at elevated temperature with an aqueous medium comprising between about 2 and 15 percent by weight sodium hydroxide and between about 0.2 and 1.0% weight of an ethylene oxide condensation product, and also comprising in specified proportion one or more substances selected from the group consisting of a C.sub.12 alpha-olefin sulfonate and a particular C.sub.21 dicarboxylic acid. The sulfonate and dicarboxylic acid substantially enhance solubilization of the condensation product deresination agent in the highly polar aqueous medium.

Abstract: Cellulose-containing material is rapidly saccharified to convert pentosans and hexosans to sugars by cooking under pressure at from 180.degree. C. to 220.degree. C. with acetone-water solvent mixture carrying from 0.05 to 0.25 weight percent of phosphoric, sulfuric or hydrochloric acids.A predominantly cellulosic material, e.g. a delignified pulp, is hydrolysed to yield relatively pure glucose recoverable from liquor which is flowed through the cellulose, then withdrawn and cooled and neutralized within an elapsed time of a minute or less.Whole wood is nearly totally dissolvable by the process, yielding mixed pentoses and hexoses. The dehydration and degradation products of sugars are formed by prolonging retention time of liquor from 20 to 45 minutes.

Abstract: A process for producing corrugating medium pulp, fuel, and other products from a wide variety of woody materials is disclosed. In one embodiment a pulping solution is produced by cooking green chips in a water solution of monoethanolamine and subsequently collecting the liquor produced. Pulp is then produced by digesting chips under a vapor dome of the pulping solution, or cooking the chips in the solution and subsequently digesting under a vapor dome. Digested chips are then refined in pulping solution to produce corrugated medium pulp. In another embodiment, fuel may be produced by digesting woody material under a vapor dome with sulfur dioxide and ammonia. The digested chips then yield a lignin containing liquor which has a good fuel value and may be used as a liquid fuel or impregnate for woody material. In another embodiment the pulping solution is used as a hard wood conversion resin. Wood is impregnated and pressed. The pressed wood may have a density of twice the original wood.

Abstract: An alkaline sulfite pulping process in which the lignocellulosic material is cooked in a solution containing sodium sulfite is provided. Sodium aluminate is used as a buffering agent. As a result of this, the stability of the pH of the cook and the properties of the pulp are improved. The amount of sodium aluminate as NaOH is from 2% to 8% based on the dry weight of the chips. The pulping process is carried out with the addition of a small dosage of anthraquinone, to produce chemically defibered pulps.

Abstract: A process is provided for the alkaline oxygen delignification and bleaching of chemical cellulose pulp while inhibiting degradation of carbohydrates in the pulp, due to the presence of one or more aromatic diamines, preferably having the diamine groups directly linked to an aromatic ring.

Abstract: The absorbent material is treated to increase its wettability in a substantive manner. This is accomplished by reacting a diepoxide compound with an absorbent material selected to have accessible hydroxyl groups and with a surfactant having functional end groups selected from the group consisting of primary amine or hydroxyl groups.

Abstract: Lignocellulosic material is pulped with an alkaline sulfide cooking liquor which is characterized by containing a combination of a delignification-accelerating additive consisting of a quinone compound, hydroquinone compound, 9,10-diketohydroanthracene compound or 9,10-dihydroxyhydroanthracene compound, and a reducing additive consisting of a sulfite, hydrogen sulfite, thiosulfate or formate.

Abstract: A process for delignifying lignocellulosic material with a digestion liquor of nitroanthraquinones and/or dinitroanthraquinones. The process can be carried out in a closed reaction vessel at temperatures of 150.degree.-200.degree..+-. C. for 0.5 to 480 minutes with 0.001 to 10% nitroanthraquinone and/or dinitroanthraquinone by weight of lignocellulosic material.

Abstract: An additive comprising an anionic organic surface active agent is incorporated into mechanical or thermomechanical pulp at an elevated temperature and pressure. The additive causes dispersion of lignin and retards redeposition of lignin so that the bursting strength of the paper formed from the pulp is improved. The preferred additives are higher molecular weight anionic organic polyelectrolytes or polymers, particularly polymeric sulfonates. Further improvement in bursting strength is achieved by the wet end addition of a cationic organic polyelectrolyte or polymer, with or without starch. Lower molecular weight anionic organic detergents can also be used but should be rinsed from the pulp before forming paper.

Abstract: A process for the reclamation of waste paper in the presence of an aqueous alkaline solution comprises having the solution contain at least a carboxylated polymer.

Abstract: A solution containing cellulose dissolved in a mixture of a tertiary amine N-oxide solvent for cellulose and a compound which increases the rate of dissolution of cellulose in the solvent such as a tertiary amine or other compound which increases the pH of the solvent, a process for making such a solution and a process for making shaped articles therefrom are provided. The solvent dissolves cellulose at a faster rate and at a lower temperature than a solvent consisting of the same tertiary amine N-oxide.

Abstract: Lignocellulose is treated with an alkaline pretreatment liquor containing anthraquinone or other pretreatment agent in a continuous process in which the lignocellulose and pretreatment liquor flow countercurrently. The pretreatment agent is substantially soluble in the pretreatment liquor introduced into the pretreatment zone and is substantially insoluble in the pretreatment liquor withdrawn from the pretreatment zone, with the result that the pretreatment agent is effectively recycled within the pretreatment zone.

Abstract: A process for the delignification of .Iadd.softwood .Iaddend.lignocellulosic material is described wherein the lignocellulosic material is cooked with .[.an alkaline or.]. .Iadd.a .Iaddend.neutral sulphite pulping liquor, and there is added to the pulping liquor at least 0.001% by weight of an additive compound or mixture of additive compounds selected from quinones and hydroquinones.